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34-462: Gallaudet students, backed by a number of alumni , staff, and faculty , shut down the campus. Protesters barricaded gates, burned effigies, and gave interviews to the press demanding four specific concessions from the Board. The protest ended on March 13, 1988, after all four demands were met including the appointment of I. King Jordan , a deaf person, as university president. Gallaudet University

68-467: A Deaf president, however, came when Jerry C. Lee , who had been president since 1984, resigned in 1987. An argument against a deaf president ensued due to the fact that there was no "sufficiently well-trained deaf people." In the months following Lee’s resignation, Gallaudet's Board of Trustees looked at candidates for the next president; during this time, several organizations campaigned for a Deaf president. These organizations wrote letters of endorsement to

102-554: A great deal of new bills and laws that were established that help further deaf and other disabled people’s rights. DPN also allowed for better rights and also gave more access for deaf people when compared to the previous 216 years of the nation’s existence. The movement would eventually lead the Deaf community to have more protection under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).  The ADA gave protections from wrongful termination in

136-460: A non-disabled society. Jordan announced his retirement in September 2005. He was later criticized when he backed Jane Fernandes ' candidacy to become his successor in 2006. In October 2006, the four DPN student leaders from 1988 issued a public statement, which was harshly critical of both Jordan and Fernandes. The Deaf President Now movement had a lifelong effect on the Deaf community, such as

170-469: A sense of collective identity with the protesters. The interpreters would only be used for important rallies and meetings. They would also help with media interviews, rallies, interactions with the police, and other demonstrations. One of the interpreters for DPN did an interview and stated, “I was trying to reflect the fact that it was the media that needed the interpreters as much as the deaf people did.” Letting people, such as interviewers, know they were also

204-482: Is a former student or a graduate of an educational institution (school, college, university). According to the United States Department of Education , the term alumnae is used in conjunction with either women's colleges or a female group of students. The term alumni is used in conjunction with either men's colleges , a male group of students, or a mixed group of students: In accordance with

238-497: Is not synonymous with "graduates": people can be alumni without graduating, e.g. Burt Reynolds was an alumnus of Florida State University but did not graduate. The term is sometimes used to refer to former employees, former members of an organization, former contributors, or former inmates. The Latin noun alumnus means "foster son" or "pupil". It is derived from the Latin verb alere "to nourish". Separate, but from

272-475: Is sometimes limited just to graduates rather than all alumni, e.g. at Harvard University . Universities with validation agreements may limit some alumni benefits to graduates who studied at that university rather than at validated institutions. In British English , the terms " old boy " or "old girl" are often preferred for a former pupil of a primary or secondary school, while universities refer to their former students as alumni. Some universities, including

306-550: The American Postal Workers Union , shared his support for the protest. In the afternoon, Zinser officially resigned. The following morning, Friday, March 11, more than 2,500 protesters marched on Capitol Hill to celebrate. Determined to fully see their demands through, students held banners that said, "We still have a dream!" On Sunday, March 13, 1988, Jane Spilman officially resigned and was replaced by deaf board member Phil Bravin. Bravin announced that

340-549: The University of Cambridge , the University of California, San Francisco and Yale University , include former postdoctoral researchers as alumni, in recognition of the trainee status of such positions. Others, such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , consider them 'associate alumni', without full access to alumni benefits. Moe Biller Too Many Requests If you report this error to

374-529: The "Ducks", a radical fringe faction of the National Association of the Deaf (NAD), began organizing a rally. On March 1, 1988, the Ducks attracted more than a thousand students to Gallaudet’s football field to rally. The event garnered significantly more student support for the cause. In the following days, several small-scale protests on campus occurred. On March 6, 1988, the board selected Zinser,

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408-607: The Board had narrowed the pool to three candidates: hearing person Elisabeth Zinser , Vice-Chancellor for Academic Affairs at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro; Irving King Jordan , Gallaudet's Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, who had been deafened at age 21 due to a motorcycle accident; and Harvey Corson , superintendent of the American School for the Deaf , who had been born deaf. A group called

