65-419: Deaf Sentence (2008) is a novel by British author David Lodge . This article about a 2000s novel is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . See guidelines for writing about novels . Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page . David Lodge (author) David John Lodge CBE FRSL (born 28 January 1935) is an English author and critic. A literature professor at
130-438: A novella ), and Secret Thoughts (based on his novel Thinks... ). In his autobiography Quite a Good Time To Be Born: a Memoir, 1935–75 (2015), Lodge notes that The Old Rep was one of his favourite theatres, with a long distinguished history and the likes of Laurence Olivier , Edith Evans, Ralph Richardson , Albert Finney and Derek Jacobi performing there. He referred to the theatre as "a gem", but noted that shabby as it
195-577: A "central and commanding" role in high-brow British theatre with Birmingham the nerve-centre of his activities. At least one production was presented in London every year from 1919 to 1935. In 1932, in addition to the programme in Birmingham, there were seven productions in London, a season at Malvern and national tours of Britain and Canada – in the 1980s it was commented that "it is difficult to conceive how even an organisation as well-endowed today as
260-595: A PhD in English awarded in 1967 by Birmingham University. From 1967 to 1987, Lodge continued his academic career at the University of Birmingham, becoming Professor of English Literature in 1976, while writing several more novels and essays. In 1969, he became an associate professor at the University of California, Berkeley . Lodge retired from his post at Birmingham in 1987 to become a full-time writer: "It
325-526: A collection of essays on literary techniques with illustrative examples from great authors, such as Point of View ( Henry James ), The Stream of Consciousness ( Virginia Woolf ) and Interior Monologue ( James Joyce ), beginning with Beginning and ending with Ending. David Lodge was born in Brockley , south-east London. His family home until 1959 was 81 Millmark Grove, a residential street of 1930s terraced houses between Brockley Cross and Barriedale. His father,
390-586: A comic infirmity as opposed to blindness which is a tragic infirmity". Lodge has said of his own work, "Each of my novels corresponds to a particular phase or aspect of my own life [but] this does not mean they are autobiographical in any simple, straightforward sense." Two of Lodge's recent novels follow the lives of authors: Author, Author (2004) about Henry James and A Man of Parts (2011) about H. G. Wells . Author, Author suffered from comparison with Colm Tóibín 's novel about Henry James, The Master , published six months earlier and then shortlisted for
455-553: A commercial purpose". There had been earlier repertory theatres in Manchester , Glasgow and Liverpool , but the Birmingham project was unique. Previous companies had taken over large commercial theatres and been governed by Boards of Directors; the Birmingham Rep occupied a small-scale auditorium that seated only 464 and was under the sole control of Jackson, whose combination of the roles of patron and artistic director
520-479: A number of other passages which parody well-known writers, a fact not recognised by most reviewers when it was first published. Small World makes constant reference to Arthurian legend , in the plot, character names and allusions made by the characters (all academics). Lodge says of the novel's genesis, "It gradually grew on me that there was an analogy between my story and the Arthurian story, particularly
585-745: A pivotal development in the establishment of the modern British theatrical landscape, setting the pattern that would later be followed by post-war companies such as the National Theatre and the Royal Shakespeare Company . The Rep developed its reputation with a series of artistic achievements whose effects would be felt far beyond Birmingham. Thirty-six plays were given their world premieres at The Rep during its first decade, with eight more, including major works by European writers such as Chekhov and Tolstoy , being given their British premieres. John Drinkwater had been one of
650-466: A second auditorium specialising in new writing, replacing the Studio. In 2004 the company controversially cancelled a series of performances of Gurpreet Kaur Bhatti 's play Behzti after protests from Birmingham's large Sikh community. One of the theatre's most notable productions is the stage version of Raymond Briggs ' The Snowman which first premiered in 1993. It has since been presented at
715-487: A two-character play, Secret Thoughts , which opened at the Octagon Theatre, Bolton on 12 May 2011. The Stage called it "an intriguing, intensely witty, brainy play.... one of the most compelling two-handers imaginable." The Guardian review said that "Lodge's novel boils down neatly into an intellectually and erotically charged dialogue on the nature of the mind," yet felt that "Lodge cannot quite eradicate
