A film director is a person who controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay (or script) while guiding the film crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design and all the creative aspects of filmmaking in cooperation with the producer .
64-730: Daniel Walter Schmid (26 December 1941 – 5 August 2006) was a Swiss theatre and film director . In 1982, his film Hécate was entered into the 33rd Berlin International Film Festival . His film Beresina, or the Last Days of Switzerland was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1999 Cannes Film Festival . In 1988, he was a member of the jury at the 38th Berlin International Film Festival . A new documentary film on Schmid's life, Daniel Schmid – Le chat qui pense , had its U.S. premiere at
128-473: A film school to get a bachelor's degree studying film or cinema. Film students generally study the basic skills used in making a film. This includes, for example, preparation, shot lists and storyboards, blocking, communicating with professional actors, communicating with the crew, and reading scripts. Some film schools are equipped with sound stages and post-production facilities. Besides basic technical and logistical skills, students also receive education on
192-569: A Chinese Bookie , Blake Edwards 's Darling Lili and Francis Ford Coppola 's The Godfather Coda , changes made to a director's cut resulted in a very similar runtime or a shorter, more compact cut. This generally happens when a distributor insists that a film be completed to meet a release date, but sometimes it is the result of removing scenes that the distributor insisted on inserting, as opposed to restoring scenes they insisted on cutting. (See Changes in Star Wars re-releases and E.T.
256-466: A director's cut by Diane Martel . This version of the video was later included on Knowles' B'Day Anthology Video Album (2007). Linkin Park has a director's cut version for their music video " Faint " (directed by Mark Romanek ) in which one of the band members spray paints the words "En Proceso" on a wall, as well as Hoobastank also having one for 2004's "The Reason" which omits the woman getting hit by
320-433: A director's preferred vision has become ignored, leading to so-called "director's cuts" of films where the director prefers the theatrically released version (or when the director had actual final cut privilege in the first place). Such versions are often marketing ploys, assembled by simply restoring deleted scenes, sometimes adding as much as a half-hour to the length of the film without regard to pacing and storytelling. As
384-477: A film the director prefers, and is usually used as contrast to a theatrical release where the director did not have final cut privilege and did not agree with what was released. ("Cut" explicitly refers to the editing process.) Most of the time, film directors do not have the "final cut" (final say on the version released to the public). Those with money invested in the film, such as the production companies, distributors, or studios, may make changes intended to make
448-485: A flat fee for the project, as a weekly salary, or as a daily rate. A handful of top Hollywood directors made from $ 133.3 million to $ 257.95 million in 2011, such as James Cameron and Steven Spielberg , but the average United States film directors and producers made $ 89,840 in 2018. A new Hollywood director typically gets paid around $ 400,000 for directing their first studio film. The average annual salary in England
512-551: A recent trend of more attention to women directors in India, brought on partly by Amazon and Netflix moving into the industry. Of the movies produced in Nollywood , women direct only 2%. There are many different awards for film directing, run by various academies , critics associations , film festivals , and guilds . The Academy Award for Best Director and Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Director are considered among
576-420: A result, the "director's cut" is often considered a misnomer. Some directors deliberately try to avoid labelling alternate versions as such (e.g. Peter Jackson and James Cameron ; each using the phrases "Special Edition" or "Extended Edition" for alternate versions of their films). Sometimes the term is used a marketing ploy. For example, Ridley Scott states on the director's commentary track of Alien that
640-417: A version dubbed "The Final Cut" in 2007. This was the final re-cut and the first in which Scott maintained creative control over the final product, leading to The Final Cut being considered the definitive version of the film. Once distributors discovered that consumers would buy alternate versions of films, it became more common for films to have alternative versions released. And the original public meaning of
704-408: A video release restored 20 minutes the studio had insisted on cutting; Cameron also voluntarily made cuts to the theatrical version of The Abyss for pacing but restored them for a video release, and most famously, Ridley Scott 's Blade Runner , where an alternate workprint version was released to fan acclaim, ultimately resulting in the 1992 recut. Scott later recut the film once more, releasing
