78-641: Others In terms of Ihsan : The Deobandi movement or Deobandism is a revivalist movement within Sunni Islam that adheres to the Hanafi school of law. It was formed in the late 19th century around the Darul Uloom Madrassa in Deoband , India, from which the name derives, by Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi , Rashid Ahmad Gangohi , Ashraf Ali Thanwi and Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri after
156-646: A militant interpretation of Islam that draws upon the teachings of the Deobandi movement. The Deobandi movement underwent three waves of armed conflict. The first wave resulted in the establishment of an Islamic territory centered on Thana Bhawan by the movement's elders during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , prior to the founding of Darul Uloom Deoband. Imdadullah Muhajir Makki served as the Amir al-Mu'minin of this Islamic territory, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi as
234-420: A subset of those who are mu'min , and those who are mu'min are a subset of muslims : From the preceding discussion it should be clear that not every Muslim is a man or woman of faith ( mu'min ), but every person of faith is a Muslim . Furthermore, a Muslim who believes in all the principles of Islam may not necessarily be a righteous person, a doer of good ( muhsin ), but a truly good and righteous person
312-592: A Deobandi militant organization. Formed in 1996, it operated in Pakistan as an offshoot of Sipah-e-Sahaba (SSP). Riaz Basra broke away from the SSP over differences with his seniors. The group, now practically defunct since the unsuccessful Operation Zarb-e-Azab , is considered a terrorist group by Pakistan and the United States, It was involved in attacks on civilians and protectors of them. Lashkar-e-Jhangvi
390-449: A local to a national organisation, and finally to a transnational movement with followers in over 200 countries. Although its beginnings were from the Deobandi movement, it has now established an independent identity though it still maintains close ties with Deobandi ulema in many countries with large South Asian Muslim populations such as the UK. Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LJ) (Army of Jhangvi ) was
468-603: A primarily Deobandi interpretation of Islam and are predominantly Pashtun . Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP) is a banned Pakistani militant organization, and a formerly registered Pakistani political party. Established in the early 1980s in Jhang by the militant leader Haq Nawaz Jhangvi , its stated goal is primarily to deter major Shiite influence in Pakistan in the wake of the Iranian Revolution . The organization
546-563: A theological basis for its nationalistic philosophy. Their thesis is that Muslims and non-Muslims have entered upon a mutual contract in India since independence, to establish a secular state. The Constitution of India represents this contract. Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (JUI) is a Deobandi organization, part of the Deobandi movement. The JUI formed when members broke from the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind in 1945 after that organization backed
624-584: A united India . Maulana Sayyid Hussain Ahmad Madani , the leader of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind , stated: Hindu-Muslim unity is a prerequisite for freedom of India. It is the religious and political duty of the Muslims that they should work for the freedom of India and continue this struggle until the Government accedes to their demand. It is their duty, which they must do with or without companions, it
702-500: Is a matter of taking one's inner faith ( iman ) and showing it in both deed and action, a sense of social responsibility borne from religious convictions. In Islam , Ihsan is the Muslim responsibility to obtain perfection, or excellence, in worship, such that Muslims try to worship God as if they see Him, and although they cannot see Him, they undoubtedly believe that He is constantly watching over them. That definition comes from
780-528: Is a religiopolitical concept in the Indian subcontinent which stresses members of the two largest faith groups there, Hindus and Muslims , working together for the common good. The concept was championed by various persons, such as leaders in the Indian independence movement , namely Mahatma Gandhi and Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan , as well as by political parties and movements in British India , such as
858-483: Is a work that summarizes the beliefs generally held by the Deobandis. It was authored by Khalil Ahmad al-Saharanpuri (d. 1346/1927) in order to defend and remit the Deobandis from the charge of kufr (unbelief or blasphemy) levied against them by their opponents. According to Brannon D. Ingram, Deobandis differ from Barelvis on three theological positions. Gangohi stated that God has the ability to lie. This doctrine
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#1732764924944936-507: Is also recognized as necessary for the evolution of Islamic law , but it should be approached with caution and respect for Islamic scholarship traditions. Darul Uloom Deoband established the first Department of Fatwa, or Darul Ifta, in 1892, followed by other Deobandi madrasas and organizations such as the Islamic Fiqh Academy (India) , which constitute the bedrock for the development of the Deobandi fiqh. Rashid Ahmad Gangohi
1014-479: Is both a Muslim and a true person of faith. Some Islamic scholars explain ihsan as being the inner dimension of Islam whereas shariah is often described as the outer dimension. Ihsan "constitutes the highest form of worship" ( ibadah ). It is excellence in work and in social interactions. For example, ihsan includes sincerity during Muslim prayers and being grateful to parents, family, and God. Hindu%E2%80%93Muslim unity Hindu–Muslim unity
