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73-405: Until its dissolution in 2018 following a corruption scandal, DCS was one of the largest student transportation fleets in the nation. It operated a fleet of approximately 2,000 buses and transported more than 75,000 students per day. In 2010, Dallas County Schools began accepting bids for a supplier of stop-arm cameras. These cameras would photograph drivers that passed by a stopped bus, resulting in

146-423: A plea bargain that may reduce the impact from that which would be incurred from pleading guilty without attending court. If no agreement is reached, and the prosecutor feels it is worth his time to charge the motorist, both motorist and officer, or their respective representatives, formally attempt to prove their case before the judge, who then decides the matter. In some states and for criminal traffic violations,

219-432: A traffic ticket for the driver. DCS would receive a cut of the fine, which would be used to cover the cost of the camera order. DCS selected a company called Force Multiplier Solutions, despite FMS issuing one of the higher bids for the initiative. Additionally, the district bought far more cameras than required, with an estimated 3,000 (out of 7,000 total) never or rarely used. It was later determined that Robert Leonard,

292-442: A community service order and additional fees. In Canada , most traffic laws are made at the provincial level. However, some serious violations are criminal offences, contrary to the federal Criminal Code . Both levels of government may deal with different aspects of the same misconduct. For example, drinking and driving may be a criminal offence of driving while impaired, or driving with a blood alcohol level greater than .08. At

365-459: A copy of Part A, which includes the facts of the matter i.e. observations and contemporaneous notes, including description of vehicle, and whether or not any photographs of an offending vehicle have been taken. Quite often, an officer will indicate that they have taken only (1) photograph of a vehicle then, when a matter is defended in court and the prosecution provide a brief of evidence with anything up to 4-5 extra photographs this can lead to some of

438-485: A court summons will be issued as for any other offence. A civil summons is most often accompanied by a complaint. Depending on the type of summons, there is often an option to endorse a summons so that the entity being served may be identified. In the court system in California, for civil unlimited cases in the superior court, a summons will often have these options to endorse: One example of an administrative summons

511-404: A defendant to retain a lawyer to discuss legal options, identify important defenses, and determine a defense strategy without hiring the lawyer to provide in-court representation. The motorist may be given the opportunity to schedule a hearing for a time at which the subpoenaed ticketing officer is unable to attend. If the officer or representative fails to attend the trial for a civil infraction,

584-558: A driver's licence will be suspended for 30 days. Surrendering a licence to the Ministry of Transportation is mandatory at this stage; failure to surrender the licence may result in a suspension/loss for up to two years. In the Republic of Ireland , a traffic ticket (which is mailed out to the driver) is in the form of a notice alleging that some crime – traffic offences are all criminal offences – has been committed, but stating that if

657-475: A field court attendance notice is issued. In the United Kingdom and Hong Kong, law enforcement officials may deal with certain minor offences, such as littering , by issuing a fixed penalty notice , colloquially called an "on-the-spot fine", although legally they are not fines. They allow the recipient to avoid going to court by paying a penalty fixed by statute. If such a notice is ignored or disputed,

730-404: A motorist is given the option to mail into the local court or the court for the jurisdiction in which the violation is alleged—a plea of guilty, not guilty or nolo contendere within a certain time frame (usually ten to fifteen days, although courts generally provide leniency in this regard). Additionally, the motorist can request a mitigation hearing, which acknowledges that the driver is guilty of

803-400: A moving violation, but is requesting a hearing with a judge to reduce the fines associated with the ticket. If the motorist pleads guilty, the outcome is equivalent to a conviction after the hearing. Upon conviction, the motorist is generally fined a monetary amount and, for moving violations, is additionally assessed a penalty under each state's point system . If a motorist is convicted of

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876-468: A number of fixed, and mobile, speed cameras and red light cameras across the State. The State Debt Recovery Office (SDRO) manages the processing and issuing of traffic tickets detected and issued by these devices. These tickets are deemed to be 'owner onus' tickets with the vehicles registered owner deemed liable unless they nominate another driver via statutory declaration. These are generally issued 'on

949-536: A particular monetary amount depending on the offence. The accused person has the right to have the matter heard in a court; if found not guilty the accused person pays nothing other than his legal costs (if any); if found guilty the accused person faces the prospect of a conviction for the offence and/or a substantial increase in the fine up to the maximum. For example, proceeding through a red light could go from A$ 353 up to A$ 2,200 if convicted in NSW . For more serious offences,