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#1732772432057768-520: A yearly salary from ¥4 million to ¥10 million, and the Directors Guild of Japan requires a minimum payment of ¥3.5 million. Korean directors make 300 million to 500 million won for a film, and beginning directors start out making around 50 million won. A Korean director who breaks into the Chinese market might make 1 billion won for a single film. According to a 2018 report from UNESCO ,
832-740: Is a film criticism concept that holds that a film director's film reflects the director's personal creative vision, as if they were the primary "auteur" (the French word for "author"). In spite of—and sometimes even because of—the production of the film as part of an industrial process, the auteur's creative voice is distinct enough to shine through studio interference and the collective process. Some film directors started as screenwriters , film editors , producers , actors , or film critics , as well as directing for similar media like television and commercials. Several American cinematographers have become directors, including Barry Sonnenfeld , originally
896-459: Is believed to be the largest amount of distinct versions of a single film. Among major studio films, the record is believed to be held by Blade Runner ; the magazine Video Watchdog counted no less than seven distinct versions in a 1993 issue, before director Ridley Scott later released a "Final Cut" in 2007 to acclaim from critics including Roger Ebert who included it on his great movies list, The release of Blade Runner: The Final Cut brings
960-464: Is not the case with Alien : The Director's Cut. It's a completely different beast." —Ridley Scott James Cameron has shared similar sentiments regarding the special editions of his films, "What I put into theaters is the Director's Cut. Nothing was cut that I didn't want cut. All the extra scenes we've added back in are just a bonus for the fans." Similar statements were made by Ridley Scott for
1024-411: Is the director's preferred edit of a film, and it implies the director was not happy with the version that was originally released. Sometimes there are big disagreements between the director's vision and the producer's vision, and the director's preferred edit is sought after by fans (for example Terry Gilliam's Brazil ). Not all films have separate "director's cuts", (often the director is happy with
1088-418: Is to envisage a way to translate a screenplay into a fully formed film, and then to realize this vision. To do this, they oversee the artistic and technical elements of film production. This entails organizing the film crew in such a way to achieve their vision of the film and communicating with the actors. This requires skills of group leadership, as well as the ability to maintain a singular focus even in
1152-738: Is £50,440, in Canada is $ 62,408, and in Western Australia it can range from $ 75,230 to $ 97,119. In France, the average salary is €4000 per month, paid per project. Luc Besson was the highest paid French director in 2017, making €4.44 million for Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets . That same year, the top ten French directors' salaries in total represented 42% of the total directors' salaries in France. Film directors in Japan average
1216-563: The Frameline Film Festival in San Francisco on 20 June 2011. This article about a Swiss film director is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Film director The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized or noticed. Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within
1280-464: The PlayStation 4 games Ghost of Tsushima and Death Stranding both received expanded features on both games. "Director's cuts" in music are rarely released. A few exceptions include Guided by Voices ' 1994 album Bee Thousand , which was re-released as a three disc vinyl LP director's cut in 2004, and Fall Out Boy 's 2003 album Take This to Your Grave , which was re-released as
1344-660: The budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director. Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , producers , film editors or actors. Other film directors have attended film school. Directors use different approaches. Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue, while others control every aspect and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely. Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners. Other directors edit or appear in their films or compose music score for their films. A film director's task
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#17327724320571408-464: The 1970s, several of which were re-cut (Chaplin's re-release of The Gold Rush in the 1940s is almost certainly the earliest prominent example of a director's re-cut film being released to the public). A theatrical re-release of Close Encounters of the Third Kind used the phrase " Special Edition " to describe a cut which was closer to Spielberg's intent but had a compromised ending demanded by
