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114-590: Deh Cho (lit. "Big River") is the Slavey language name for the Mackenzie River. NWT Highway 3 (or the Yellowknife Highway) must cross over a kilometre of open water or ice on the Mackenzie River south of Fort Providence. Since the highway opened in 1960 through November 2012, a seasonal ferry service was provided (roughly mid-May until December or January), with an ice road maintained across

228-402: A king pin , hooked to a horseshoe-shaped quick-release coupling device called a fifth wheel or a turntable hitch at the rear of the towing engine that allows easy hook up and release. The truck trailer cannot move by itself because it only has wheels at the rear end: it requires a forward axle , provided by the towing engine, to carry half the load weight. When braking hard at high speeds,

342-417: A misnomer (the term "eighteen-wheeler" is a nickname for a five-axle over-the-road combination). Many trailers are equipped with movable tandem axles to allow adjusting the weight distribution. To connect the second of a set of doubles to the first trailer, and to support the front half of the second trailer, a converter gear known as a "dolly" is used. This has one or two axles, a fifth-wheel coupling for

456-654: A toll on commercial vehicle traffic crossing the bridge. After the lease period, ownership of the bridge would revert to the GNWT. A feasibility study was commissioned, traffic analysis done, and a cost–benefit analysis study based on this was undertaken for the GNWT during 2002–2003. Capital construction costs were estimated at $ 55 million. The GNWT passed enabling legislation (the Deh Cho Bridge Act ) in June 2003, allowing it to enter into concession agreements for

570-436: A 35-year period from December 2011 (interest only was paid from 2008). This will amount to approximately $ 275 million in principal and interest costs over the 35 years, before the inflation adjustments. With the construction difficulties that caused the GNWT to assume control of the project in 2010, another $ 15.9 million in financing was required, which was provided by the government in its 2012/2013 capital estimates and brought

684-435: A bridge had difficulty establishing financial feasibility given the limited traffic volumes and the estimated construction and maintenance costs involved. On August 9, 2023, one of the suspension cables on the southeast side of the bridge let go due to a metallurgical defect. This led to the bridge being reduced to one lane, as well as load restrictions. Plans to replace all 24 cables are scheduled for summer of 2024. In 2000,

798-617: A bridge. The DCBC obtained a $ 3 million funding commitment from the federal Indian and Northern Affairs Canada department in 2004, and initially hoped to complete agreements with the GNWT and begin construction in that year. However, the bridge proposal required regulatory review from the Mackenzie Valley Environmental Impact Review Board , which was finalized in March 2005. Requirements for final engineering and financial plans further delayed

912-573: A combination to be 76 t (75 long tons; 84 short tons). At the same time the maximum allowed height would be increased by 20 cm (8 in); from current maximum of 4.2 m (13.8 ft) to 4.4 m (14.4 ft). The effect this major maximum weight increase would cause to the roads and bridges in Finland over time is strongly debated. However, longer and heavier combinations are regularly seen on public roads; special permits are issued for special cargo. The mining company Boliden AB have

1026-424: A concession agreement with the GNWT. Tenders in 2005 and 2006 did not produce any offers at a suitable price. These delays also resulted in less than half of the $ 3 million federal contribution being obtained, as the remaining funding expired. By 2007, citing inflationary increases in infrastructure construction costs, the proposed capital costs had risen to $ 165 million. This necessitated similar scale increases in

1140-563: A forward engine, one steering axle, and two drive axles . The fifth-wheel trailer coupling on most tractor trucks is movable fore and aft, to allow adjustment in the weight distribution over its rear axle(s). Ubiquitous in Europe but less common in North America since the 1990s, is the cabover engine configuration, where the driver sits next to or over the engine. With changes in the US to

1254-471: A light load is being carried; an arrangement known as a TAG axle when it is the rear axle, or mid-lift when it is the center axle). Some trailers have two axles which have twin tyres on each axle; other trailers have three axles, of which one axle can be a lift axle which has super-single wheels. In the UK, two wheels bolted to the same hub are classed as a single wheel, therefore a standard six-axle articulated truck

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1368-490: A maximum rigid length of 60 ft (18.2 m), this, combined with a shallow kingpin and fifth wheel set close to the rear of the tractor unit, can give an overall length of around 75 ft (22.75 m). In January 2012, the Department for Transport began conducting a trial of longer semi-trailers. The trial involves 900 semi-trailers of 48 ft (14.6 m) in length (i.e. 3 ft [1 m] longer than

1482-402: A permit, and may require one or more pilot vehicles. High-productivity motor vehicle (HPMV) permits are issued for vehicles exceeding 44 tonnes, or the above dimensions. Trucks up to 62 tonnes were allowed, with an initial bridge strengthening program costing $ 12.5m. There are many types of semi-trailers in use, designed to haul a wide range of products. The cargo trailer is, by means of

1596-479: A reduction in emissions due to the one tractor unit still being used and no further highway investment being required. Furthermore, Denby Transport asserted that two Eco-Links would replace three standard semi-trailer trucks while, if limited to the current UK weight limit of 97,000 lb (44 t), it was claimed the Eco-Link would reduce carbon emissions by 16% and could still halve the number of trips needed for

1710-415: A replacement for the equity return it would have generated. Lawsuits from the former project developer, Andrew Gamble, and the former project engineer, Jivko Jivkov, claiming at total of $ 1.3 million, were withdrawn and a confidential settlement reached in March 2011 for what the government described as "...well below the amount that was claimed...". Late steel shipments from Structal-Bridges of Quebec in

