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51-463: Its Online Computer Library Center record number is OCLC 09316051. The Daily Compass , which included the weekend Sunday Compass , was a 1949-1952 successor to the leftist New York City newspaper PM , published from June 1940 to June 22, 1948, and that paper's first successor, the New York Star , published from June 23, 1948, to January 28, 1949. Ted Thackrey — the features editor of

102-677: A heart attack at The Daily Compass offices while watching a televised broadcast of the Democratic National Convention on July 24, 1952. The Daily Compass was chiefly financed through the Chicago , Illinois , philanthropist Anita McCormick Blaine , the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company heiress, who furnished either $ 300,000 or $ 2 million for the start-up (sources differ). She was introduced to Thackrey in late April 1949 by

153-517: A "community engagement system" that "combines the power of customer relationship management, marketing, and analytics with ILS functions". OCLC began offering Wise to libraries in the United States in 2019. In January 2015, OCLC acquired Sustainable Collection Services (SCS). SCS offered consulting services based on analyzing library print collection data to help libraries manage and share materials. In 2017, OCLC acquired Relais International,

204-420: A DBA must be registered with a local or state government, or both, depending on the jurisdiction. For example, California, Texas and Virginia require a DBA to be registered with each county (or independent city in the case of Virginia) where the owner does business. Maryland and Colorado have DBAs registered with a state agency. Virginia also requires corporations and LLCs to file a copy of their registration with

255-467: A DBA statement, though names including the first and last name of the owner may be accepted. This also reduces the possibility of two local businesses operating under the same name, although some jurisdictions do not provide exclusivity for a name, or may allow more than one party to register the same name. Note, though, that this is not a substitute for filing a trademark application. A DBA filing carries no legal weight in establishing trademark rights. In

306-606: A Review Board to consult with member libraries more transparently. In August 2012, OCLC recommended that member libraries adopt the Open Data Commons Attribution (ODC-BY) license when sharing library catalog data, although some member libraries have explicit agreements with OCLC that they can publish catalog data using the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Doing business as A trade name , trading name , or business name

357-593: A broad range of purposes and business models." OCLC has collaborated with the Wikimedia Foundation and the Wikimedia volunteer community, through integrating library metadata with Wikimedia projects, hosting a Wikipedian in residence , and doing a national training program through WebJunction called "Misplaced Pages + Libraries: Better Together". OCLC's WorldCat database is used by the general public and by librarians for cataloging and research. WorldCat

408-578: A column six days a week. Jazz club impresario Art D'Lugoff , then spelling his name Art Dlugoff, was a copy boy at the paper, as was future Newsday sports writer Stan Isaacs. Future magazine editor Clay Felker was a sportswriter for the paper. The city editor / managing editor , Tom O'Connor , who appeared before the House Un-American Activities Committee in May 1952 without testifying or naming others, died of

459-493: A cooperative of participating global libraries, was acquired by Springshare from OCLC in 2019 and migrated to Springshare's LibAnswers platform. OCLC commercially sells software, such as: OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications. These publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through

510-544: A library interlibrary loan service provider based in Ottawa, Canada. A more complete list of mergers and acquisitions is available on the OCLC website. In May 2008, OCLC was criticized by Jeffrey Beall for monopolistic practices, among other faults. Library blogger Rick Mason responded that although he thought Beall had some "valid criticisms" of OCLC, he demurred from some of Beall's statements and warned readers to "beware

561-401: A mutual friend who had intended to put up half the money. When the friend backed out, Blaine invested the whole amount in return for all the preferred stock ; Thackrey held 51% of the common stock , and control. Blaine said at the time, "My purpose is to help create a better world state. You have only to think of the need for this thing ... look at the press of the world today...." The paper

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612-777: A subscription to one of many qualifying OCLC products (previously institutions qualified for membership by "contributing intellectual content or participating in global resource or reference sharing"), with the exception of for-profit organizations that are part of OCLC's partner program. This change reflected OCLC's expanding number of services due to its corporate acquisitions . The following people served successively as president of OCLC: OCLC provides bibliographic , abstract and full-text information to anyone. OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat —the OCLC Online Union Catalog,

663-533: Is a pseudonym used by companies that do not operate under their registered company name. The term for this type of alternative name is fictitious business name . Registering the fictitious name with a relevant government body is often required. In a number of countries, the phrase " trading as " (abbreviated to t/a ) is used to designate a trade name. In the United States , the phrase " doing business as " (abbreviated to DBA , dba , d.b.a. , or d/b/a )