1472-483: The 2003 'director's cut' of Alien . Such alternate versions sometimes include changes to the special effects in addition to different editing, such as George Lucas 's Star Wars films, and Steven Spielberg 's E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial . Extended or special editions can also apply to films that have been extended for television or cut out to fill time slots and long advertisement breaks, against
1536-1123: The Berlin/Brandenburg TV station RBB (Berlin-Brandenburg Broadcasting) and ARTE . In recent decades American directors have primarily been coming out of USC , UCLA , AFI , Columbia University , and NYU , each of which is known for cultivating a certain style of filmmaking. Notable film schools outside of the United States include Beijing Film Academy , Centro de Capacitación Cinematográfica in Mexico City, Dongseo University in South Korea, FAMU in Prague, Film and Television Institute of India , HFF Munich , La Fémis in Paris, Tel Aviv University , and Vancouver Film School . Film directors usually are self-employed and hired per project based on recommendations and industry reputation. Compensation might be arranged as
1600-528: The Coen brothers' Director of Photography; Wally Pfister , cinematographer on Christopher Nolan 's three Batman films made his directorial debut with Transcendence (2014). Despite the misnomer, assistant director has become a completely separate career path and is not typically a position for aspiring directors, but there are exceptions in some countries such as India where assistant directors are indeed directors-in-training. Many film directors have attended
1664-683: The Director’s Cut are like pieces missing from a beautiful but incomplete puzzle" ), or Sam Peckinpah 's Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid , where the restored 115-minute cut is closer to the director's intent than the theatrical 105-minute cut (the actual director's cut was 122 minutes; it was never completed to Peckinpah's satisfaction, but was used as a guide for the restoration that was done after his death). In some instances, such as Peter Weir 's Picnic at Hanging Rock , Robert Wise 's Star Trek: The Motion Picture , John Cassavetes 's The Killing of
1728-545: The Extra-Terrestrial: The 20th Anniversary ) Separate to director's cuts are alternate cuts released as "special editions" or "extended cuts". These versions are often put together for home video for fans, and should not be confused with 'director's cuts'. For example, despite releasing extended versions of his The Lord of the Rings trilogy, Peter Jackson told IGN in 2019 that “the theatrical versions are
1792-445: The approval of the director was 1983's Twice Upon a Time , which was extended to have more profanity (supervised by co-writer and producer Bill Couturié ) as opposed to co-director John Korty 's original. The Coen Brothers ' Blood Simple is one of few examples that demonstrate director's cuts are not necessarily longer. The music video for the 2006 Academy Award -nominated song " Listen ", performed by Beyoncé , received
1856-442: The car. Britney Spears ' music video for 2007's " Gimme More " was first released as a director's cut on iTunes , with the official video released 3 days later. Many other director's cut music videos contain sexual content that can't be shown on TV thus creating alternative scenes, such as Thirty Seconds to Mars 's " Hurricane ", and in some cases, alternative videos, such as in the case of Spears' 2008 video for " Womanizer ". As
1920-764: The case of Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty and Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater , the American versions were released first, followed by the Japanese versions and then the European versions, with each regional release offering new content not found in the previous one. All of the added content from the Japanese and European versions of those games were included in the expanded editions titled Metal Gear Solid 2: Substance and Metal Gear Solid 3: Subsistence . They also, similar to movies, will occasionally include extra, uncensored or alternate versions of cutscenes, as
1984-459: The definitive versions, I regard the extended cuts as being a novelty for the fans that really want to see the extra material.” "The traditional definition of the term 'Director's Cut' suggests the restoration of a director's original vision, free of any creative limitations. It suggests that the filmmaker has finally overcome the interference of heavy-handed studio executives, and that the film has been restored to its original, untampered form. Such
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2048-422: The director ensures that all individuals involved in the film production are working towards an identical vision for the completed film. The set of varying challenges they have to tackle has been described as "a multi-dimensional jigsaw puzzle with egos and weather thrown in for good measure". It adds to the pressure that the success of a film can influence when and how they will work again, if at all. Generally,
