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44-611: Daws Heath extends from the north side of Hadleigh towards the A127 London-Southend arterial road, and from where it adjoins Thundersley proper at the west end of Daws Heath Road eastwards to Belfairs Park, Leigh-on-Sea in Southend borough. Ann's Mini Market is the heart of Daws Heath which brings the local community together. The Glazebrook Family is well known in Daws Heath and they are viewed as key members of

88-599: A City Colony in exchange for a day's work. They could then move to a Farm Colony where they would be trained to work the land and run their own smallholdings. Then finally they could progress to Overseas Colonies, running smallholdings abroad. The trial City Colony was set up in Whitechapel in 1889 and two years later Booth put down a deposit on land in Hadleigh for his Farm Colony. Starting with 800 acres (3.2 km ) of land, later expanding to 3,200 acres (13 km ),

132-527: A few hundred years. John Constable painted Hadleigh Castle in 1829. The painting now belongs to the Yale Center for British Art , and is on permanent display in its museum on the Yale campus. Based on the previous census, writing in 1848, Samuel Lewis , summarised the facts of its history and economy as follows: In the 19th century, Hadleigh was the home of the cunning man James Murrell . He died in

176-409: A group of four to 60 stamens inserted on a disk; filaments are short and pale yellow; anthers are oblong, purple or red, introrse, and two-celled; the cells open longitudinally. The female flower also has no calyx or corolla, and comprises a single-celled ovary seated in a cup-shaped disk. The style is short, with two to four stigmata, variously lobed, and numerous ovules. Pollination is by wind, with

220-421: A particularly resonant tone. Similarly, though typically it is considered to have a less attractive grain than the traditional sitka spruce , poplar is beginning to be targeted by some harp luthiers as a sustainable and even superior alternative for their sound boards : in these cases another hardwood veneer is sometimes applied to the resonant poplar base both for cosmetic reasons, and supposedly to fine-tune

264-627: A positive energy balance and a high energy efficiency . Biofuel is another option for using poplar as bioenergy supply. In the United States, scientists studied converting short rotation coppice poplar into sugars for biofuel (e.g. ethanol) production. Considering the relative cheap price, the process of making biofuel from SRC can be economically feasible, although the conversion yield from short rotation coppice (as juvenile crops) were lower than regular mature wood. Besides biochemical conversion, thermochemical conversion (e.g. fast pyrolysis)

308-689: A single original tree, such as the famous Pando forest made of thousands of Populus tremuloides clones). Trees with fastigiate (erect, columnar) branching are particularly popular, and are widely grown across Europe and southwest Asia. However, like willows , poplars have very vigorous and invasive root systems stretching up to 40 metres (130 ft) from the trees; planting close to houses or ceramic water pipes may result in damaged foundations and cracked walls and pipes due to their search for moisture. A simple, reproducible, high-frequency micropropagation protocol in eastern cottonwood Populus deltoides has been reported by Yadav et al. 2009. In India,

352-429: A south-west to north-east direction. The wood was purchased by Essex Wildlife Trust in 1993. Rag Wood (TQ806887) is a small, 3.7 acre (1.50 hectare), privately owned wood located to the north-east of West Wood and south-west of Valerie Wells Wood. It comprises mainly Oak with some Chestnut and Hornbeam. It is a secondary wood, perhaps of the early 19th century. Starvelarks Wood is divided into two contiguous woods by

396-523: A track running north to south. Starvelarks Wood East (TQ810892) is an 8.03 acres (3.25 hectare) wood, and Starvelarks Wood West (TQ811891) is 10.6 acres (4.29 hectare). Both woods are mainly Chestnut coppice with some Ash and Birch, unusually for woods in the area there is very little Hornbeam. Both woods are thought to be 19th century plantations. Starvelarks wood is part of the Essex Wildlife Trust's Little Havens Nature Reserve. Tile Wood

440-685: Is The Woodman's Arms on the Rayleigh Road (A129) junction with Daws Heath Road. The artist Alan Sorrell was a resident of Daws Heath. The woodlands of Daws Heath include the following named woods. Pound Wood ( OS Grid Reference TQ820887) lies to the north of Bramble Road and spans the parishes of Thundersley and Hadleigh. It is a 54.0 acre (21.85 hectare) coppice wood with standard Oaks , mainly Sessile but some Pedunculate. Coppice trees include Willow , Hornbeam and Chestnut . Other species include Holly , Birch , Wild Service , Woodrushes, Wood spurge and Bluebells . Two small streams run in