1824-527: A semi-trailer truck is known as an 'articulated lorry' (or colloquially as an 'artic'). The maximum permitted gross weight of a semi-trailer truck without the use of a Special Type General Order (STGO) is 44,000 kg (97,000 lb). In order for a 44,000 kg semi-trailer truck to be permitted on UK roads the tractor and semi-trailer must have three or more axles each. Lower weight semi-trailer trucks can mean some tractors and trailer having fewer axles. In practice, as with double decker buses and coaches in

1938-539: A separate phoneme. Prenasalized stops /ᵐb, ⁿd/ may appear in Slavey proper. The most pronounced difference is however the realization of a series of consonants that varies greatly in their place of articulation: In Slavey proper, these are dental affricates and fricatives; comparative Athabaskan work reveals this to be the oldest sound value. Mountain has labials, with the voiceless stop coinciding with pre-existing /p/ . Bearlake has labialized velars, but has lenited

2052-485: A short combination. They have one stack together with a crane on the 6×4 truck, and two additional stacks on a four axle trailer. The allowed gross weight in both countries is up to 60 t (59 long tons; 66 short tons) depending on the distance between the first and last axle. In the negotiations starting in the late 1980s preceding Sweden and Finland's entries to the European Economic Area and later

2166-470: A similar (on-going) trial in The Netherlands. Similarly, Denmark has allowed 25.25 m combinations on select routes. These vehicles will run a 60-tonne (59.1-long-ton; 66.1-short-ton) weight limit. Two types are to be used: 1) a 26-tonne truck pulling a dolly and semi-trailer, or 2) an articulated tractor unit pulling a B-double , member states gained the ability to adopt the same rules. In Italy

2280-740: A single trailer or two trailers (commonly known as "short doubles") with a maximum overall length of 19 m (62 ft) are referred to as "General access heavy vehicles" and are permitted in all areas, including metropolitan. B-doubles are limited to a maximum total weight of 62.5 tonnes and overall length of 25 m (82 ft), or 26 m (85 ft) if they are fitted with approved FUPS (Front Underrun Protection System) devices. B-doubles may only operate on designated roads, which includes most highways and some major metropolitan roads. B-doubles are very common in all parts of Australia including state capitals and on major routes they outnumber single trailer configurations. Maximum width of any vehicle

2394-612: A special audit of the project. Auditor General Sheila Fraser agreed to do so, and the audit was submitted to the Assembly in March 2011. In June, an understanding (known as the Transition Letter) was signed between the GNWT and the DCBC, providing for the termination of the concession agreement, and the transfer of the bridge, contracts, and most assets to the GNWT. In a separate Community Opportunities and Involvement Agreement

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2508-541: A special permit and escort) is 53.5 m (176 ft), its maximum load may be up to 164 tonnes gross, and may have up to four trailers. However, heavy restrictions apply to the areas where such a vehicle may travel in most states. In remote areas such as the Northern Territory great care must be taken when sharing the road with longer articulated vehicles that often travel during the daytime, especially four-trailer road trains. Articulated trucks towing

2622-460: A standing special permit for 76-tonne (75-long-ton; 84-short-ton) combinations on select routes between mines in the inland and the processing plant in Boliden , taking a 50-tonne (49-long-ton; 55-short-ton) load of ore. Volvo has a special permit for a 32 m (105 ft), steering B-trailer-trailer combination carrying two 12 m (40 ft) containers to and from Gothenburg harbour and

2736-475: A total of nine axles (including steering). In some lighter duty applications, only one of the rear axles of the truck is driven, and the trailer may have only two axles. From July 2007, the Australian Federal and State Governments allowed the introduction of B-triple trucks on a specified network of roads. B-Triples are set up differently from conventional road trains. The front of their first trailer

2850-590: A type of hitch called a fifth wheel . There are a wide variety of English-language terms for a semi-trailer truck, including: US English : British English Canadian English The main difference between tractor units in Europe and North America is that European models are cab over engine (COE, called "forward control" in the United Kingdom ), while the majority of North American trucks are "conventional" (called "normal control" or "bonneted" in

2964-478: A very specific morpheme order in the verb in which the stem must come last. The morpheme order is shown in the following chart. A Slavey verb must minimally have positions 13 and 14 to be proper. Here are some examples: Slavey marks gender by means of prefixation on the verb theme. There are three different genders, one of which is unmarked; the other two are marked by prefixes [go-] and [de-] . However, only certain verb themes allow gender prefixes. [go-]

3078-578: Is 2.5 m (8.2 ft) and a height of 4.3 m (14 ft). In the past few years, allowance has been made by several states to allow certain designs of heavy vehicles up to 4.6 m (15 ft) high but they are also restricted to designated routes. In effect, a 4.6 meter high B-double will have to follow two sets of rules: they may access only those roads that are permitted for B-doubles and for 4.6 meter high vehicles. In Australia, both conventional prime movers and cabovers are common, however, cabovers are most often seen on B-doubles on

3192-532: Is a group of Athabaskan languages and a dialect continuum spoken amongst the Dene peoples of Canada in the Northwest Territories – or central Denendeh – where it also has official status. The languages are primarily written using a modified Latin script , with some using Canadian Aboriginal syllabics . In their own languages, these languages are referred to as: Sahtúgot’įné Yatı̨́ (spoken by

3306-518: Is considered to have twelve wheels, even though it has twenty tyres. The UK also allows semi-trailer truck which have six tyres on two axles; these are known as four-wheelers. In 2009, the operator Denby Transport designed and built a 83 ft long (25.25 m) B-Train (or B-Double) semi-trailer truck called the Denby Eco-Link to show the benefits of such a vehicle, which were a reduction in road accidents and result in fewer road deaths,