714-601: Is a division of OCLC funded by grants from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation beginning in 2003. OCLC partnered with search engine providers in 2003 to advocate for libraries and share information across the Internet landscape. Google, Yahoo! , and Ask.com all collaborated with OCLC to make WorldCat records searchable through those search engines. OCLC's advocacy campaign "Geek the Library", started in 2009, highlights

765-487: Is available to the public for searching via a subscription web-based service called FirstSearch, to which many libraries subscribe, as well as through the publicly available WorldCat.org. OCLC assigns a unique control number (referred to as an "OCN" for "OCLC Control Number") to each new bibliographic record in WorldCat. Numbers are assigned serially, and in mid-2013 over a billion OCNs had been created. In September 2013,

816-424: Is too similar to a name that is already registered. Using one or more fictitious business names does not create additional separate legal entities. The distinction between a registered legal name and a fictitious business name, or trade name, is important because fictitious business names do not always identify the entity that is legally responsible . Legal agreements (such as contracts ) are normally made using

867-481: Is used, among others, such as assumed business name or fictitious business name . In Canada , " operating as " (abbreviated to o/a ) and " trading as " are used, although " doing business as " is also sometimes used. A company typically uses a trade name to conduct business using a simpler name rather than using their formal and often lengthier name. Trade names are also used when a preferred name cannot be registered, often because it may already be registered or

918-946: The New York Post before marrying Post owner Dorothy Schiff in 1943, after which the two became co-publishers/co-editors — had become solo publisher of the Post , at the behest of his wife, for a disastrous three months. He then "left with a following of firebrand writers to start his own paper", buying the building and physical plant at which PM and the Star had been published, at Duane Street and Hudson Street in Manhattan . With private financing, he founded The Daily Compass as its publisher and president. The paper began publishing on May 16, 1949, and ceased publication in November 1952. The investigative journalist I. F. Stone wrote

969-1209: The Society of American Archivists , the Open Archives Initiative , the Institute for Museum and Library Services , the International Organization for Standardization , the National Information Standards Organization , the World Wide Web Consortium , the Internet Engineering Task Force , and Internet2 . One of the most successful contributions to this effort was the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative, "an open forum of libraries, archives, museums, technology organizations, and software companies who work together to develop interoperable online metadata standards that support

1020-466: The United Kingdom , there is no filing requirement for a "business name", defined as "any name under which someone carries on business" that, for a company or limited liability partnership, "is not its registered name", but there are requirements for disclosure of the owner's true name and some restrictions on the use of certain names. A minority of U.S. states, including Washington , still use

1071-729: The Netherlands and which was renamed "OCLC" at the end of 2007. In July 2006, the Research Libraries Group (RLG) merged with OCLC. On January 11, 2008, OCLC announced that it had purchased EZproxy . It has also acquired OAIster . The process started in January 2009 and from October 31, 2009, OAIster records are freely available via WorldCat.org. In 2013, OCLC acquired the Dutch library automation company HKA and its integrated library system Wise, which OCLC calls

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1122-521: The OCLC declared these numbers to be in the public domain , removing a perceived barrier to widespread use of OCNs outside OCLC itself. The control numbers link WorldCat's records to local library system records by providing a common reference key for a record across libraries. OCNs are particularly useful as identifiers for books and other bibliographic materials that do not have ISBNs (e.g., books published before 1970). OCNs are often used as identifiers for Misplaced Pages and Wikidata . In October 2013, it

1173-418: The U.S., trademark rights are acquired by use in commerce, but there can be substantial benefits to filing a trademark application. Sole proprietors are the most common users of DBAs. Sole proprietors are individual business owners who run their businesses themselves. Since most people in these circumstances use a business name other than their own name, it is often necessary for them to get DBAs. Generally,

1224-570: The United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with "networks", organizations that provided training, support and marketing services. By 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on the OCLC Members Council. During 2008, OCLC commissioned two studies to look at distribution channels; at

1275-609: The VIAF Council composed of representatives of institutions that contribute data to VIAF. VIAF numbers are broadly used as standard identifiers, including in Misplaced Pages. OCLC acquired NetLibrary , a provider of electronic books and textbooks, in 2002 and sold it in 2010 to EBSCO Industries . OCLC owns 100% of the shares of OCLC PICA , a library automation systems and services company which has its headquarters in Leiden in