2112-435: The director works with the editor to edit the material into the director's cut . Well-established directors have the " final cut privilege ", meaning that they have the final say on which edit of the film is released. For other directors, the studio can order further edits without the director's permission. The director is one of the few positions that requires intimate involvement during every stage of film production . Thus,
2176-530: The director would not like to be shown but uses as a placeholder until satisfactory replacements can be inserted. This is still how the term is used within the film industry, as well as commercials, television, and music videos. The trend of releasing alternate cuts of films for artistic reasons became prominent in the 1970s; in 1974, the "director's cut" of The Wild Bunch was shown theatrically in Los Angeles to sold-out audiences. The theatrical release of
2240-408: The directorial credit, to negative reception from general audience, fans and critics alike and a box office failure. Following a global fan campaign to which the director and members of the cast and crew showed support, Snyder was allowed to return and complete the project the way he intended it and a 4-hour version of the film dubbed Zack Snyder's Justice League with some additionally shot scenes at
2304-543: The end was released on March 18, 2021, on HBO Max to much favorable reviews and acclaim. Snyder originally teased a 214-minute cut of the film that was supposed to be the theatrical version released in 2017 if he did not step down from the project. Snyder has also confirmed that his Netflix distributed sci-fi film Rebel Moon – Part One: A Child of Fire (2023) and its sequel Rebel Moon – Part Two: The Scargiver (2024) would receive R-rated director's cuts with its new titles Rebel Moon – Chapter One: Chalice of Blood , and
2368-759: The explicit wishes of the director, such as the TV versions of Dune (1984), The Warriors (1979), Superman (1978) and the Harry Potter films. The Lord of the Rings film series directed by Peter Jackson saw an "Extended Edition" release for each of the three films The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Two Towers (2002), and The Return of the King (2003) featuring an additional 30 minutes, 47 minutes and 51 minutes respectively of new scenes, special effects and music alongside fan-club credits. These versions of
2432-425: The film had cut 10 minutes to get an R rating, but this cut was hailed as superior and has now become the definitive one. Other early examples include George Lucas 's first two films being re-released following the success of Star Wars , in cuts which more closely resembled his vision, or Peter Bogdanovich re-cutting The Last Picture Show several times. Charlie Chaplin also re-released all of his films in
2496-478: The film industry throughout the world has a disproportionately higher number of male directors compared to female directors, and they provide as an example the fact that only 20% of films in Europe are directed by women. 44% of graduates from a sample of European films schools are women, and yet women are only 24% of working film directors in Europe. However only a fraction of film school graduates aspire to direct with
2560-414: The film more profitable at the box office. In extreme cases that can sometimes mean a different ending, less ambiguity, or excluding scenes that would earn a more audience-restricting rating , but more often means that the film is simply shortened to provide more screenings per day. With the rise of home video, the phrase became more generically used as a marketing term to communicate to consumers that this
2624-447: The films were not Jackson's preferred edit, however, they were simply extended versions for fans to enjoy at home. Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice directed by Zack Snyder had an "Ultimate Edition," which added back 31 minutes of footage cut for the theatrical release and received an R rating, released digitally on 28 June 2016, and on Blu-ray on 19 July 2016. The extended director's cut received more positive critical reviews than
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2688-729: The first film, and entire scenes that were shot by replacement director Richard Lester which Donner dislikes but were required for story purposes. On the other side, some critics (such as Roger Ebert ) have approved of the use of the label in unsuccessful films that had been tampered with by studio executives, such as Sergio Leone 's original cut of Once Upon a Time in America , and the moderately successful theatrical version of Daredevil , which were altered by studio interference for their theatrical release. Other well-received director's cuts include Ridley Scott 's Kingdom of Heaven (with Empire magazine stating: "The added 45 minutes in