3420-491: Is currently set at $ 500 million by agreement with the federal government, incorporating the bridge debt became a significant issue. The NWT Legislature was specially recalled and met from March 23-25th to discuss the bridge. Legislation was passed to assume the debt and associated responsibilities to the lenders. The Assembly also passed a motion recommending that the Auditor General of Canada be requested to undertake

3534-510: Is marked with an acute accent, and low tone is unmarked. Tones are both lexical and grammatical. Lexical: /ɡáh/ 'along' vs. /ɡàh/ 'rabbit' Slavey morphemes have underlying syllable structures in the stems: CV, CVC, CVnC, V, and VC. The prefixes of the stem occur as Cv, CVC, VC, CV, and C. Slavey alphabet (1973) Tone is indicated with an acute accent and the ogonek indicates nasalization. North Slavey alphabet South Slavey alphabet Slavey, like many Athabascan languages, has

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3648-522: Is now common across Europe as it is able to meet the EU maximum weight limit of 40,000 kg (88,000 pounds) without overloading any axle. Individual countries have raised their own weight limit. The U.K., for example, has a 44,000 kg (97,000 pounds) limit, an increase achieved by adding an extra axle to the tractor, usually in the form of a middle unpowered lifting axle (midlift) with a total of 14 wheels. The lift axles used on both tractors and trailers allow

3762-532: Is operated by transport company Ketosen Kuljetus as part of a pilot project studying transport efficiency in the timber industry. The combined vehicle is 33 metres (108 ft) long, has 13 axles, and weighs a total of 104 tonnes (102 long tons; 115 short tons). Starting from 21 January 2019 the Government of Finland changed the maximum allowed length of truck from 25.25 to 34.50 meters (82.8 to 113.2 ft). New types of vehicle combinations that differ from

3876-429: Is reflected in the most popular configurations of trucks generally having dual drive axles and three axles on the trailers, with four tyres on each axle. This means that Australian single semi-trailer trucks will usually have 22 tyres, which is generally more than their counterparts in other countries. Super single tyres are sometimes used on tri-axle trailers. The suspension is designed with travel limiting, which will hold

3990-421: Is supplied. This is a fail-safe design feature which ensures that if air pressure to either unit is lost, the vehicle will stop to a grinding halt, instead of continuing without brakes and becoming uncontrollable. The trailer controls are coupled to the tractor through two gladhand connectors , which provide air pressure, and an electrical cable, which provides power to the lights and any specialized features of

4104-408: Is supported by the turntable on the prime mover. The second and third trailers are supported by turntables on the trailers in front of them. As a result, B-Triples are much more stable than road trains and handle exceptionally well. True road trains only operate in remote areas, regulated by each state or territory government. In total, the maximum length that any articulated vehicle may be (without

4218-492: Is used for nouns which mark location in either time or space. Some examples of these areal nouns are house (ko̜̒e̒), land (de̒h), river (deh), and winder (xay). The gender pronoun can be a direct object, an oblique object or a possessor. kú̜e̒ house go detl’e̒h 3SG .paints.area kú̜e̒ go detl’e̒h house 3SG.paints.area 'S/he is painting the house.' ko̜̒e̒ house go cha area.in   shelter ko̜̒e̒ go cha {} house area.in shelter 'in

4332-821: The Deh Cho Bridge Project Concession Agreement with the DCBC. Further amendments were made February 22, 2008, although the document was not made public until after that time. In 2010 the DCBC was declared in default by its lenders, the project was taken over by the GNWT, and the Concession Agreement was terminated. The Deh Cho Bridge Act includes provision for tolls based on the (now terminated) Concession Agreement. Tolls are only charged to commercial vehicles that are travelling north and weigh over 4,500 kg (9,900 lb); private vehicles do not pay tolls. The original monthly fees were for three types of vehicles and

4446-630: The Department for Transport to undertake a desk study into semi-trailer trucks, which has resulted in the longer semi-trailer trial which commenced in 2012. In North America , the combination vehicles made up of a powered semi-tractor and one or more semitrailers are known as "semis", "semitrailers", "tractor-trailers", "big rigs", "semi-trucks", "eighteen-wheelers", or "semi-tractor-trailers". The tractor unit typically has two or three axles ; those built for hauling heavy-duty commercial-construction machinery may have as many as five, some often being lift axles . The most common tractor-cab layout has

4560-544: The European route E4 between the timber terminal in Överkalix and the sawmill in Munksund (outside Piteå ). The vehicle is a 30 m (98 ft) long truck trailer combination with a gross weight exceeding 90 tonnes (89 long tons; 99 short tons). It is estimated that this will give a 20% lower cost and 20–25% CO 2 emissions reduction compared to the regular 60-tonne (59-long-ton; 66-short-ton) truck combinations. As

4674-680: The Mackenzie Mountains of the Canadian territory of Northwest Territories . The dialect has around 800 speakers. Northern Slavey is an amalgamation of three separate dialects : South Slavey ( ᑌᓀ ᒐ Dené Dháh , Dene Yatıé or Dene Zhatıé ) is spoken by the Slavey people, who were also known as Dehghaot'ine, Deh Cho, Etchareottine - "People Dwelling in the Shelter", in the region of Great Slave Lake , upper Mackenzie River ( Deh Cho - "Big River") and its drainage, in

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4788-931: The Sahtu Dene ), K’ashógot’įne Goxedǝ́ (the Hare Dene dialect) and Shíhgot’įne Yatı̨́ (the Mountain dialect) in the North, and Dené Dháh (primarily by the Dene Tha' in Alberta ), Dene Yatıé or Dene Zhatıé in the South. North Slavey is spoken by the Sahtu (North Slavey) people in the Mackenzie District along the middle Mackenzie River from Tulita (Fort Norman) north, around Great Bear Lake , and in