484-575: Is a town and former civil parish , in the borough of Castle Point , in southeast Essex , England, on the A13 between Thundersley , Benfleet and Leigh-on-Sea with a population of 18,300. It has a squared bypass to the north (the A127 'Southend Arterial Road' ). Hadleigh is known for its castle , and the country park to the south of the town centre. This gives its name to the local government district of Castle Point , with its extensive views overlooking

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528-491: Is attributed to some discharged soldiers who served in the Peninsular War. Upon the heath land they built themselves small huts, and by some means or another managed to obtain a precarious livelihood. Here possibly smuggled goods were concealed until a favourable opportunity enabled the owners to dispatch them to London or through the bye roads into the centre of England." Charcoal burning was an important industry here in

572-456: Is divided into two woods: Tile Wood East (TQ816890) is a 17.4 acres (7.04 hectare) wood and was formerly known from Anglo-Saxon records as Tilhurst. St Michaels Road forms the eastern boundary of the East wood. The wood is mainly Hornbeam coppice with standard Oaks. Tile Wood West (TQ815892) is 17.6 acres (7.12 hectare) and is also known as Wyburns Wood , Lower Wyburns Farm is located to the north of

616-453: Is followed below. Recent genetic studies have largely supported this, confirming some previously suspected reticulate evolution due to past hybridisation and introgression events between the groups. Some species (noted below) had differing relationships indicated by their nuclear DNA (paternally inherited) and chloroplast DNA sequences (maternally inherited), a clear indication of likely hybrid origin. Hybridisation continues to be common in

660-659: Is represented by six councillors elected from the two wards of St James and Victoria. Leigh Town Football Club in the Essex Olympian Football League play at John Burrows which also the site of Hadleigh and Thundersley Cricket Club. It was announced in August 2008 that Hadleigh Farm (including the area around the castle) would host the London 2012 Olympic mountain biking events. The actual event took place on Saturday 11th and Sunday 12 August. The area

704-412: Is served by BBC London and ITV London with television signals received from Crystal Palace TV transmitter, Local radio stations are BBC Essex on 95.3 FM, Heart Essex on 96.3 FM and Radio Essex on 105.1 FM. The local newspapers are The Evening Echo and The Canvey and Benfleet Times . Populus See text Populus is a genus of 25–30 species of deciduous flowering plants in

748-411: Is smooth and white to greenish or dark gray, and often has conspicuous lenticels ; on old trees, it remains smooth in some species, but becomes rough and deeply fissured in others. The shoots are stout, with (unlike in the related willows ) the terminal bud present. The leaves are spirally arranged, and vary in shape from triangular to circular or (rarely) lobed, and with a long petiole ; in species in

792-449: Is thought in part to be due to Sesia apiformis which bores into the trunk of the tree during its larval stage. Many poplars are grown as ornamental trees , with numerous cultivars used. They have the advantage of growing to a very large size at a rapid pace. Almost all poplars take root readily from cuttings or where broken branches lie on the ground (they also often have remarkable suckering abilities, and can form huge colonies from

836-481: The Thames Estuary . Most of the facing stones were stripped from the castle in the 16th century – the only bits still visible today being high inside the surviving towers and a small section of the 'gate house' – so most of what remains today is the rubble infill that was packed between the outer facing stones. Despite this the skeletal remains are pleasing to the eye and have been considered a romantic ruin for

880-631: The local government district and borough of Castle Point . As of the 2010 general election , the Member of Parliament representing the parliamentary constituency of Castle Point (created in 1983) is Rebecca Harris of the Conservative Party . Hadleigh elects 1 seat to Essex County Council . As of 2009, the seat is held by Jillian Reeves of the Conservative Party . Within Castle Point Borough Council, Hadleigh

924-650: The 16th century, supplying gunpowder factories. This probably included the Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills which produced gunpowder from 1660. More recently the Essex Wildlife Trust has revived charcoal burning in Pound Wood. The Wildlife Trust has done much work in Pound Wood and Tile Wood/Starvelarks Wood (next to Little Haven Children's Hospice), making them more accessible to visitors. The nearest public house

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968-632: The Employment Service. The aim is to create a realistic working environment, with the intention of helping clients gain the skills necessary for work elsewhere. Employment at the training centre – reminiscent of the colony's origins – includes horticulture, carpentry, catering, office skills and estate management. On 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972 , Hadleigh parish was abolished and, along with Canvey Island , South Benfleet , and Thundersley has formed