1022-473: A payment of a certain amount is made to the Garda Síochána within 28 days, or the amount increased by 50% is paid within 56 days, the driver will not be prosecuted for the alleged offence. Some tickets carry penalty points as well as the fine. Most of Scandinavia determines some traffic fines based on income. For example, Finland's system for calculating fines starts with an estimate of

1095-546: A total of about $ 400 or $ 500. In 2002, a Nokia executive was fined the equivalent of $ 103,000 for driving at 75 km/h (47 mph) in a 50 km/h (31 mph) zone on his motorcycle. Estonia (across the Baltic from Scandinavia) is experimenting with a "time out" in lieu of fines: the motorist waits at the side of the road for 45 minutes or an hour. In the United States , most traffic laws are codified in

1168-414: A traffic infraction through a written statement instead of appearing in court. For example, California's Vehicle Code Section 40902 permits individuals to obtain a trial by written declaration instead of making an in-court appearance. Each state's Department of Motor Vehicles or Bureau of Motor Vehicles maintains a database of motorists, including their convicted traffic violations. Upon being ticketed,

1241-460: A traffic ticket constitutes a notice that a penalty, such as a fine or accumulation of “ points ”, has been or will be assessed against the driver or owner of a vehicle; failure to pay generally leads to prosecution or to civil recovery proceedings for the fine. In others, the ticket constitutes only a citation and summons to appear at traffic court , with a determination of guilt to be made only in court. In Australia , traffic laws are made at

1314-637: A variety of state, county and municipal laws or ordinances, with most minor violations classified as infractions , civil charges or criminal charges . The classification of the charge depends on the violation itself as well as the jurisdiction, with infractions, civil charges and criminal charges relating to different standards of proof, trial rules and punishments. What constitutes a "minor violation" or infraction varies, examples include non-moving violations, defective or improper vehicle equipment, seat belt and child-restraint safety violations, and insufficient proof of license, insurance or registration. A trend in

1387-556: A violation in a state other than the state in which the motorist is registered, information about the ticket is relayed in accord with state policy and agreements between the two states, including the Non-Resident Violator Compact . If the ticket information is not abstracted to the state in which the motorist is licensed, then the record of the conviction remains local to the state where the violation took place. The practice of ticket fixing by police officers

1460-469: Is (7) days unless it is established that it was not served within (7) days. A due date for payment of Penalty Reminder notices under this Act is (21) days after it is served. Generally from the date of an offence approximately (28) days is given, after which time of the due date they will then have approximately an additional 21 days in which to take action, and finalise the matter. This includes (7) to allow for service, and (14) days for action to be taken. If

1533-480: Is a fine , and this is ordinarily a fixed amount of money, instead of being an amount of money determined based on the facts of each individual case. If the motorist wishes to contest a traffic infraction, a hearing can be set by the court upon proper request. The hearings are before a magistrate or judge depending on the state or city. Hearing dates may potentially be adjourned, and witnesses or police officers may be subpoenaed to appear in court. At any point after

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1606-419: Is a notice issued by a law enforcement official to a motorist or other road user, indicating that the user has violated traffic laws . Traffic tickets generally come in two forms, citing a moving violation , such as exceeding the speed limit , or a non-moving violation, such as a parking violation , with the ticket also being referred to as a parking citation , or parking ticket . In some jurisdictions,

1679-480: Is a recurring source of controversy in the United States. Police officers in many jurisdictions surreptitiously cancel tickets as a "professional courtesy" to the friends and family of other police officers. This practice is not legal in most jurisdictions, but enforcement is often lax, leading to periodic scandals. There are many competing claims as to the first speeding ticket ever issued depending whether

1752-474: Is being summoned. The process by which a summons is served is called service of process . The form and content of service in the federal courts is governed by Rule 4 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure , and the rules of many state courts are similar. The federal summons is usually issued by the clerk of the court. In many states, the summons may be issued by an attorney, but some states use filing as