4902-421: The United Kingdom section , below. When using a dolly , which generally has to be equipped with lights and a license plate , rigid trucks can be used to pull semi-trailers. The dolly is equipped with a fifth wheel to which the trailer is coupled. Because the dolly attaches to a pintle hitch on the truck, maneuvering a trailer hooked to a dolly is different from maneuvering a fifth wheel trailer. Backing

5016-531: The Volvo Trucks factory, all on the island of Hisingen . Another example is the ongoing project En Trave Till (lit. One more pile/stack ) started in December 2008. It will allow even longer vehicles to further rationalize the logging transports. As the name of the project points out, it will be able to carry four stacks of timber, instead of the usual three. The test is limited to Norrbotten county and

5130-626: The B-link and a 12 m (40 ft) container (or two 6 m containers) on a semi-trailer bed. In allowing the longer truck combinations, what would take two 16.5 m (54 ft) semi-trailer trucks and one 18.75 m (62 ft) truck and trailer to haul on the continent now could be handled by just two 25.25 m trucks – greatly reducing overall costs and emissions. Prepared since late 2012 and effective in January 2013, Finland has changed its regulations to allow total maximum legal weight of

5244-519: The Denby vehicle had a 20% shorter stopping distance than conventional semi-trailer trucks of the same weight, due to having extra axles. The active steer system meant that the Eco-Link had a turning circle of 41 ft (12.5 m), the same as a conventional semi-trailer truck. Although the Department for Transport advised that the Eco-Link was not permissible on public roads, Denby Transport gave

5358-536: The District of Mackenzie, northeast Alberta , and northwest British Columbia . Some communities are bilingual, with the children learning Slavey at home and English when they enter school. Still other communities are monolingual in Slavey The dialect has around 1,000 speakers. Alternative names: Slavi, Slave, Dené, Mackenzian The division of Slavey dialects is based largely on the way each one pronounces

5472-532: The EU document; however, apart from Sweden and Finland, the EuroCombi is only allowed to operate on specific roads in other EU member states. Since 1996 Sweden and Finland formally won a final exemption from the European Economic Area rules with 60 tonne and 25.25-metre (83 ft) combinations. From 2006, 25.25 m truck trailer combinations are to be allowed on restricted routes within Germany, following

5586-508: The European Economic Area. With the 50% increase in cargo weight, the fuel efficiency increases an average of 20% with a corresponding relative decrease in carbon emissions and with the added benefit of one third fewer trucks on the road. The 1996 EU regulation defines a Europe Module System (EMS) as it was implemented in Sweden. The wording of EMS combinations and EuroCombi are now used interchangeably to point to truck combinations as specified in

5700-569: The European Union, they insisted on exemptions from the EU rules citing environmental concerns and the transportation needs of the logging industry. In 1995, after their entry to the union, the rules changed again, this time to allow trucks carrying a standard CEN unit of 7.82 m (26 ft) to draw a 13.6 m (45 ft) standard semi-trailer on a dolly, a total overall length of 25.25 m. Later, B-double combinations came into use, often with one 6 m (20 ft) container on

5814-617: The Fort Providence Combined Council Alliance (composed of the area's Dene, Metis and Fort Providence leaders) began considering whether to put together a bridge proposal. They obtained seed money from the territorial and federal governments, and by the end of 2001 had preliminary design and financing concepts. In 2002 a Memorandum of Intent was drafted between the Alliance and the Government of

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5928-551: The GNWT announced that it would seek the necessary authority to assume the assets and debt of the Deh Cho Bridge Corporation. This would place the responsibility for debt management with the GNWT. Previously the debt had been nominally listed in the government's consolidated accounts, as it was the ultimate guarantor, but the amounts were not part of the government's debt for purposes of calculating its authorized borrowing limits. As this total debt ceiling limit

6042-512: The GNWT has or is in the process of addressing. In March 2010 the NWT Legislative Assembly requested that the auditor general of Canada conduct a special audit of the GNWT's risk management of the project and the public-private partnership undertaking. The report was made public in March 2011. The audit did not cover any private sector organizations, such as the Deh Cho Bridge Corporation or its contractors. Some key findings of

6156-412: The GNWT undertook to provide $ 8,000 per month through March 2012 (a total of $ 167,000) to promote community involvement in the bridge project. From 2012, an annual $ 200,000 grant will be paid for 35 years (a total of $ 7 million) for projects to provide community benefits and economic opportunities related to the bridge. The 35-year period is that of the original concession agreement, and the payments provide

6270-487: The Interstates. Except for these units, double setups are not restricted to certain roads any more than a single setup. They are also not restricted by weather conditions or "difficulty of operation". The Canadian province of Ontario, however, does have weather-related operating restrictions for larger tandem trailer setups. Australian road transport has a reputation for using very large trucks and road trains . This

6384-504: The NWT government arranged for New Brunswick to pay out the entire amount into an account for correcting deficiencies in Atcon's work. At least $ 5.6 million of this has been spent, although the final total is as yet undetermined. Any surplus would be returned to the Government of New Brunswick. On February 12, 2010, the GNWT announced that costs associated with the redesign and delay had increased

6498-475: The Northwest Territories (GNWT). The Deh Cho Bridge Corporation (DCBC) was incorporated, and presented a proposal to the Government of the NWT to finance and build the bridge as a public–private partnership . The DCBC would arrange financing, construction and operation of the bridge, which would be leased back to the GNWT for a period of 35 years, in return for annual payments and the proceeds of