1092-419: Is called Imkan-i Kizb . According to this doctrine, because God is omnipotent, God is capable of lying. Gangohi also supported the doctrine that God has the ability to make additional prophets after Muhammad ( Imkan-i Nazir ) and other prophets equal to Muhammad. Gangohi clarifies that although God has the ability to make prophets on "par" with Muhammad, he "would never do so". Deobandis are strong proponents of
1170-504: Is considered the founder of Deobandi fiqh, with Ashraf Ali Thanwi and Aziz-ul-Rahman Usmani regarded as key figures. The earliest text of Deobandi fiqh is Fatawa-e-Rashidiya , with other important texts including Imdad-ul-Fatawa and Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband . Deobandi fiqh plays a vital role in Afghanistan's judiciary system, with Taqi Usmani and Khalid Saifullah Rahmani recognized as prominent contemporary faqihs of
1248-457: Is held in much reverence. Their views were widely shared by a broad range of Islamic reform movements of the colonial period. Khalil Ahmad al-Saharanpuri outlined the creedal beliefs of Deobandis in his Al-Muhannad ala al-Mufannad where he stated that However, Deobandis are strictly opposed to celebrating the birthday of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , the celebration of Urs , and
1326-487: Is predominantly Punjabi . The group has been labelled by intelligence officials in Pakistan as a major security threat. The Taliban ("students"), alternative spelling Taleban, is an Islamic fundamentalist political and militant movement in Afghanistan . It spread into Afghanistan and formed a government, ruling as the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan from September 1996 until December 2001, with Kandahar as
1404-855: Is said to have been started much later in the nineteenth century under Akbar II ) to be celebrated by citizens of all faiths. During the Mughal era, Indian art and culture thrived, with the construction of grand monuments such as the Taj Mahal and the Red Fort . The Mughals fostered religious harmony and cultural advancements and nurtured Hindu scholars, poets, and artists, facilitating a dynamic cultural interchange that enriched both Islamic and Hindu traditions. Chhatrapati Shivaji also promoted Hindu–Muslim unity. Maratha Hindavi Swarajya had many Muslims in high posts. Shivaji's personal security, his most trusted courtiers, were Muslims. A Muslim general had led
1482-633: Is the Taliban, who established Islamic rule in Afghanistan. Sami-ul-Haq , the head of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (S), is regarded as the "father of the Taliban." Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind is one of the leading Deobandi organizations in India. It was founded in British India in 1919 by Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi , Sanaullah Amritsari and several other scholars including Kifayatullah Dehlawi who was elected its first interim president. The Jamiat has propounded
1560-643: Is the first Deobandi madrassa of the West In South Africa, Darul Ulum Newcastle , was founded in 1971 by Cassim Mohammed Sema and Dar al-Ulum Zakariyya in Lenasia , Madrasah In'aamiyyah , Camperdown is known for its Dar al-Iftaa (Department of Fatwa Research and Training) which runs the popular online fatwa service, Askimam.org. Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam is the first established Deobandi madrassa in Bangladesh , which produced
1638-425: Is the most followed Movement among Pashtuns and Balochs According to Heritage Online, nearly 65% of the total seminaries ( Madrasah ) in Pakistan are run by Deobandis, whereas 25% are run by Barelvis , 6% by Ahl-i Hadith and 3% by various Shia organizations. The Deobandi movement in Pakistan was a major recipient of funding from Saudi Arabia from the early 1980s up until the early 2000s, where after this funding
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#17327649249441716-701: Is the most popular movement in the Pashtun belt on both sides of the Durand Line that separates Afghanistan and Pakistan . Moreover, prominent Afghan and Pakistani Taliban leaders have studied in Deobandi seminaries. The Deobandi Movement has an international presence today, with its full-fledged manifestation in South Africa, a country where the movement was initiated through the Indian Gujarati merchant class. The Islamic education system of
1794-561: Is the order of the Almighty. If non-Muslims extend to you the hand of friendship, you too must extend yours, for compromising for the right cause will establish you as true believers in Allah. Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana , the Premier of Punjab in colonial India, advocated for amity between the religious communities of undivided India, proclaiming 1 March as Communal Harmony Day and aiding in
1872-576: Is working for the sake of Muhammad, nifaaz Hakomat-e-illahiyya and Khidmat-e-Khalq. In Pakistan, Ahrar secretariat is in Lahore and in India it is based in Ludhiana . Tablighi Jamaat , a non-political Deobandi missionary organisation, began as an offshoot of the Deobandi movement. Its inception is believed to be a response to Hindu reform movements, which were considered a threat to vulnerable and non-practising Deobandi Muslims. It gradually expanded from
1950-579: The Mourning of Ashura . Deobandis also reject the building of structures over graves, visitation to the shrines of Sufi saints , as well as the practice of loud Dhikr , Qawwali , Wajd and Sama - seeing them as too " innovative " in nature . Deobandis oppose various forms of Tawassul and Istighatha, which they label as Kufr and Shirk . Deoband's curriculum combined the study of Islamic holy scriptures ( Quran , hadith and law ) with rational subjects ( logic , philosophy and science ). At