1012-971: The Middle Ages and was renowned for a durability similar to that of oak, but with a substantial reduction in weight. In addition to the foliage and other parts of Populus species being consumed by animals, the starchy sap layer (underneath the outer bark) is edible to humans, both raw and cooked. In Pakistan, poplar is grown on a commercial level by farmers in Punjab, Sindh, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Provinces. However, all varieties are seriously susceptible to termite attack, causing significant losses to poplar every year. Logs of poplar are therefore also used as bait in termite traps for biocontrol of termites in crops. Interest exists in using poplar as an energy crop for biomass , in energy forestry systems, particularly in light of its high energy-in to energy-out ratio, large carbon mitigation potential, and fast growth. In

1056-528: The United Kingdom, poplar (as with fellow energy crop willow) is typically grown in a short rotation coppice system for two to five years (with single or multiple stems), then harvested and burned - the yield of some varieties can be as high as 12 oven-dry tonnes per hectare every year. In warmer regions like Italy this crop can produce up to 13.8, 16.4 oven-dry tonnes of biomass per hectare every year for biannual and triennial cutting cycles also showing

1100-731: The acoustic properties. Lombardy poplars are frequently used as a windbreak around agricultural fields to protect against wind erosion. Logs from the poplar provide a growing medium for shiitake mushrooms. Poplar represents a suitable candidate for phytoremediation since it has the ability to remove and store harmful pollutants in its trunk while also removing air pollution. This plant has been successfully used to target many types of pollutants including trace element (TEs) in soil and sewage sludge , Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCBs), Trichloroethylene (TCE), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs). Two notable poems in English lament

1144-708: The community. Although new to Daws Heath, the Merrison's have also played a large role within the community. In fact the two eldest sons from each family could be seen horse riding along Fairmead, Morfcroft and Daws Heath Road. Some even called them the four musketeers. Daws Heath was described in books as a "wild and lawless place: both travellers and local inhabitants had to endure thieves and highwaymen," ( Thundersley - A Pictorial History by Terry Babbington) and "a hotbed of lawlessness right down to living memory." ( Southend-on-Sea & District by J.W.Burrows, dated 1909). Burrows continued......"The settlement of this...district

1188-541: The cottonwood section are often wetlands or riparian trees. The aspens are among the most important boreal broadleaf trees. Poplars and aspens are important food plants for the larvae of a large number of Lepidoptera species. Pleurotus populinus , the aspen oyster mushroom, is found exclusively on dead wood of Populus trees in North America. Several species of Populus in the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe have experienced heavy dieback ; this

1232-461: The cutting down of poplars, William Cowper 's "The Poplar Field" and Gerard Manley Hopkins ' " Binsey Poplars felled 1879". In Billie Holiday 's " Strange Fruit ", she sings "Black bodies swinging in the southern breeze/Strange fruit hanging from the poplar trees…". The Odd Poplars Alley, in Iași , Romania, is one of the spots where Mihai Eminescu sought inspiration in his works (the poem "Down Where

1276-582: The family Salicaceae , native to most of the Northern Hemisphere . English names variously applied to different species include poplar ( / ˈ p ɒ p l ər / ), aspen , and cottonwood . The western balsam poplar ( P. trichocarpa ) was the first tree to have its full DNA code determined by DNA sequencing , in 2006. The genus has a large genetic diversity, and can grow from 15–50 m (49–164 ft) tall, with trunks up to 2.5 m (8 ft) in diameter. The bark on young trees

1320-467: The farm was home to 200 colonists by the end of its first year. Existing farm buildings were renovated and new dormitories, a bathhouse, laundry, reading room, hospital and religious meeting house were built. As well as farming and market gardening, colonists were taught brickmaking, pottery and construction skills. Today the colony operates an employment training centre for people who have special training needs, and accepts referrals from Social Services and

1364-439: The female catkins lengthening considerably between pollination and maturity. The fruit is a two- to four-valved dehiscent capsule , green to reddish-brown, mature in midsummer, containing numerous minute, light-brown seeds surrounded by tufts of long, soft, white hairs aiding wind dispersal. The genus Populus has traditionally been divided into six sections on the basis of leaf and flower characters; this classification

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1408-599: The genus, with several hybrids between species in different sections known. There are currently 57 accepted species in the genus. Some of the most easily identifiable fossils of this genus belongs to Poplus wilmattae , which come from the Late Paleocene of North America about 58 million years ago. However, fossils from the Cretaceous of this genus have been found in Tibet and Heilongjiang, China. Poplars of

1452-455: The leaves. They are borne in long, drooping, sessile or pedunculate catkins produced from buds formed in the axils of the leaves from the previous year. The flowers are each seated in a cup-shaped disk which is borne on the base of a scale which is itself attached to the rachis of the catkin. The scales are obovate, lobed, and fringed, membranous, hairy or smooth, and usually caducous. The male flowers are without calyx or corolla , and comprise