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#1732773360041780-469: A violinist, played in the orchestra pit of south London cinemas accompanying silent films. Lodge's first published novel The Picturegoers (1960) draws on early experiences in "Brickley" (based on Brockley) and his childhood home, which he revisits again in later novels, Therapy (1995), Deaf Sentence (2008) and Quite A Good Time to be Born: A Memoir (2015). World War II forced Lodge and his mother to evacuate to Surrey and Cornwall . He attended
845-494: A world on the cusp of change". Lodge was brought up a Catholic and has described himself as an "agnostic Catholic". Many of his characters are Catholic and their Catholicism, particularly the relationship between Catholicism and sexuality, is a major theme. The British Museum Is Falling Down (1965) and How Far Can You Go? (1980; published in the US as Souls and Bodies ), examine the difficulties faced by orthodox Catholics due to
910-901: Is Payot et Rivages. Publication of his theoretical works in France began later, beginning in 2003 with Consciousness and the Novel . The earlier works of this area remained unpublished in France, except The Art of Fiction . His books are routinely translated into other languages, including German, Spanish, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian, Czech, Polish and Turkish. In The Art of Fiction (1992) , Lodge studied, through examination of extracts from novels, various stylistic devices (repetition, variation in levels of language, etc.) and narrative techniques (varying viewpoints, defamiliarisation, etc.). Lodge self-consciously uses many of these techniques in his own novels. For example, in Paradise News (1991)
975-405: Is influenced by Mrs Dalloway by Virginia Woolf and Ulysses by James Joyce in that all of the action takes place in one day. The novel is mostly seen from the point of view of Adam Appleby, but the last chapter contains a long stream-of-consciousness section from the point of view of Adam's wife Barbara, modelled on Molly Bloom 's famous soliloquy at the end of Ulysses . The novel contains
1040-462: Is on a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela . Lodge has said that if read chronologically, his novels depict an orthodox Roman Catholic becoming "less and less so as time went on". Several of Lodge's novels satirise the academic world. The Campus Trilogy ( Changing Places , Small World and Nice Work ) are set at a fictional English Midland university of "Rummidge", modelled on Birmingham . (The name "Rummidge" appears to be derived from Brummagem ,
1105-444: Is still in use as a theatre. The origins of The Rep lie with the 'Pilgrim Players', an initially amateur theatre company founded by Barry Jackson in 1907 to reclaim and stage English poetic drama , performing a repertoire that ranged from the 16th century morality play Interlude of Youth to contemporary works by W. B. Yeats . Over the next five years the company staged a total of 28 different productions, aiming to "put before
1170-468: Is the longest-established of Britain's building-based theatre companies and one of its most consistently innovative. Today The Rep produces a wide range of drama in its three auditoria (825 seats, 300 seats, and 140 seats), much of which goes on to tour nationally and internationally. The company retains its commitment to new writing and in the five years to 2013 commissioned and produced 130 new plays. The company's former home, now known as " Old Rep ",
1235-914: The Booker Prize twice, for Small World and Nice Work , and in 1989, Lodge chaired the Booker Prize judges. His 1970 novel Out of the Shelter was long-listed for the Lost Man Booker Prize in 2010. Anthony Burgess called Lodge "one of the best novelists of his generation". Lodge's work first received recognition in France in the early 1990s, after the publication by Rivages of two of his novels, Nice Work and Changing Places . These were followed in 1991 by Small World and The British Museum Is Falling Down . Since then almost all his works of fiction have been translated – his new works fairly quickly. His present publisher in France
1300-558: The Booker Prize . Most reviews of Lodge's novel dwelt on its unfortunate timing. Lodge wrote about the experience in The Year of Henry James (2006). In 2015, Quite a Good Time to Be Born was published: an autobiography covering Lodge's life from 1935 to 1975. Lodge's major influences include English Catholic novelists (the subject of his MA dissertation), notably Graham Greene . Of his contemporaries, he has been compared most often to his friend Malcolm Bradbury, also an exponent of
1365-665: The Royal Armoured Corps on national service , which provided a basis for his novel Ginger You're Barmy . He then returned to London University, earning a Master of Arts in 1959 for a thesis on "The Catholic Novel from the Oxford Movement to the Present Day". In 1959, Lodge and Jacob married at the age of 24. Lodge later said, "It seems extraordinary now. I had no prospects, no job, little money but it never bothered me. We didn't really want children at