1326-639: The articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization and hired Frederick G. Kilgour , a former Yale University medical school librarian, as first executive director. Kilgour and Ralph H. Parker, who was the head of libraries at the University of Missouri , had proposed the shared cataloging system in a 1965 report as consultants to the Committee of Librarians of the Ohio College Association. Kilgour and Parker wished to merge

1377-407: The business. Numbered companies will very often operate as something other than their legal name, which is unrecognizable to the public. In Chile , a trade name is known as a nombre de fantasía ('fantasy' or 'fiction' name), and the legal name of business is called a razón social (social name). In Ireland , businesses are legally required to register business names where these differ from

1428-534: The county or city to be registered with the State Corporation Commission. DBA statements are often used in conjunction with a franchise . The franchisee will have a legal name under which it may sue and be sued, but will conduct business under the franchiser's brand name (which the public would recognize). A typical real-world example can be found in a well-known pricing mistake case, Donovan v. RRL Corp. , 26 Cal. 4th 261 (2001), where

1479-658: The documents were scheduled to be destroyed. After The Daily Compass ceased publication, Thackrey joined the public relations firm Ruder Finn . In 1959, Thackrey and Goldstein testified at the U.S. Senate 's "Hearings Before the Select Committee in Improper Activities on the Labor or Management Field", which investigated alleged improprieties by the newspaper deliverers union and forcible payoffs in order to ensure Compass distribution. Back issues of

1530-489: The full run of The Daily Compass ( OCLC 09316051) are stored at the New York State Library and at Sarah Lawrence College . Online Computer Library Center OCLC, Inc. , doing business as OCLC , is an American nonprofit cooperative organization "that provides shared technology services, original research, and community programs for its membership and the library community at large". It

1581-482: The hyperbole and the personal nature of his criticism, for they strongly overshadow that which is worth stating". In November 2008, the Board of Directors of OCLC unilaterally issued a new Policy for Use and Transfer of WorldCat Records that would have required member libraries to include an OCLC policy note on their bibliographic records ; the policy caused an uproar among librarian bloggers. Among those who protested

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1632-495: The largest online public access catalog (OPAC) in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988. A browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013; it

1683-608: The latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. They were inspired in part by the earlier Columbia–Harvard–Yale Medical Libraries Computerization Project, an attempt at shared automated printing of catalog cards. The plan was to merge the catalogs of Ohio libraries electronically through a computer network and database to streamline operations, control costs, and increase efficiency in library management, bringing libraries together cooperatively to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC

1734-402: The law is to protect the public from fraud, by compelling the business owner to first file or register his fictitious business name with the county clerk, and then making a further public record of it by publishing it in a newspaper. Several other states, such as Illinois , require print notices as well. In Uruguay , a trade name is known as a nombre fantasía , and the legal name of business

1785-399: The legal name of business is called a razón social (social name). In Brazil , a trade name is known as a nome fantasia ('fantasy' or 'fiction' name), and the legal name of business is called razão social (social name). In some Canadian jurisdictions , such as Ontario , when a businessperson writes a trade name on a contract, invoice, or cheque, they must also add the legal name of

1836-593: The many different services it offers. OCLC also maintains the Dewey Decimal Classification system. OCLC began in 1967, as the Ohio College Library Center, through a collaboration of university presidents, vice presidents, and library directors who wanted to create a cooperative, computerized network for libraries in the state of Ohio . The group first met on July 5, 1967, on the campus of Ohio State University to sign

1887-461: The named defendant, RRL Corporation, was a Lexus car dealership doing business as " Lexus of Westminster ", but remaining a separate legal entity from Lexus, a division of Toyota Motor Sales, USA, Inc. . In California , filing a DBA statement also requires that a notice of the fictitious name be published in local newspapers for some set period of time to inform the public of the owner's intent to operate under an assumed name . The intention of

1938-919: The organization's website. During the COVID-19 pandemic , OCLC participated in the REopening Archives, Libraries, and Museums (REALM) project funded by the IMLS to study the surface transmission risks of SARS-CoV-2 on common library and museum materials and surfaces, and published a series of reports. Advocacy has been a part of OCLC's mission since its founding in 1967. OCLC staff members meet and work regularly with library leaders, information professionals, researchers, entrepreneurs, political leaders, trustees, students and patrons to advocate "advancing research, scholarship, education, community development, information access, and global cooperation". WebJunction, which provides training services to librarians,