1825-455: Is believed to be the one given to Jussi Salonoja in Helsinki , Finland , in 2003. Salonoja, the 27-year-old heir to a company in the meat-industry, was fined 170,000 euros for driving 80 km/h in a 40 km/h zone. The uncommonly large fine was due to Finnish speeding tickets (when excess speed is considerable) being relative to the offender's last known income. Salonoja's speeding ticket

1898-514: Is found in the tax law of the United States. The Internal Revenue Code authorizes the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to issue a summons for a taxpayer—or any person having custody of books of account relating to a business of a taxpayer—to appear before the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate (generally, this means the IRS employee who issued the summons) at the time and place named in

1971-468: Is issued to the accused person on the spot after an offence has been detected. Or by way of a future court attendance notice (future CAN), which replaced the old court issued summons and is served in person by police or sometimes by mail. In all of these cases, the CAN is filed at the court after it has been served. Historically, in early English law, a summons was called an auxilium curiae , although this term

2044-425: Is moved to give the officer another chance to attend. In some provinces, officers are now paid time and a half to attend traffic proceedings. The court will also make provisions for the officer or the prosecutor to achieve a deal with the motorist, often in the form of a plea bargain . If no agreement is reached, both motorist and officer, or their respective representatives, formally attempt to prove their case before

2117-417: Is no longer provided on the claim form itself. The CPR is oddly silent about this, but the claimant is generally expected to concurrently serve Form N1C, Notes to defendant on replying to the claim form, which does warn that the defendant must respond within 14 days of service of particulars of claim. In criminal matters, either a requisition, summons or warrant is issued to initiate criminal proceedings. In

2190-529: Is now obsolete. In England and Wales , the various royal writs traditionally used to commence the forms of action were abolished by the Uniformity of Process Act 1832 ( 2 & 3 Will. 4 . c. 39). They were consolidated into a writ of summons , which like its predecessors, was traditionally issued in the name of the monarch . From 1832 to 1980, a writ of summons in England and Wales began with

2263-445: Is served on a person involved in a legal proceeding. Legal action may be in progress against the person, or the person's presence as witness may be required. In the former case, the summons will typically announce to the person to whom it is directed that a legal proceeding has been started against that person, and that a case has been initiated in the issuing court. In some jurisdictions, it may be drafted in legal English difficult for

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2336-540: The Republic of Korea , a criminal summons may come from the Korean Prosecution Services or a Court of Law and is a manner to initiate criminal proceedings or call a witness in for questioning. A summons may be served on an individual within Korea or that is abroad. In most U.S. jurisdictions, the service of a summons is in most cases required for the court to have jurisdiction over the party who

2409-647: The claim form by the Civil Procedure Rules 1999 (CPR). This was part of the CPR's reforms to simplify legal terminology; at the same time, the plaintiff was renamed the claimant . Despite its name, the claim form may but is not required to present the details of the claim itself. The statement of claim (which had already replaced the complaint in England and Wales under the Rules of the Supreme Court )

2482-430: The common law . It replaces the former procedure in common-law countries by which the plaintiff actually had to ask the sheriff to arrest the defendant in order for the court to obtain personal jurisdiction in both criminal and civil actions. A citation , traffic violation ticket , or notice to appear is a type of summons prepared and served at the scene of the occurrence by a law enforcement official, compelling

2555-459: The layman to understand, while several U.S. states expressly require summonses to be drafted in plain English and that they must start with this phrase: "Notice! You have been sued." The summons announces a date by which the person or persons summoned must either appear in court, or respond in writing to the court or the opposing party or parties. The summons is the descendant of the writ of

2628-767: The 10 miles per hour speed limit. The fastest convicted speeder in the UK was Daniel Nicks, convicted of 175 mph (282 km/h) on a Honda Fireblade motorcycle in 2000. He received six weeks in jail and was banned from driving for two full years. The fastest UK speeder in a car was Timothy Brady, caught driving a 3.6-litre Porsche 911 Turbo at 172 mph (277 km/h) on the A420 in Oxfordshire in January 2007 and jailed for 10 weeks and banned from driving for 3 years. The most expensive speeding ticket ever given

2701-558: The Australian state of New South Wales (NSW) the service of a court attendance notice can be issued in a number of ways, the most common of which is by the NSW Police Force when charging someone after an arrest is made, a bail court attendance notice (with bail conditions) or regular court attendance notice is issued. Other methods the police use include via a paper form called a field court attendance notice (field CAN) which