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#17327733600411430-701: The University of Birmingham until 1987, some of his novels satirise academic life, notably the "Campus Trilogy" – Changing Places : A Tale of Two Campuses (1975), Small World: An Academic Romance (1984) and Nice Work (1988). The second two were shortlisted for the Booker Prize . Another theme is Roman Catholicism, beginning from his first published novel The Picturegoers (1960). Lodge has also written television screenplays and three stage plays. After retiring, he continued to publish literary criticism. His edition of Twentieth Century Literary Criticism (1972) includes essays on 20th-century writers such as T. S. Eliot . In 1992, he published The Art of Fiction ,
1495-470: The 1950s. My association with Malcolm Bradbury, and the example of his own work in comedy, was therefore a crucial factor in this development in my writing." Lodge says he "was once rung up by a man to settle a bet by declaring whether I was the same person as Malcolm Bradbury." As an academic, Lodge was an early UK proponent of the work of Mikhail Bakhtin . Lodge also alludes frequently in his novels to other literary works. The British Museum Is Falling Down
1560-629: The 1970s and 1980s the Studio was a regular home to the Birmingham Youth Theatre , a company which launched the careers of actors such as Andrew Tiernan and Adrian Lester . The theatre was refurbished and extended in 1991 after the completion of the International Convention Centre . However, the Rep began to stop making profits as the country was hit by recession. In 1998 the company opened "The Door" as
1625-628: The Birmingham public such plays as cannot be seen in the ordinary way at theatres", but also performing as far afield as London and Liverpool . Their success and reputation led them to turn professional and rename themselves the 'Birmingham Repertory Company' in 1911. By September 1912 Jackson had bought a site in Station Street in Birmingham City Centre and appointed an architect to design what would become Britain's first purpose-built repertory theatre. Construction started
1690-584: The Catholic St Joseph's Academy, Blackheath . In 1952, Lodge entered University College London , where he gained a first-class Bachelor of Arts degree in 1955. There he met his future wife, Mary Frances Jacob, as a fellow student, when they were 18. Meanwhile, he wrote a first, unpublished novel (1953): The Devil, the World and the Flesh . After graduating from university, Lodge spent two years in
1755-490: The Grail quest in which a group of knights wander around the world, having adventures, pursuing ladies, love, and glory, jousting with each other, meeting rather coincidentally or unexpectedly, facing constant challenges and crises, and so on.... This all corresponded to the modern world with its Round Table of professors: the elite group who get invited to conferences, who go around the world in pursuit of glory. Sometimes they take
1820-509: The Kingsway in August 1925, was the first modern dress staging of a Shakespeare play in London and "was to be the real test" of the technique. The company also came to be recognised as the country's leading training ground for actors and actresses who would later establish themselves as stars in London, New York or Hollywood . John Gielgud 's performance as Romeo with the company in 1924
1885-628: The National Theatre or Royal Shakespeare Company could achieve such miracles within twelve months". Jackson single-handedly financed the theatre for over two decades, personally losing over £100,000. The scale of Jackson's financial commitment to The Rep was revealed by the recollections of George Bernard Shaw of his first meeting with Jackson in 1923: 'How much a year are you out of pocket by this culture theatre of yours?' I said. He named an annual sum that would have sufficed to support fifty labourers and their families. I remarked that this
1950-544: The Rep in 1945 and directed three plays with Paul Scofield in 1945. Other post war actors included Stanley Baker , Albert Finney , Ian Richardson , Julie Christie , Derek Jacobi , Colin Jeavons and Timothy Spall (Cochrane 2003). Sir Barry Jackson remained managing director of the theatre until his death in 1961. In 1971 the company moved from Station Street to a new 901-seat theatre designed by Graham Winteringham and Keith Williams Architects on Broad Street , in
2015-553: The Rep regularly at Christmas, as well at Sadler's Wells ( Peacock Theatre ) and across the UK and the world. Between 2011 and 2013, the theatre was closed for rebuilding, as part of the Library of Birmingham complex. The company continued to perform from other local theatres during that time. There are two blue plaques on the exterior of the building, one commemorating the pioneer of aseptic surgery, Sampson Gamgee , who once lived on