1989-479: The policy was the non-librarian activist Aaron Swartz , who believed the policy would threaten projects such as the Open Library , Zotero , and Misplaced Pages, and who started a petition to "Stop the OCLC powergrab". Swartz's petition garnered 858 signatures, but the details of his proposed actions went largely unheeded. Within a few months, the library community had forced OCLC to retract its policy and to create

2040-403: The registered legal name of the business. If a corporation fails to consistently adhere to such important legal formalities like using its registered legal name in contracts, it may be subject to piercing of the corporate veil . In English , trade names are generally treated as proper nouns . In Argentina , a trade name is known as a nombre de fantasía ('fantasy' or 'fiction' name), and

2091-509: The role of public libraries. The campaign, funded by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, uses a strategy based on the findings of the 2008 OCLC report, "From Awareness to Funding: A study of library support in America". Other past advocacy campaigns have focused on sharing the knowledge gained from library and information research. Such projects have included communities such as

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2142-433: The same time, the council approved governance changes that had been recommended by the Board of Trustees severing the tie between the networks and governance. In early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. In July 2010, the company was sued by SkyRiver, a rival startup, in an antitrust suit . Library automation company Innovative Interfaces joined SkyRiver in

2193-595: The suit. The suit was dropped in March 2013, however, following the acquisition of SkyRiver by Innovative Interfaces . Innovative Interfaces was bought by ExLibris in 2020, therefore passing OCLC as the dominant supplier of ILS services in the US (over 70% market share for academic libraries and over 50% for public libraries for ExLibris, versus OCLC's 10% market share of both types of libraries in 2019). In 2022, membership and governance expanded to include any institution with

2244-459: The surname(s) of the sole trader or partners, or the legal name of a company. The Companies Registration Office publishes a searchable register of such business names. In Japan , the word yagō ( 屋号 ) is used. In Colonial Nigeria , certain tribes had members that used a variety of trading names to conduct business with the Europeans. Two examples were King Perekule VII of Bonny , who

2295-469: The term trade name to refer to "doing business as" (DBA) names. In most U.S. states now, however, DBAs are officially referred to using other terms. Almost half of the states, including New York and Oregon , use the terms assumed business name or assumed name ; nearly as many, including Pennsylvania , use the term fictitious name . For consumer protection purposes, many U.S. jurisdictions require businesses operating with fictitious names to file

2346-694: Was distributed by the Metropolitan News Company and some 16 other distributors. William Peyton Marin was the company treasurer. Bernard Goldstein, the assistant treasurer and controller of the New York Star , was the assistant treasurer. Following the company's dissolution, its books and records were stored at the AAAAAA American City Wide Express Service at 1135 Tiffany Street, The Bronx , for two to three years before prepaid funds ran out and

2397-604: Was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center , then became the Online Computer Library Center as it expanded. In 2017, the name was formally changed to OCLC, Inc. OCLC and thousands of its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat , the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries pay (around $ 217.8 million annually in total as of 2021 ) for

2448-553: Was known as Captain Pepple in trade matters, and King Jubo Jubogha of Opobo , who bore the pseudonym Captain Jaja . Both Pepple and Jaja would bequeath their trade names to their royal descendants as official surnames upon their deaths. In Singapore , there is no filing requirement for a "trading as" name, but there are requirements for disclosure of the underlying business or company's registered name and unique entity number. In

2499-727: Was replaced by the Classify Service. Until August 2009, when it was sold to Backstage Library Works, OCLC owned a preservation microfilm and digitization operation called the OCLC Preservation Service Center, with its principal office in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania . Starting in 1971, OCLC produced catalog cards for members alongside its shared online catalog; the company printed its last catalog cards on October 1, 2015. QuestionPoint , an around-the-clock reference service provided to users by

2550-496: Was reported that out of 29,673 instances of book infoboxes in Misplaced Pages, "there were 23,304 ISBNs and 15,226 OCNs", and regarding Wikidata: "of around 14 million Wikidata items, 28,741 were books. 5403 Wikidata items have an ISBN associated with them, and 12,262 have OCNs." OCLC also runs the Virtual International Authority File (VIAF), an international name authority file, with oversight from

2601-523: Was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26, 1971. This was the first online cataloging by any library worldwide. Between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the governance structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside

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