2752-526: The footage that exists. Examples of this include Terry Zwigoff 's Bad Santa , Brian Helgeland 's Payback , and most notably the Richard Donner re-cut of Superman II . Donner completed about 75 per cent of the shooting of the sequel during the shooting of the first one but was fired from the project. His director's cut of the film includes, among other things, screen test footage of stars Christopher Reeve and Margot Kidder , footage used in
2816-416: The gameplay or additional game modes and features outside the main portion of the game. As is the case with certain high-profile Japanese-produced games, the game designers may take the liberty to revise their product for the overseas market with additional features during the localization process. These features are later added back to the native market in a re-release of a game in what is often referred as
2880-407: The industry itself, a "director's cut" refers to a stage in the editing process, and is not usually what a director wants to release to the public, due to the fact it is unfinished. The editing process of a film is broken into stages: First is the assembly/rough cut, where all selected takes are put together in the order in which they should appear in the film. Next, the editor's cut is reduced from
2944-426: The international version of the game. This was the case with the overseas versions of Final Fantasy VII , Metal Gear Solid and Rogue Galaxy , which contained additional features (such as new difficulty settings for Metal Gear Solid ), resulting in re-released versions of those respective games in Japan ( Final Fantasy VII International , Metal Gear Solid: Integral and Rogue Galaxy: Director's Cut ). In
3008-472: The majority entering the industry in other roles. In Hollywood, women make up only 12.6 percent of film directors, as reported by a UCLA study of the 200 top theatrical films of 2017, but that number is a significant increase from 6.9% in 2016. As of 2014, there were only 20 women in the Directors Guild of Japan out of the 550 total members. Indian film directors are also greatly underrepresented by women, even compared to other countries, but there has been
3072-483: The most prestigious awards for directing, and there is even an award for worst directing given out during the Golden Raspberry Awards . Director%27s cut In public use, a director's cut is the director's preferred version of a film (or video game , television episode , music video , commercial , etc. ). It is generally considered a marketing term to represent the version of
3136-548: The nature of professional relationships that occur during film production. A full degree course can be designed for up to five years of studying. Future directors usually complete short films during their enrollment. The National Film School of Denmark has the student's final projects presented on national TV. Some film schools retain the rights for their students' works. Many directors successfully prepared for making feature films by working in television. The German Film and Television Academy Berlin consequently cooperates with
3200-420: The original theatrical release was his "director's cut", and that the new version was released as a marketing ploy. Director Peter Bogdanovich , no stranger to director's cuts himself, cites Red River as an example where MGM have a version of Howard Hawks's Red River that they're calling the Director's Cut and it is absolutely not the director's cut. It's a cut the director didn't want, an earlier cut that
3264-415: The position of film director is widely considered to be a highly stressful and demanding one. It has been said that "20-hour days are not unusual". Some directors also take on additional roles, such as producing, writing or editing. Under European Union law, the film director is considered the "author" or one of the authors of a film, largely as a result of the influence of auteur theory . Auteur theory
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#17327724320573328-471: The project for fans to enjoy. Examples include James Cameron's Avatar , which was released as both a "Special Edition" and "Extended" cuts, and Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings , which were released on home video as "Extended Editions". These versions do not represent the director's preferred visions. The term since expanded to include media such as video games, comic books and music albums (the latter two of which don't actually have directors). Within
3392-407: The restrictions of the film's budget and the demands of the producer and studio (such as the need to get a particular age rating ). Directors also play an important role in post-production . While the film is still in production, the director sends " dailies " to the film editor and explains their overall vision for the film, allowing the editor to assemble an editor's cut . In post-production,
3456-420: The rough cut; the editor may be guided by their own choices or following notes from the director or producers. Eventually is the final cut , which actually gets released or broadcast. In between the editor's cut and the final cut can come any number of fine cuts, including the director's cut. The director's cut may include unsatisfactory takes, a preliminary soundtrack, a lack of desired pick-up shots etc., which