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2080-616: The Rep's status in British theatre at this time was given by the Scottish playwright James Bridie , who wrote in 1938: "If we are to be bombed, a thorough razing from Piccadilly Circus to Drury Lane and down to The Strand would do less harm to the theatre than one bomb on Station Street, Birmingham." All British theatres were closed for the first month of the war, and when the Rep reopened ticket sales were poor and staff had to take pay cuts. The director Peter Brook launched his career at
2145-534: The University Library's Special Collections. In 1997, Lodge was made a Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et Lettres by the French Ministry of Culture. In the 1998 New Years Honours list, he was appointed CBE for his services to literature. Lodge's first published novels evoke the atmosphere of post-war England (for example, The Picturegoers (1960)). The theme occurs in later novels, through
2210-525: The Year in 1988 for Nice Work . Two of his early novels were reissued during this period ( Ginger You're Barmy , 1962/1982, and The British Museum is Falling Down , 1965/1981). His novels appeared in paperback in the 1960s with Pan and Panther Books, with Penguin Books from 1980 and with Vintage Publishing (Random House Group) since 2011. Vintage has reissued most of his earlier work. Lodge has been shortlisted for
2275-515: The area that would later be developed as Centenary Square. The theatre was opened by Princess Margaret and the first production to be shown in the theatre was an adaptation of Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice called First Impressions which starred Patricia Routledge . The building itself won a Royal Institute of British Architects award in 1972. In 1972, the Studio opened; it became an example of innovative theatre nationwide. It targeted young audiences and showcased new writing, including
2340-408: The autumn of 1963. The cast included Julie Christie . During the performance of a certain skit that involved a radio being played on stage, Lodge and the audience heard news of the assassination of John F. Kennedy : "Some members of the audience had caught the words and tittered uneasily, taking it as a joke in poor taste. In the interval everybody discovered the awful truth, and the second half of
2405-717: The bare situation possessed the classic dramatic unities of time, place and action. Indeed it would be true to say that I invented the plot of my play to fulfil the dramatic possibilities inherent in the situation." The play opened at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre on 13 May 1990 and ran for three weeks. An American production was staged at the American Repertory Theatre in Cambridge, Massachusetts in March 1991. Lodge later adapted
2470-410: The campus novel. Lodge has acknowledged this debt: " The British Museum Is Falling Down was the first of my novels that could be described as in any way experimental. Comedy, it seemed, offered a way of reconciling a contradiction, of which I had long been aware, between my critical admiration for the great modernist writers, and my creative practice, formed by the neo-realist, anti-modernist writing of
2535-486: The childhood memories of certain characters ( Paradise News , 1992; Therapy , 1995). The war is covered in Out of the Shelter (1970), while Ginger You're Barmy (1962) draws on Lodge's experience of military service in the 1950s. The Guardian review of the 2011 reissue of Ginger You're Barmy , called the novel "an impressively humane and feelingly political indictment of a tawdry postwar compromise" and "a moving glimpse of
2600-662: The company "a profile and stature that set it apart from other repertory theatres in Britain, as well as according it an artistic credibility that no London theatre of the time could match." Of longest-lasting influence however was the production of Cymbeline that opened in Birmingham in April 1923. This was the first performance of Shakespeare to take place in modern dress and it "bewildered" critics, leading to what Jackson happily called "a national and worldwide controversy". The Rep's modern dress production of Hamlet , opening at
2665-484: The following month and the building – now the Old Rep – opened with a production of Twelfth Night only four months later, on 15 February 1913. The Rep's stated mission was "to enlarge and increase the aesthetic sense of the public ... to give living authors an opportunity of seeing their works performed, and to learn something from the revival of the classics; in short to serve an art instead of making that art serve
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2730-473: The following season. A fundraising appeal in 1934 raised only £3,000 of its £20,000 target, however, leading Jackson to hand over ownership to a board of trustees in January 1935. Although this relieved Jackson of financial responsibility for the company, he would retain full artistic control until his death in 1961. The Rep's radical reputation attracted young talent. Actors who first rose to prominence at
2795-595: The foundation of a real University of Limerick . Another campus novel, Thinks... , is set in a fictional University of Gloucester, before the foundation of the University of Gloucestershire . Lodge's novels cover the world of business in Nice Work , that of television in Therapy , and deafness and Alzheimer's disease in Deaf Sentence . The last draws on Lodge's own hearing problems: "I hate my deafness; it's