442-602: The DPN campaign: effective conduct, external support, internal unification, and justifiable action. External support and internal unification were both used towards the start and the middle stages. They framed the movement in a way to gather more people to talk about the things that were occurring within Gallaudet. The New York Times produced a headline that said, “Campus Protest by the Deaf Is Widening,” and it focused on

476-478: The board had selected King Jordan as the next University president. Bravin also informed that no punitive action was going to be taken against those who participated in the protests. Students, faculty, and staff celebrated in Gallaudet's field house. Throughout the week, dozens of American Sign Language/English interpreters participated in the protest by lending their linguistic skills. The interpreters challenged traditional standards of practice and participated due to

510-400: The board recommending qualified deaf candidates and reached out to the media to gain support. People such as Vice-President George H. W. Bush and Senators Bob Dole , Bob Graham , Tom Harkin , and Lowell Weicker wrote letters endorsement for the cause. Efforts during this time were unsuccessful in garnering a powerful and unified student backing for a Deaf president. On February 28, 1988,

544-481: The deaf community; at the council’s head was student Greg Hlibok. On Wednesday, March 9, a press conference was held at the National Press Club in which board member Jane Spilman and newly elected Elizabeth Zinser made statements and addressed questions about Zinser’s attitude toward and capability to lead the Deaf community. Irving King Jordan, dean of Gallaudet’s College of Arts and Sciences and one of

578-422: The decision of the Board. We need to focus the world's attention on the larger issue. The four demands are justified." Meanwhile, in the University's interpreter/communication center, hearing protesters received phone calls from businesses, friends and anonymous donations of money, food and other supplies to aid the protest. Other help outside the deaf community came from worker unions. Moe Biller , then president of

612-498: The gates and letting the air out of the tires. The locked gates forced people to use the front main entrance whereupon protestors allowed only select persons to enter. The protesters had four demands: The Board scheduled a noon meeting with a group of students, faculty, and staff to negotiate. The Board, however, did not concede to any of the demands. The supporters of DPN then marched to the Capitol Building . The protest

646-418: The main groups who joined the movement to fight for a new president. Justifiable action and effective conduct were used in the later stages of the movement and supported the movement's goals. The New York Times produced an article that stated the movement, and the protesters had a right to ask for change. The Washington Post said there is pressure being placed on Capitol Hill due to the protests. Almost all of

680-412: The many inscriptions about alumni, Boswell concluded that it referred to exposed children who were taken into a household where they were "regarded as somewhere between an heir and a slave, partaking in different ways of both categories." Despite the warmth of feelings between the parent and child, "an alumnus might be treated both as a beloved child and as a household servant." An alumnus or alumna

714-452: The movement. Interpreters knew how important it was for them to interpret the right information for both sides of the party. To make sure the interpreters would have the right understanding, they would tell the deaf protesters that they did understand what they said, but they just wanted to make sure they had the correct information. By doing this, they would show the deaf person that they did understand what they said, but they just wanted to get

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748-460: The ones who needed the interpreters tells them, “No, I’m here interpreting because you guys can’t communicate directly with each other.” Interpreting for the DPN movement was not an easy task. While attending school, they were taught to translate English into ASL, but for this movement, they had to translate from ASL to English, which was something they were not used to. This led them to not be able to prepare for interviews or other events happening for

782-761: The option "alumn" and "alumns" are also used in some institutions in Australia, Europe and the UK. The words "alum/alums" and "alumn/alumns" (pronounced with a silent "n") are both pronounced with the accent on the second syllable (al-UM), as opposed to the chemical compound alum and its plural, "alums" (pron. AL-um). Many universities have alumni offices that coordinate fundraising and offer benefits to registered alumni. Alumni reunions are popular events at many institutions. These may be organized by alumni offices or by alumni associations , and are often social occasions for fundraising . Full membership of alumni associations