6612-493: The Opportunities grant to Fort Providence community groups. Along with the tolls, the government will save an estimated $ 3 million annual savings in ferry costs, but is anticipating a further subsidy requirement of around $ 2 million annually, depending on traffic volumes. Actual construction began in June 2008, with an opening date then estimated as late 2010. Work was completed on the approaches and support piers, although

6726-599: The Police prior warning of the timing and route of the test drive on the public highway, as well as outlining their position in writing to the Eastern Traffic Area Office. On 1 December 2009 Denby Transport were preparing to drive the Eco-Link on public roads, but this was cut short because the Police pulled the semi-trailer truck over as it left the gates in order to test it for its legality "to investigate any... offenses which may be found". The Police said

6840-464: The UK is now predominantly carried out by private companies, but extremely large or heavy loads that require road closures must still be escorted by the police. In the UK, some semi-trailer trucks have eight tyres on three axles on the tractor; these are known as six-wheelers or "six leggers," with either the centre or rear axle having single wheels which normally steer as well as the front axle and can be raised when not needed (i.e. when unloaded or only

6954-477: The UK). European trucks, whether straight trucks or fully articulated , have a sheer face on the front. This allows shorter trucks with longer trailers (with larger freight capacity) within the legal maximum total length. Furthermore, it offers greater maneuverability in confined areas, a more balanced weight-distribution, and better overall view for the driver. The major disadvantage is that for repairs on COE trucks,

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7068-468: The UK, there is no legal height limit for semi-trailer trucks; however, bridges over 16.5 ft (5.03 m) do not have the height marked on them. Semi-trailer trucks in continental Europe have a height limit of 13.1 ft (4.0 m). Vehicles heavier than 44,000 kg are permitted on UK roads but are indivisible loads, which would be classed as abnormal (or oversize). Such vehicles are required to display an STGO (Special Types General Order) plate on

7182-577: The amount of freight carried by road, and to improve the range of vehicles and trailers available to transport operators. Common combinations in New Zealand are a standard semi-trailer, a B-double , or a rigid towing vehicle pulling a trailer with a drawbar, with a maximum of nine axles. Standard maximum vehicle lengths for trailers with one axle set are: Trailers with two axle sets can be 20 m (66 ft) long, including heavy rigid vehicles towing two trailers. Oversized loads require, at minimum,

7296-680: The bankruptcy receivers submitted a termination claim for $ 5.3 million (including $ 650,000 of equity); the GNWT (which had superseded the DCBC) disputed many of the claims. In November 2012 an agreement was reached to settle all claims for $ 1.3 million, and the receiver filed with the bankruptcy court to approve this in April 2013. The Government of New Brunswick had guaranteed a $ 13.3 million letter of credit to Atcon as part of its construction bond, and initially indicated this would likely be released back to them. However, before it expired as of November 2010,

7410-622: The bridge and have successive lengths of 90 m (295 ft), 112.5 m (369 ft), 112.5 m (369 ft) and 112.5 m (369 ft). The total length of the bridge is 1,045 m (3,428 ft). The superstructure consists of two 4.5 m (14 ft 9 in), deep Warren trusses with a transverse spacing of 7.32 m (24 ft), and a 235 mm (9.25 in), thick precast composite deck. The truss members are built up I-sections. Two A-pylons, located at Pier IV South and Pier IV North, each support two cable planes. Each cable plane consists of six cables that are connected to

7524-506: The combination is legal in that state. Weight maximums are 20,000 lb (9,100 kg) on a single axle, 34,000 lb (15,000 kg) on a tandem, and 80,000 lb (36,000 kg) total for any vehicle or combination. There is a maximum width of 8.5 ft (2.6 m) and no maximum height. Roads other than Interstates are regulated by individual states, and laws vary widely. Maximum weight varies between 80,000 lb (36,000 kg) to 171,000 lb (78,000 kg), depending on

7638-470: The combination spreads its weight over more axles, braking distance, road wear and traffic safety is believed to be either the same or improved with the 90-tonne (89-long-ton; 99-short-ton) truck-trailer. In the same program two types of 76-tonne (75-long-ton; 84-short-ton) combinations will be tested in Dalsland and Bohuslän counties in western Sweden: an enhanced truck and trailer combination for use in

7752-457: The combination. Most states restrict operation of larger tandem trailer setups such as triple units, turnpike doubles, and Rocky Mountain doubles. Reasons for limiting the legal trailer configurations include safety concerns and the impracticality of designing and constructing roads that can accommodate the larger wheelbase of these vehicles and the larger minimum turning radii associated with them. In general, these configurations are restricted to

7866-409: The construction budget to $ 182 million. A further $ 10 million announced as being required in June 2012, brought the construction budget to $ 202 million. Some items are not included in this figure, including costs for building toll plazas and other toll infrastructure (estimated at $ 1 million), compensation for lost fish habitat, and environmental remediation . The cost of various remediation repairs to

7980-565: The costs of the bridge by at least $ 15 million, to $ 182 million, and shortly thereafter the NWT Legislature approved the funds. The GNWT also announced it would take over project management from the DCBC, and on March 3 the GNWT announced its new construction and management team, which included existing contractor Ruskin Construction as the new general contractor, and Associated Engineering for project management. On March 8, 2010,

8094-464: The current maximum), and a further 900 semi-trailers of 51 ft (15.65 m) in length (i.e. 7 ft [2.05 m] longer). This will result in the total maximum length of the semi-trailer truck being 57 ft (17.5 m) for trailers 48 ft in length, and 61 ft (18.55 m) for trailers 51 ft long. The increase in length will not result in the 97,000 lb weight limit being exceeded and will allow some operators to approach