2860-594: The local nickname for Birmingham, by removing the first and last letters and altering the spelling.) The novels share characters, notably the Rummidge English literature lecturer Philip Swallow and his American counterpart, Professor Morris Zapp, who aspires to be "the highest paid teacher of Humanities in the world". Swallow and Zapp first cross paths in Changing Places , where they swap jobs for an exchange scheme (and later, swap wives). Lodge has called
2925-549: The main character, as part of a therapy exercise. Two of Lodge's novels have been adapted into television serials: Small World (1988), and Nice Work (1989). Nice Work was adapted by Lodge himself and filmed at the University of Birmingham. He also adapted his play The Writing Game for television (1995). In 1994 Lodge adapted Dickens 's Martin Chuzzlewit for a BBC series . Lodge has written three plays: The Writing Game , Home Truths (which he later turned into
2990-452: The narration is mostly third-person point of view, but there are also first-person narratives (diary and autobiography, letters, postcards, emails) and various other documents, such as theoretical writings on tourism. In Therapy (1995) the bulk of the novel is told through the protagonist's diary, but there are other texts, presented as written by minor characters about the main character. It is eventually revealed that these were all written by
3055-404: The novelist Malcolm Bradbury , who was to become his "closest writer friend"; the example of Bradbury's comic writing was, according to Lodge, a major influence on the development of his own work in this respect. In 1963, Lodge collaborated with Bradbury and another student, James Duckett, on a satirical revue for the Birmingham Repertory Theatre entitled Between These Four Walls , performed in
3120-600: The opportunity to indulge in amorous intrigue, or to joust with each other in debate, pursuing glory in the sense of wanting to be at the top of their profession." Lodge's work first came to wider notice in Britain in 1975, when he won the Hawthornden prize for Changing Places . He went on to win the Whitbread Book of the Year award in 1980 for How Far Can You Go? and the Sunday Express Book of
3185-543: The original members of the Pilgrim Players and was employed as the Rep's first manager when it opened in 1913. Jackson encouraged his development into a dramatist, presenting a series of his one-act plays and culminating in the 1918 premiere of his first full-length work Abraham Lincoln , whose triumphant success marked a turning point both for playwright and theatre. The Rep's 1923 production of George Bernard Shaw 's epic five play cycle Back to Methuselah gave
3250-415: The play for television. It was broadcast on Channel 4 on Sunday 18 February 1996, attracting 1.2 million viewers. Home Truths was performed at the Birmingham Rep in 1998. The story mainly focuses on Adrian Ludlow, a semi-retired writer interviewed by Fanny Tarrant, a journalist famous for sarcastic portrayals. Lodge later rewrote it as a novella of the same name. Lodge adapted his novel Thinks ... as
3315-517: The plot of the novel "a narrative transformation of the thematic material and the socio-cultural similarities and differences I had perceived between Birmingham and Berkeley," during his visiting professorship. Other fictional universities appear in Lodge's novels. Persse McGarrigle in Small World is a doctoral student at a fictional University College Limerick, the book having been written before
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#17327733600413380-546: The point they came along, but we got on with it." They had children in 1960 and 1963, a son and a daughter, and a second son, Christopher, born in 1966 with Down Syndrome . From 1959 to 1960, Lodge taught English in London for the British Council . In 1960, he gained a job as a lecturer at the University of Birmingham , where he was preparing a PhD thesis on the Oxford Movement . At Birmingham, Lodge met
3445-544: The pre-war Rep included Laurence Olivier , Cedric Hardwicke , Gwen Ffrangcon-Davies , Edith Evans , Stewart Granger and Ralph Richardson . By the outbreak of the Second World War the Rep was, alongside the Liverpool Playhouse , one of only two British theatres presenting programmes of quality drama outside London in accordance with the original aims of the repertory movement. An indication of
3510-427: The prohibition of artificial contraception . Other novels where Catholicism plays an important part include Small World (in the character of Persse), Paradise News (1991) and Therapy (1995). In Therapy , the protagonist Laurence Passmore ("Tubby") has a breakdown after his marriage fails . He reminisces about his adolescent courtship with his first girlfriend at a Catholic youth club and seeks her out while she