1496-500: The middle of a bustling high street. However, it has a considerably larger churchyard. The colony was established in Hadleigh in 1891 by William Booth , a preacher who founded the Salvation Army Christian organisation. He believed every human being should have food and shelter and published a plan to rescue the destitute from the squalor of London. His vision was that the poor would be given board and lodgings in

1540-728: The poplar is grown commercially by farmers, mainly in the Punjab region. Common poplar varieties are: The trees are grown from kalam or cuttings, harvested annually in January and February, and commercially available up to 15   November. Poplars are most commonly used to make plywood : Yamuna Nagar in Haryana state has a large plywood industry reliant upon poplar. It is graded according to sizes known as "over" (over 24 inches (610 mm)), "under" (18–24 inches (460–610 mm)), and "sokta" (less than 18 inches (460 mm)). Although

1584-522: The sections Populus and Aigeiros , the petioles are laterally flattened, so that breezes easily cause the leaves to wobble back and forth, giving the whole tree a "twinkling" appearance in a breeze. Leaf size is very variable even on a single tree, typically with small leaves on side shoots, and very large leaves on strong-growing lead shoots. The leaves often turn bright gold to yellow before they fall during autumn. The flowers are mostly dioecious (rarely monoecious ) and appear in early spring before

1628-530: The town in December 1860. In 1951 the parish had a population of 5,209. The town has never had a railway station and almost all of its architecture is late 19th and 20th century – only three buildings are listed but one of these is the church, which is Grade I listed. The castle ruins are set at the top of a hill overlooking the Thames Estuary , and the Canary Wharf development nearly 30 miles to

1672-590: The west can be seen when visibility is adequate. Another building of note is the Church of St James the Less which was believed to be Norman but is now known to be Saxon because of its general dimensions, window alignments, Saxon Romanesque arches, pagan Saxon puddingstone inclusions and the pagan Saxon "fairy wheel" motif carved into the wall by the north door. The church remains picturesque and its neighbouring street layout resembles St Clement Danes in that it stands in

1716-660: The wood but now separated from it by the A127 road. Tile Wood West comprises principally Ash with some Alder , Chestnut and Hazel . Both woods are owned by the Church Commissioners. Valerie Wells Wood (TQ808887), formerly known as Cottage Plantation, is located to the north-east of West Wood, Daws Heath Road forms the wood's northern boundary. It is 14.1 acre (5.71 hectare) wood of predominately Chestnut coppice. There are some Pines, Poplar and Beeches , these are uncommon species in south-east Essex, and indicate that

1760-551: The wood from Populus is known as poplar wood, a common high-quality hardwood "poplar" with a greenish colour is actually from an unrelated genus Liriodendron . Populus wood is a lighter, more porous material. Its flexibility and close grain make it suitable for a number of applications, similar to those of willow. The Greeks and Etruscans made shields of poplar, and Pliny the Elder also recommended poplar for this purpose. Poplar continued to be used for shield construction through

1804-438: The wood originated as a plantation. The wood was purchased from a private owner by the Essex Wildlife Trust in 2013. West Wood (TQ805881) is a 79.4 acre (32.13 hectare) wood that straddles the parishes of Thundersley and Hadleigh. The wood abuts Rayleigh Road (A129) on its south-west corner. The wood can be accessed from Rayleigh Road, Hedge Lane, Westborough Close, and Daws Heath Road. The Prittle Brook runs west to east through

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1848-402: The wood. To the south of the brook, trees are mainly Hornbeam and Oak. To the north, Chestnut predominates with some Hornbeam, Oak and Birch. A Luftwaffe photograph of 1940 shows the whole of the wood north of the brook had been clear-felled and was in different stages of re-growth. West Wood is owned by Castle Point District Council and is currently managed by Castle Point Wildlife Group. The wood

1892-599: Was also studied for making biofuel from short rotation coppice poplar and was found to have higher energy recovery than that from bioconversion. Poplar was the most common wood used in Italy for panel paintings ; the Mona Lisa and most famous early Italian Renaissance paintings are on poplar. The wood is generally white, often with a slightly yellowish colour. Some stringed instruments are made with one-piece poplar backs; violas made in this fashion are said to have

1936-551: Was formerly owned by the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's Cathedral. The Prittle brook was partly culverted to the east of the wood, and contained within concrete embankments following flooding of the brook and Daws Heath Road in 1968. The 5.5 mile (8.9 km) Seven Woods Walk includes the woods of Daws Heath plus Hadleigh Great Wood and Belfairs Wood. 51°33′54″N 0°36′43″E  /  51.565°N 0.612°E  / 51.565; 0.612 Hadleigh, Essex Hadleigh

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