8208-399: The current standards may also be used on the road. The requirements for combinations also include camera systems for side visibility, an advanced emergency braking and lane detector system, electronic driving stability system and electronically controlled brakes. Maximum length of a vehicle combination 34.5 metres Maximum length of a vehicle combination 34.5 metres In the United Kingdom ,

8322-551: The definition of a "towing implement", with Denby prepared to argue that the second trailer on the Eco-Link was one. The Department for Transport were of the opinion that this refers to recovering a vehicle after an accident or breakdown, but the regulation does not explicitly state this. During BTAC performance testing the Eco-Link was given an "excellent" rating for its performance in maneuverability, productivity, safety and emissions tests, exceeding ordinary semi-trailer trucks in many respects. Reportedly, private trials had also shown

8436-519: The eastern seaboard where the reduction in total length allows the vehicle to pull longer trailers and thus more cargo than it would otherwise. New Zealand legislation governing truck dimensions falls under the Vehicle Dimensions and Mass Rules, published by NZ Transport Agency . New rules were introduced effective 1 February 2017, which increased the maximum height, width and weight of loads and vehicles, to simplify regulations, increase

8550-416: The end of ferry operations and the opening of the ice road, but since the early 1980s ferry operations had generally been able to extend until the ice road was open. The closing of the crossing created added transportation inconveniences and costs for residents north of the river, especially for perishable items such as food. A bridge had been of interest since the highway was opened, but various proposals for

8664-420: The entire cab has to hinge forward to allow maintenance access. In Europe, usually only the driven tractor axle has dual wheels, while single wheels are used for every other axle on the tractor and the trailer. The most common combination used in Europe is a semi tractor with two axles and a cargo trailer with three axles, one of which is sometimes a lift axle , giving 5 axles and 12 wheels in total. This format

8778-575: The face of unresolved (and unspecified) claims by Ruskin. After taking over responsibility for the project, the GNWT and its project management team (Associated Engineering) commissioned an audit of the Phase 1 construction work (that carried out before April 1, 2010). The report was completed in November 2010, and released to the public in January 2011. Levelton found a number of issues related to design responsibility, quality control and construction, which

8892-468: The fall of 2010 caused delays in installing trusses on the south side of the bridge, which had been scheduled to have been finished by March 2011. This resulted in deck panels not being finished until October, at which time temperatures were too low to cover them in concrete. This, along with paving and other final work, was delayed until the following spring, The completion date was delayed to late 2012, and $ 10 million of GNWT funds were required (not including

9006-422: The fatigue lifespan of stay cables. For maintaining stay cable bridges tension force measurements reveal such problems at an early stage so that they can be addressed properly. A laser vibrometer provides long range, non contact, fast and accurate measurement of vibrating cables. Polytec, Inc. and Metro Testing Laboratories Ltd, British Columbia , Canada, have joined forces to analyze structural data to determine

9120-422: The final approved designs for the superstructure were not yet complete. The four piers on the south side were put in place in 2008, and the four northern piers during 2009. During final approval of the bridge plans by the GNWT and its outside technical advisors, inadequacies relating to the design of the superstructure were discovered. A delay in the construction schedule to allow for investigation of design changes

9234-529: The forest and a b-double for plain highway transportation to the mill in Skoghall . In 2012, the Northland Mining company received permission for 90-tonne (89-long-ton; 99-short-ton) combinations with normal axle load (an extra dolly) for use on the 150 km (93 mi) Kaunisvaara - Svappavaara route, carrying iron ore. As of 2015 , the longest and heaviest truck in everyday use in Finland

9348-418: The front of the tractor unit and, under certain circumstances, are required to travel by an authorized route and have an escort. Most UK trailers are 45 ft (13.7 m) long and, dependent on the position of the fifth wheel and kingpin , a coupled tractor unit and trailer will have a combined length of between 50 and 55 ft (15.25 and 16.75 m). Although the Construction and Use Regulations allow

9462-612: The frozen river from December to April. During the spring breakup season, due to hazards from floating or jammed ice there was a 3-4 week period (from mid-April to mid-May) between the closing of the ice road and the start of ferry service. No vehicles could cross during this period, and supplies for Yellowknife and other highway communities north of the river had to be relayed across by helicopter, sent by air freight, or wait until ferry operations begin. A similar but shorter freeze-up period used to occur in December/January between

9576-583: The ground can be mounted on the rear of the truck behind the load, allowing a short (lightweight) crane to reach both ends of the vehicle without uncoupling. Also, construction trucks are more often seen in a rigid + midaxle trailer configuration instead of the tractor/semi-trailer setup. The maximum overall length in the EU and EEA member states was 18.75 m (61.5 ft) with a maximum weight of 40 or 44 tonnes (39.4 or 43.3 long tons; 44.1 or 48.5 short tons) if carrying an ISO container . However, rules limiting

9690-629: The lost toll revenue and the costs of an additional year of bridge and ferry operations), bringing the estimated construction budget at the time to $ 192 million. In June 2012, the Minister of Finance announced that yet another $ 10 million would be required to accelerate construction and ensure the Bridge was completed by the November target date. The funding was portrayed as part of an overall settlement with Ruskin (the new general contractor) over various claims, and as providing cost and schedule certainty in

9804-420: The main truss through an outrigger system. The bridge makes significant use of weathering steel and is not painted, reducing maintenance costs and extending the projected lifetime. It has fairly minimal lighting, citing dark-adaptation for drivers and reduced risk to migratory birds. Extreme weather conditions, seismic movements or corrosion can have a significant impact on cable force distribution, affecting