816-417: The photos taken of the protesters were positive. All images showed the protesters as large groups to show the unified determination to elect a deaf president. Both Elisabeth Zinser and Jill Spilman wanted nothing to do with the protests. They were both pictured alone, with one another, or with an interpreter. Neither Spilman nor Zinser knew sign language. There is an image of Zinser signing "I love you," one of

850-468: The right information from the other party. Disability rights movements before DPN typically had a negative public frame. Before 1988, the Deaf community had not been accurately portrayed in the media, alongside the tension that was rising throughout the University. As more journalists, mainly from The Washington Post and The New York Times, started covering the movement, a more positive outlook started to emerge. The reporters used four main frames to cover

884-455: The rules of grammar governing the inflexion of nouns in the Romance languages , the masculine plural alumni is correctly used for groups composed of both sexes: the alumni of Princeton University . The term is sometimes informally shortened to "alum" (optional plural "alums"). This is increasingly being used more formally as a gender-neutral alternative. However, and for this latter purpose,

918-431: The same root, is the adjective almus "nourishing", found in the phrase alma mater , a title for a person's home university. In Latin, alumnus is a legal term ( Roman law ) to describe a child placed in fosterage . According to John Boswell , the word "is nowhere defined in relation to status, privilege, or obligation." Citing the research of Henri Leclercq , Teresa Nani , and Beryl Rawson , who studied

952-565: The sole hearing candidate, over the other two deaf applicants, Corson and Jordan, as the next president. The board, however, made no official announcement of this to the Gallaudet community; the student body found out later in the day by visiting the campus’ Public Relations Office. Upon learning of the appointment of Zinser, an angry student body marched to the Mayflower Hotel , where the board members were meeting. The crowd waited outside until board member Jane Spilman came out to address

986-405: The students. She responded to multiple questions surrounding the selection of Zinser as president, whereupon she allegedly said, "Deaf people cannot function in a hearing world." The student body then met back on campus to launch a full-scale protest. The following morning, March 7, 1988, students barricaded the campus gates using heavy-duty bicycle locks and hot-wired buses, moving them in front of

1020-446: The three finalists for Gallaudet’s next president, publicly supported the appointment of Zinser. Later that evening, protest leader Greg Hlibok, Zinser, and deaf actress and Gallaudet alumni Marlee Matlin, were interviewed about the protest on ABC News' Nightline program. On Thursday, March 10, Irving King Jordan came to Gallaudet to address the protesters, retracting his earlier support of Zinser as president, "I only have anger towards

1054-432: The very few learned signs. This image is important because she wasn't signing it to anyone within a conversation, instead she was using it more as a symbol. The pictures of Spilman and Zinser being alone go against the unified front the protesters made. It is thought that Deaf President Now gained so much acceptance from everyone, ranging from the media to the public, due to the idea of standing with disabled communities within

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1088-522: The workplace and other acts of discrimination based on hearing status. Alumni Alumni ( sg. : alumnus ( MASC ) or alumna ( FEM )) are former students or graduates of a school, college, or university. The feminine plural alumnae is sometimes used for groups of women, and alums ( sg. : alum ) or alumns ( sg. : alumn ) as gender-neutral alternatives. The word comes from Latin , meaning nurslings, pupils or foster children, derived from alere "to nourish". The term

1122-515: Was established in 1864 in Washington, D.C., by Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet 's youngest child, Edward Miner Gallaudet . Gallaudet University was the world's first university for Deaf and hard of hearing students. Throughout Gallaudet’s history, the Deaf community has always felt more or less unsatisfied with the Deaf representation within the faculty. Prior to 1980, there hadn't been any Deaf chief academic officer or president. A significant push for

1156-431: Was led for the most part by four students, Bridgetta Bourne, Jerry Covell, Greg Hlibok, and Tim Rarus. The following day, the protest continued. A rally was held on Gallaudet’s football field whereupon effigies of Zinser and Spilman and the crowd continued to grow. A sixteen-member council was formed to bring organization to the protest composed of four students, three faculty, three staff, three alumni, and three members of

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