3575-620: The sense that some of the cerebral jousting has a more natural home in a novel than on stage." Secret Thoughts won Best New Play at the Manchester Theatre Awards , hailed as a "bracing and ambitious production that wowed everyone who saw it." Birmingham Repertory Theatre Birmingham Repertory Theatre , commonly called Birmingham Rep or just The Rep , is a producing theatre based on Centenary Square in Birmingham , England . Founded by Barry Jackson , it
3640-728: The show fell very flat." In August 1964, Lodge and his family went to the United States, on a scholarship from the Harkness Commonwealth Fellowship. It required Lodge to travel at least three months out of twelve in the United States, with a car provided by the donor. The family first lived in Providence, Rhode Island , where David Lodge followed the American literature course at Brown University . During this period, free of teaching obligations, Lodge
3705-652: The site. The Rep also has a youth theatre called "The Young Rep" which attend Saturday classes and produce and perform their own drama. Recently, the Young Rep have put on productions on the Main House Stage such as " The Rotters Club " and E. R. Braithwaite 's " To Sir With Love ". Dennis Kelly 's "DNA" was also performed by the Young Rep in the Studio Theatre in early 2018. In the autumn of 2020, The Rep revealed that they would hire spaces to operate
3770-473: The theatre's budget. The theatre began to make losses during the mid-1970s and the Board of Directors was restructured in an attempt to secure funding. The Studio became popular during the 1980s and in 1988, Kenneth Branagh temporarily relocated his Renaissance Theatre Company to the Rep which gave Birmingham the opportunity to showcase plays by guest directors such as Judi Dench and Derek Jacobi . During
3835-466: The world premiere of Death Story by David Edgar . In 1974, David Edgar was made resident playwright. Despite the success of Oh Fair Jerusalem, the Rep board decided against staging Destiny because of its strong theme of racial tension, putting The Importance of Being Earnest on instead. The escalating maintenance costs of the new building in the inflationary 1970s put pressure on the Rep's funding: in 1974–75 maintenance accounted for 66% of
3900-604: Was able to complete a third novel, The British Museum Is Falling Down . Lodge's original title for the novel was The British Museum Has Lost Its Charm , a line from a George and Ira Gershwin song, but he was refused permission to use it by the Gershwin Publishing Corporation. In March 1965 the family went on a trip across the country, eventually moving to San Francisco. In 1966, Lodge published his first book of academic criticism, Language of Fiction , and in 1967 defended his doctoral thesis for
3965-413: Was his first major role. Peggy Ashcroft made her professional debut with Birmingham seasons in 1926 and 1927. Laurence Olivier 's recruitment by The Rep in March 1926 marked his theatrical breakthrough; The Rep was, he later commented, "where I had dreamt of being, where I knew would be found the absolute foundation of any good that I could ever be in my profession". By the late 1920s Jackson occupied
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#17327733600414030-495: Was not more than it would cost him to keep a thousand-ton steam yacht. He said a theatre was better fun than a steam yacht, but said it in the tone of a man who could afford a steam yacht. Jackson threatened to close the theatre at the end of the 1923–24 season after audiences at a production of Georg Kaiser 's Gas in November 1923 averaged only 109 per night, but relented after commitments were made by 4,000 subscribers for
4095-479: Was the right time to leave. All my former colleagues say: 'You are well out of it.' There's a weary disillusion to university life now and that's a shame because, when I was there, there was excitement, a joie de vivre. Now it has become like a machine, servicing large numbers of students, and much less attractive and interesting." He retains the title of Honorary Professor of Modern English Literature and continues to live in Birmingham. Some of his papers are housed in
4160-498: Was then, he could not have had a better venue for his first attempt at writing for the professional stage. The Writing Game is about the staff, teachers and students at a residential course for writers. The action is interspersed with readings by the characters of their own works in progress. According to Lodge, the play "originated in the experience of teaching such a course myself – not because its plot bears any resemblance to what happened on that course, but because it struck me that
4225-401: Was unique in British theatrical history, allowing the development of a far more imaginative and eclectic programme. Instead of focusing on established star names and popular plays, Jackson's Rep was built around an ensemble cast of young emerging acting talent, performing a repertoire that mixed classics, new writing, experimental productions and the revival of rarely performed works. This was
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