9918-909: The maximum length of the combined vehicle, the cabover was largely phased out of North American over-the-road (long-haul) service by 2007. Cabovers were difficult to service; for a long time, the cab could not be lifted on its hinges to a full 90-degree forward tilt, severely limiting access to the front of the engine. As of 25 May 2016 , a truck could cost US$ 100,000 , while the diesel fuel cost could be $ 70,000 per year. Trucks average from 4 to 8 miles per US gallon (59 to 29 L/100 km), with fuel economy standards requiring better than 7 miles per US gallon (34 L/100 km) efficiency by 2014. Power requirements in standard conditions are 170 hp (130 kW) at 55 mph (89 km/h) or 280 hp (210 kW) at 70 mph (113 km/h), and somewhat different power usage in other conditions. The cargo trailer usually has tandem axles at

10032-444: The maximum length was unlimited; the only limitations were on axle load. What stopped Sweden from adopting the same rules as the rest of Europe, when securing road safety, was the national importance of a competitive forestry industry. Finland, with the same road safety issues and equally important forestry industry, followed suit. The change made trucks able to carry three stacks of cut-to-length logs instead of two, as it would be in

10146-444: The maximum permitted weight (unless exceptional transport is authorized) is 44 tonnes for any kind of combination with five axles or more. Czech Republic has allowed 25.25 m combinations with a permission for a selected route. Denmark and Norway allow 25.25 m (83 ft) trucks (Denmark from 2008, and Norway from 2008 on selected routes). In Sweden , the allowed length has been 24 m (79 ft) since 1967. Before that,

10260-416: The old Proto-Athapaskan sounds *dz *ts *ts’ *s and *z. The consonant inventories in the dialects of Slavey differ considerably. The table above lists the 30 consonants common to most or all varieties. Hare lacks aspirated affricates (on red background), which have lenited into fricatives, whereas Mountain lacks /w/ (on blue). In addition, for some speakers of Hare, an alveolar flap /ɾ/ has developed into

10374-504: The original Atcon Phase 1 work is not included; this is being paid for by the $ 13.3 million construction bond funded by the Government of New Brunswick . Also not included are the indirect costs of the most recent delay to 2012 in opening the bridge; a year's worth of uncollected tolls and additional ferry operation. The bridge now having been built, annual expenditures by the GNWT will approach $ 9 million, including principal and interest repayment, toll collection costs, bridge maintenance and

10488-527: The proposed annual payments from the GNWT to the DCBC over the life of the agreement to keep the project financially viable. After lengthy negotiation, in 2007 public statements by the GNWT and others indicated that final agreements were close with the DCBC. A ceremonial celebration occurred in Fort Providence in August 2007 to mark the decision to proceed. On September 28, 2007, the GNWT entered into

10602-446: The rates per month for " tractor-trains " of 7 axles or more was $ 275, "tractor-trailers" of 4-6 axles paid $ 150, and trucks with 2-3 axles paid $ 75. These rates were for registered users with transponders ; single-use permits had an additional $ 16.25 service charge. The toll rates were later changed to cover four types of commercial vehicles based on the number of axles. Toll rates have increased based on inflation and as of April 1, 2016

10716-595: The rear trailer, and a tongue with a ring-hitch coupling for the forward trailer. Individual states may further allow longer vehicles, known as "longer combination vehicles" (or LCVs ), and may allow them to operate on roads other than Interstates. Long combination vehicle types include: The US federal government, which only regulates the Interstate Highway System , does not set maximum length requirements (except on auto and boat transporters), only minimums. Tractors can pull two or three trailers if

10830-435: The rear, each of which has dual wheels , or eight tires on the trailer, four per axle. In the US it is common to refer to the number of wheel hubs, rather than the number of tires; an axle can have either single or dual tires with no legal difference. The combination of eight tires on the trailer and ten tires on the tractor is what led to the moniker eighteen wheeler , although this term is considered by some truckers to be

10944-684: The report include: The bridge was awarded the 2013 Gustav Lindenthal Medal for "demonstrating harmony with the environment, aesthetic merit and successful community participation" by the International Bridge Conference. Steven Sternberger, presenting the award, said "The Deh Cho Bridge stands as a commendable example of using innovative design to meet stringent challenges, such as site conditions and location, schedule and budget constraints, while also creating an iconic, landmark structure". Slavey language Slavey ( / ˈ s l eɪ v i / ; also Slave , Slavé )

11058-479: The rim off the road for one blown or deflated tyre for each side of the trailer, so a trailer can be driven at reduced speed to a safe place for repair. Super singles are also often used on the steer axle in Australia to allow greater loading over the steer axle. The increase in loading of steer tyres requires a permit. Long haul transport usually operates as B-doubles with two trailers (each with three axles), for

11172-525: The road compared to the standard six-axle 97,000 lb (44 t) semi-trailer truck. The vehicle was built after Denby Transport believed they had found a legal-loophole in the present UK law to allow the Eco-Link to be used on the public roads. The relevant legislation concerned the 1986 Road Vehicles Construction and Use Regulations. The 1986 regulations state that "certain vehicles" may be permitted to draw more than one trailer and can be up to 85 ft (25.9 m). The point of law reportedly hinged on

11286-428: The same amount of cargo carried in conventional semi-trailer trucks. This is based on the fact that for light but bulky goods such as toilet paper, plastic bottles, cereals and aluminum cans, conventional semi-trailer trucks run out of cargo space before they reach the weight limit. At 97,000 lb (44 t), as opposed to 132,000 lb usually associated with B-Trains, the Eco-Link also exerts less weight per axle on