2774-495: The CEO of Force Multiplier Solutions, bribed DCS officials, most notably superintendent Dr. Rick Sorrells and chairman Larry Duncan, into contracting with FMS. In 2015, DCS agreed to a triple-net sale-leaseback deal on four bus service centers, wherein the properties would be sold to a new owner and then leased on a month-by-month basis. This raised $ 25 million in cash ($ 7 million above the centers' estimated market value), but it locked

2847-536: The Court Office mentioned below the accompanying Acknowledgement of Service stating therein whether you intend to contest these proceedings." This was followed by a paragraph warning of the risk of entry of default judgment . The writ was no longer witnessed by the Lord Chancellor and in lieu of that simply stated which court office had issued the writ. In 1999, the writ of summons was replaced with

2920-633: The Self-Enforcing Infringement Notice Scheme (SEINS). This scheme aims to minimize Court time for people who wish to plead guilty. The accused person can either elect to pay/part pay the infringement by way of a number of online means or through Australia Post , this can be found on the ticket. If the Accused person pays the infringement, they are deemed to have pleaded guilty and any demerit points will be deducted from their driver's licence. Matters only go to Court if

2993-548: The accused person elects to have the matter heard at Court. If the accused person wishes to plead not guilty, they fill the reverse side of Part C out and mail it to the State Debt Recovery Office (SDRO). Once this is done, a Court date is set for hearing before a Magistrate and the officer is notified. The officer creates a brief of evidence and provides this to the Court and the accused person, this contains

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3066-462: The amount of spending money a Finn has for one day, and then divides that by two. The resulting number is considered a "reasonable" amount of spending money to deprive the offender of. Then, based on the severity of the crime, the system has rules for how many days the offender must go without that money. For example, driving about 15 mph over the speed limit results in a multiplier of 12 days. Most reckless drivers pay between $ 30 and $ 50 per day, for

3139-413: The appearance of a defendant before the local magistrate within a certain period of time to answer for a minor traffic infraction , misdemeanor , or other summary offence . Failure to appear within the allotted period of time is a separate crime of failure to appear . In Australia , minor traffic and some summary offences are known as an infringement notice or a fine and can be dealt with by paying

3212-418: The claim goes by the first traffic violation or the first paper ticket ever issued. Great Britain may have the earliest claim with the first person to be convicted of speeding, Walter Arnold of East Peckham , Kent, who on 28 January 1896 was fined for speeding at 8 mph (13 km/h) in a 2 mph (3.2 km/h) zone. He was fined 1 shilling plus costs. A New York City cab driver named Jacob German

3285-402: The court for the town or city in which the violation took place to do so. If the motorist pleads not guilty, a trial date is set and both the motorist, or a lawyer/paralegal representing the motorist, and the ticketing officer, are required to attend. If the officer fails to attend, the court judge will often find in favour of the motorist and dismiss the charge, although sometimes the trial date

3358-464: The debt, the dissolution committee established a "school equalization" property tax in DCS's former boundaries. In July 2018, the dissolution committee filed suit against Robert Leonard and former DCS leadership, alleging that DCS lost $ 125 million due to corruption. The lawsuit also alleged that Larry Duncan, the chairman of the DCS board, had taken $ 240,000 in campaign contributions from donors connected to

3431-400: The district into $ 47 million of long-term debt, and the district was still responsible for property taxes, maintenance, and insurance. An investigation by KXAS-TV determined that the deal's broker had ties to Force Multiplier Solutions. In early 2017, Weatherford ISD voted to terminate its $ 1.3 million contract with DCS, which had started the previous year. Weatherford ISD leadership stated

3504-412: The fine is not actioned by the due date on the penalty reminder notice, an enforcement order will be issued and additional costs apply. If the enforcement order remains unpaid further enforcement action can follow, which may include suspension of the persons driver licence and/or vehicle registration, restrictions on conducting business with Transport for NSW, garnisheeing of wages, property seizure order or

3577-429: The issuance of a ticket, a motorist may retain an attorney to represent them in a traffic infraction. Retaining or consulting an attorney may be beneficial to the motorist because an attorney would better understand how to contest an infraction in any given state or municipality. Attorneys may offer full representation in court, taking a case from inception to disposal and potentially appeals, although it may be possible for