3520-401: The sequel Rebel Moon – Chapter Two: Curse of Forgiveness (both 2024). The PG-13 initial versions of those films having been critically panned. The film Caligula exists in at least 10 different officially released versions, ranging from a sub-90-minute television edit version of TV-14 (later TV-MA) for cable television to an unrated full pornographic version exceeding 3.5 hours. This
3584-403: The sole superiors of the director are the producers and the studio that is financing the film, although sometimes the director can also be a producer of the same film. The role of a director differs from producers in that producers typically manage the logistics and business operations of the production, whereas the director is tasked with making creative decisions. The director must work within
3648-477: The stressful, fast-paced environment of a film set. Moreover, it is necessary to have an artistic eye to frame shots and to give precise feedback to cast and crew, thus, excellent communication skills are a must. Because the film director depends on the successful cooperation of many different creative individuals with possibly strongly contradicting artistic ideals and visions, they also need to possess conflict-resolution skills to mediate whenever necessary. Thus
3712-529: The studio. As the home video industry rose in the early 1980s, video releases of director's cuts were sometimes created for the small but dedicated cult fan market. Los Angeles cable station Z Channel is also cited as significant in the popularization of alternate cuts. Early examples of films released in this manner include Michael Cimino 's Heaven's Gate , where a longer cut was recalled from theatres but subsequently shown on cable and eventually released to home video; James Cameron 's Aliens , where
3776-454: The supposed grand total to eight differing versions of Blade Runner . Upon its release on DVD and Blu-ray in 2019, Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald featured an extended cut with seven minutes of additional footage. This is the first time since Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets that a Wizarding World film has had one. An animated example of an extended cut without
3840-543: The theatrical release, even if they didn't have final cut privilege), and sometimes separate versions of films are released as "director's cuts" even if the director doesn't prefer them. Once such example is Ridley Scott's Alien , which had a "director's cut" released in 2003, even though the director said it was purely for "marketing purposes" and didn't represent his preferred vision for the film. Sometimes alternate edits are released, which are not necessarily director's preferred cuts, but which showcase different visions for
3904-439: The theatrically released film. The film Justice League which suffered a very troubled production, was begun by Snyder, who completed a pre-postproduction director's cut but had to step down before completing the project due to his daughter's death. Joss Whedon was hired by the films' distributor Warner Bros. Pictures to complete the film, which was however heavily re-shot, re-edited and released in 2017 with Snyder retaining
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#17327724320573968-451: The trend became more widely recognized, the term director's cut became increasingly used as a colloquialism to refer to an expanded version of other things, including video games, music, and comic books. This confusing usage only served to further reduce the artistic value of a director's cut, and it is currently rarely used in those ways. For video games, these expanded versions, also referred as "complete editions", will have additions to
4032-432: Was junked. They assume because it was longer that it's a director's cut. Capra cut two reels off Lost Horizon because it didn't work and then someone tried to put it back. There are certainly mistakes and stupidities in reconstructing pictures. Another way that released director's cuts can be compromised is when directors were never allowed to even shoot their vision, and thus when the film is re-cut, they must make do with
4096-935: Was the case with Resident Evil: Code Veronica X . In markets with strict censorship, a later relaxing of those laws occasional will result in the game being rereleased with the "Special/Uncut Edition" tag added to differentiate between the originally released censored version and the current uncensored edition. Several of the Pokémon games have also received director's cuts and have used the term "extension", though "remake" and "third version" are also often used by many fans. These include Pocket Monsters: Blue (Japan only), Pokémon Yellow (for Pokémon Red and Green / Blue ), Pokémon Crystal (for Pokémon Gold and Silver ), Pokémon Emerald (for Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire ), Pokémon Platinum (for Pokémon Diamond and Pearl ) and Pokémon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon . For their PlayStation 5 "Director's Cut" releases of
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