11400-446: The semi-trailers to 16.5 m (54 ft) and 18.75 m are met with trucks carrying a standardized 7.82 m (26 ft) body with one additional 7.82 m body on tow as a trailer. 25.25-metre (83 ft) truck combinations were developed under the branding of EcoCombi which influenced the name of EuroCombi for an ongoing standardization effort where such truck combinations shall be legal to operate in all jurisdictions of

11514-400: The shelter of the house' ko̜̒e̒ house go deshįte̒ee area.floor ko̜̒e̒ go deshįte̒ee house area.floor 'floor of the house' Semi-trailer truck A semi-trailer truck (also known by a wide variety of other terms - see below ) is the combination of a tractor unit and one or more semi-trailers to carry freight . A semi-trailer attaches to the tractor with

11628-408: The superstructure design were made. Infinity Engineering Group of Vancouver carried out the redesign and is now the design engineer firm on the project. Infinity Engineering Group's project description says: The superstructure is a two lane, nine-span composite steel truss bridge with a cable assisted main span of 190 m (623 ft),. The approach spans are symmetrical about the centre of

11742-565: The tension force. Polytec's vibrometer was able to generate data for up to 10 cables of the Deh Cho Bridge per hour. These preventative measures and maintenance of structures are cost effective in the long run because they ensure the structural integrity of the cables. The original construction budget was $ 169 million. This was mainly financed by the issuance in 2008 of $ 165.4 million in inflation-linked real return bonds , paying 3.17% plus inflation adjustment. The bonds will be repaid over

11856-517: The tolls had risen to $ 78 for 2 to 4 axles, $ 157 for 5 or 6 axles, $ 289 for 7 or 8 axles and $ 380 for 9 axles or more. The corresponding charges for single use are $ 97, $ 175, $ 307 and $ 398. The original design was completed by JR Spronken and Associates Ltd. of Calgary in 2002. Following the GNWT's independent review, performed by its consultants BPTEC of Edmonton and T. Y. Lin International of San Francisco , recommendations for changes to

11970-434: The tractor and trailer are separated without first uncoupling the air lines. These connectors are similar in design to the ones used for a similar purpose between railroad cars . Two air lines typically connect to the trailer unit. An emergency or main air supply line pressurizes the trailer's air tank and disengages the emergency brake, and a second service line controls the brake application during normal operation. In

12084-403: The tractor unit. The most common failure is brake fade , usually caused when the drums or discs and the linings of the brakes overheat from excessive use. The parking brake of the tractor unit and the emergency brake of the trailer are spring brakes that require air pressure in order to be released. They are applied when air pressure is released from the system, and disengaged when air pressure

12198-433: The trailer. Glad-hand connectors (also known as palm couplings ) are air hose connectors, each of which has a flat engaging face and retaining tabs. The faces are placed together, and the units are rotated so that the tabs engage each other to hold the connectors together. This arrangement provides a secure connection but allows the couplers to break away without damaging the equipment if they are pulled, as may happen when

12312-539: The trucks to remain legal when fully loaded (as weight per axle remains within the legal limits); on the other hand, these axle set(s) can be raised off the roadway for increased maneuverability or for reduced fuel consumption and tire wear when carrying lighter loads. Although lift axles usually operate automatically, they can be lowered manually even while carrying light loads, in order to remain within legal (safe) limits when, for example, navigating back-road bridges with severely restricted axle loads. For greater detail, see

12426-481: The vehicle has a tendency to fold at the pivot point between the towing vehicle and the trailer. Such a truck accident is called a "trailer swing", although it is also commonly described as a "jackknife." Jackknifing is a condition where the tractive unit swings round against the trailer, and not vice versa. Semi trucks use air pressure, rather than hydraulic fluid, to actuate the brake . The use of air hoses allows for ease of coupling and uncoupling of trailers from

12540-402: The vehicle requires the same technique as backing an ordinary truck/full trailer combination, though the dolly/semi setup is probably longer, thus requiring more space for maneuvering. The tractor/semi-trailer configuration is rarely used on timber trucks since they use the two major advantages of having the weight of the load on the drive wheels, and the loader crane used to lift the logs from

12654-496: The vehicle was unlawful due to its length and Denby Transport was served with a notice by the Vehicle and Operator Services Agency (VOSA) inspector to remove the vehicle from the road for inspection. Having returned to the yard, Denby Transport was formally notified by Police and VOSA that the semi-trailer truck could not be used. Neither the Eco-Link, nor any other B-Train, have since been permitted on UK roads. However, this prompted

12768-537: The voiced fricative to coincide with pre-existing /w/ . The most complicated situation is found in Hare, where the plain stop is a labialized velar, the ejective member is replaced by a /ʔw/ sequence, the aspirated affricate has turned into a fricative /f/ , and both the voiceless and voiced fricatives have been lenited to /w/ . The following phonological and phonetic statements apply to all four dialects of Slavey. Slavey has two tones: In Slavey orthography, high tone

12882-455: The weight limit which may not have been previously possible due to the previous length of trailers. The trial will run for a maximum of 10 years. Providing certain requirements are fulfilled, a Special Types General Order (STGO) allows for vehicles of any size or weight to travel on UK roads. However, in practice, any such vehicle has to travel by a route authorized by the Department of Transport and move under escort. The escort of abnormal loads in

12996-507: Was announced, and the opening date pushed back by a year to late 2011. As of December 30, 2009, Atcon Construction 's role as general contractor for bridge construction was terminated by the DCBC, which announced that an agreement could not be reached on a price for the revised superstructure. Atcon Construction (as well as a number of other companies in the Atcon Group) were placed in bankruptcy receivership in March 2010; In October,

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