3650-407: The judge may also order a jury trial , in which case a jury will hear arguments from both sides, and then consider the facts in the case and render a verdict . The motorist may, for example, put forward a reason their alleged violation was justified, such as to "get out of the way of an ambulance or avoid a collision with another motorist", and call into doubt the level to which the officer recalls

3723-409: The judge or Justice of Peace, who then decides the matter. If the motorist pleads guilty, the outcome is equivalent to conviction after trial. Upon conviction, the motorist is generally fined a monetary amount and, for moving violations, is additionally given demerit points, under each province's point system . Jail time is sometimes sought in more serious cases such as racing or stunt driving. In

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3796-463: The late 1970s and early 1980s also saw an increased tendency for jurisdictions to re-classify certain speeding violations as civil infractions. In contrast, for more "serious" violations, traffic violators may be held criminally liable, accused of a misdemeanor or even a felony . Serious violations tend to involve multiple prior offenses, willful disregard of public safety, death or serious bodily injury, or damage to property. A frequently used penalty

3869-458: The law provides a criminal penalty of up to one year in prison or a fine, or both, for failure to obey the summons, except that the person summoned may, to the extent applicable, assert a privilege against self incrimination or other evidentiary privileges, if applicable. In the U.S. immigration court system, a "Notice to Appear" is an administrative summons ordering a respondent to appear before an immigration court for removal proceedings . In

3942-459: The means to commence an action and in those states, the attorney must first file the summons in duplicate before it becomes effective. One or more copies are stamped by the court clerk with the court seal and returned to the attorney, who then uses it to actually serve the defendants. Other jurisdictions may only require that the summons be filed after it is served on the defendants. New York is distinguished by its permissive filing system, in which

4015-418: The monarch was too intimidating for ordinary laypeople. Therefore, as of 1992, a writ of summons simply gave notice, in lieu of the traditional royal command: "This Writ of Summons has been issued against you by the above-named Plaintiff in respect of the claim set out on the back. Within 14 days after the service of this Writ upon you, counting the day of service, you must either satisfy the claim or return to

4088-460: The move was unrelated to the DCS's financial issues, describing it as part of a plan to move its transportation services in-house. Later that year, Coppell ISD voted to terminate its $ 4.4 million contract with DCS in favor of private operator Durham School Services . Coppell ISD leadership cited an influx of students and a driver shortage at DCS. In November 2017, a countywide referendum was held on DCS's continuation, with 58% of voters opposed. DCS

4161-461: The name of the court, case number, the word "Between", and the names of the parties to the case. This was followed by the name and full title of the current monarch, the word "To:", the defendant's name and their city of residence, and then the royal command, starting with the royal we : "WE COMMAND YOU that within 14 days after service of this Writ on you, inclusive of the date of service, you do cause an appearance to be entered for you in an action at

4234-547: The original offence date. If a driver accumulates enough points, a suspension/loss of licence can occur. For a fully licensed driver in Ontario, the accumulation of six demerit points results in a "warning" letter. At nine points, the driver is scheduled a mandatory interview to discuss their record and give specific reasonings as to why the licence should not be suspended. If a driver fails to attend this meeting, their licence may be automatically suspended. At 15 or more points,

4307-582: The photographs being excluded as evidence because there is no indication to show on the Part A that they were taken at the time of the offence. Upon being issued a traffic infringement, or parking infringement notice, (in person or to a vehicle) an accused person will generally receive a penalty reminder notice in the mail approximately 28 days later, if the fine remains unpaid. Under the Fines Act of 1996 (NSW) Time for service of penalty reminder notices by post,

4380-419: The province of Ontario, drivers who are convicted of certain driving related offences result in demerit points recorded onto their driving records. It is commonly misconceived that drivers actually "lose" points due to convictions for certain traffic offences. In fact, a driver begins with zero demerit points and accumulates demerit points for convictions. Demerit points stay on a driver's record for two years from

4453-462: The same time, most provinces have laws specifying administrative penalties for driving with a blood alcohol level which does not exceed the criminal blood alcohol level of .08, in particular for newly licensed drivers. Each province maintains a database of motorists, including their convicted traffic violations. Upon being ticketed, a motorist has a chance to plead guilty or not guilty with an explanation. The motorist or their representative must attend

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4526-544: The scandal, some of which was not properly reported. In 2019, former superintendent Dr. Rick Sorrells was sentenced to seven years in prison for bribery. His sentence was reduced from 20 years due to cooperation with law enforcement. Unless otherwise noted, these school districts now provide their own bus transportation. In addition, DCS provided supplemental transportation services (such as Juvenile Justice or Substance Abuse Unit transportation services) to four other school districts: Traffic ticket A traffic ticket

4599-406: The specific details of the situation among the many tickets they have issued. In Washington state, there is a local option for courts to permit a decision on written statements, without the officer's live appearance in court. California offers a procedure in which both the officer and the ticketed driver may appear in writing, through a Trial by Written Declaration. Some states permit challenging

4672-411: The spot' by a police officer although there are other authorised officers that can issue traffic infringements such as Transport for NSW heavy vehicle inspectors and Traffic Commanders. The infringement notice is written on three carbonised pieces of printed paper, known as Part A, B and C. Part A is the original and is sent to the State Debt Recovery Office (SDRO) by the issuing officer when they return to

4745-596: The state level, usually in their own consolidated Acts of Parliament which have been based upon the Australian Road Rules . Traffic tickets are known as Traffic infringement notices (TIN's) in New South Wales . Transport for NSW maintains a database of all registered holders of a driver's licence in NSW, including the driver's traffic history and registered motor vehicles. Transport for NSW maintain

4818-482: The station, Part B stays in the infringement book for accountability and Part C is given to the accused person at the scene or via post. Infringement notices issued by Councils or Commercial Clients by way of electronic handheld devices still have as associated application for details provided on a copy of the Part A, to be made available for perusal if required. In New South Wales, all Traffic infringement notices (TIN's) and Parking Infringement Notices (PIN's) are part of

4891-534: The suit of [plaintiff's name] and take notice that in default of you so doing the Plaintiff may proceed therein, and judgment may be given in your absence". Next came the word "Witness," then the name and title of the Lord Chancellor , and the date on which the writ was issued. The traditional writ language was changed in 1980 at the insistence of Lord Chancellor Hailsham , who felt that a command from

4964-400: The summons. The person summoned may be required to produce books, papers, records, or other data, and to give testimony under oath before an IRS employee. The IRS is also empowered to issue the section 7602 summons for the purpose of "inquiring into any offense connected with the administration or enforcement of the internal revenue laws". The summons may be enforced by a court order, and

5037-409: The trial court may adjourn the hearing to a date upon which the officer is able to appear or, particularly if good cause is not shown for the officer's absence, the court judge may dismiss the charge. Although each judge, state, county or municipality handle contested hearings a little differently, the court may make provisions for the prosecutor to achieve a deal with the motorist, often in the form of

5110-511: Was arrested for speeding on May 20, 1899 for driving 12 miles per hour on Lexington Avenue in Manhattan. In Dayton, Ohio , police issued a paper ticket to Harry Myers for going twelve miles per hour on West Third Street in 1904. Another early speeding ticket was issued in 1910 to Lady Laurier, the wife of Wilfrid Laurier , Prime Minister of Canada, in Ottawa, Ontario , Canada, for exceeding

5183-469: Was not the first ticket given in Finland reaching six figures. Summons A summons (also known in England and Wales as a claim form and in the Australian state of New South Wales as a court attendance notice ( CAN )) is a legal document issued by a court (a judicial summons ) or by an administrative agency of government (an administrative summons ) for various purposes. A judicial summons

5256-412: Was replaced by another document known as particulars of claim . The claim form (Form N1) has space for "brief details of claim" on the first page, and then on the third page, the claimant can either provide particulars of claim or indicate by tick box that they are "to follow" (that is, as a separate document). Unlike the traditional writ of summons, the notice to the defendant about when to respond

5329-437: Was shut down, ending 171 years of service, and its board of trustees was replaced with a dissolution committee. The dissolution committee continued to provide bus services until July 31, 2018, at which point DCS's client districts would need to organize their own bus transportation or partner with private school bus contractors . At its dissolution, DCS owed approximately $ 106 million to 33 creditors over seven years. To pay back

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