2028-637: The Chief justice , and Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi as the Commander-in-chief . However, following the British victory over the Deobandi forces in the Battle of Shamli , the territory fell. After the establishment of Darul Uloom Deoband, Mahmud Hasan Deobandi initiated the second wave. He attempted to mobilize an armed resistance against the British through various initiatives, including the formation of
2106-547: The Hadith of Gabriel in which Muhammad states, "[Ihsan is] to worship God as though you see Him, and if you cannot see Him, then indeed He sees you". ( Al-Bukhari and Al-Muslim ). According to Muhammad's hadith "God has written ihsan on everything". Ihsan is one of the three dimensions of the Islamic religion ( ad-din ): In contrast to the emphases of islam (what one should do) and iman (why one should do),
2184-809: The Indian National Congress against the Muslim League 's lobby for a separate Pakistan. The first president of the JUI was Shabbir Ahmad Usmani . Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam ( Urdu : مجلس احرارلأسلام ), also known in short as Ahrar , was a conservative Deobandi political party in the Indian subcontinent during the British Raj (prior to the independence of Pakistan ) founded 29 December 1929 at Lahore . Chaudhry Afzal Haq , Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari , Habib-ur-Rehman Ludhianvi , Mazhar Ali Azhar , Zafar Ali Khan and Dawood Ghaznavi were
2262-479: The Indian National Congress , Khudai Khidmatgar and All India Azad Muslim Conference . Those who opposed the partition of India often adhered to the doctrine of composite nationalism . In Mughal India, the emperor Akbar advocated for Hindu–Muslim unity, appointing both Hindus and Muslims as officials in his court. Akbar participated and promoted festivals of both Hinduism and Islam. He also created feasts, such as Phool Walon Ki Sair (although this festival
2340-653: The Indian Rebellion of 1857–58 . They opposed the influence of non-Muslim cultures on the Muslims living in South Asia. The movement pioneered education in religious sciences through the Dars-i-Nizami associated with the Lucknow -based ulama of Firangi Mahal with the goal of preserving traditional Islamic teachings from the influx of modernist and secular ideas during British colonial rule . The Deobandi movement's Indian clerical wing, Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind ,
2418-615: The Islamic revivalist and anti-imperialist ideology of the Deobandis began to develop. In time, the Darul Uloom Deoband became the second largest focal point of Islamic teaching and research after the Al-Azhar University , Cairo . Towards the time of the Indian independence movement and afterward in post-colonial India, the Deobandis advocated a notion of composite nationalism by which Hindus and Muslims were seen as one nation who were asked to be united in
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2496-813: The Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam in 1945. Through the organisations such as Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind and Tablighi Jamaat , the Deobandi movement began to spread. Graduates of Darul Uloom Deoband in India from countries such as South Africa, China, and Malaysia opened thousands of madaaris throughout the world. The Deobandi movement in India is managed and spread by Darul Uloom Deoband and the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind. Of Pakistan's estimated 230 million Muslims, some 15-30% or 40-80 million Pakistani Muslims consider themselves Deobandi, forming majority in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan . It
2574-801: The British government were attempting to "scare Muslims into imagining that in a free India, Muslims would lose their separate identity, and be absorbed into the Hindu fold", a threat that "aim[ed] at depoliticizing the Muslims, weaning them away from struggle for independence." In the eyes of Madani, support for a two-nation theory resulted in the entrenchment of British imperialism. In the same vein, Kashmiri Indian politician and Supreme Court judge Markandey Katju wrote in The Nation : Up to 1857, there were no communal problems in India; all communal riots and animosity began after 1857. No doubt even before 1857, there were differences between Hindus and Muslims,
2652-468: The Deobandi movement in the Persian-speaking world. In the 1970s, Deobandis opened the first British-based Muslim religious seminaries (Darul-Ulooms), educating imams and religious scholars. Deobandis "have been quietly meeting the religious and spiritual needs of a significant proportion of British Muslims, and are perhaps the most influential British Muslim group." In 2015 Ofsted highlighted
2730-535: The Deobandi movement, as well as the necessary components of social and political organizations such as the Tablighi Jamat and Jamiatul Ulama South Africa are fully functioning effectively in South Africa, as they do in India. Madrasas in South Africa provide Islamic higher education and are now centers for Islamic education for foreigners who are interested in receiving a Deobandi-style education. Many of their graduates, especially from Western countries such as
2808-601: The Deobandi school. Digital initiatives such as Darulifta-Deoband.com and Askimam demonstrate the digitization of Deobandi fiqh. A significant fatwa in Deobandi fiqh is the Fatwa of Peace for Humanity , issued by Farid Uddin Masood in 2016, endorsed by over 100,000 Islamic scholars from Bangladesh, declaring terrorism as haram or forbidden, based on Islamic scripture and tradition. Political Militant [REDACTED] Islam portal Deobandi jihadism pertains to
2886-689: The Deobandi seminary in Holcombe as a good example of a school "promoting British values, preventing radicalisation and protecting children". The journalist, Andrew Norfolk , did not agree with this assessment. According to a 2007 report by Andrew Norfolk, published in The Times , about 600 of Britain's nearly 1,500 mosques were under the control of "a hardline sect", whose leading preacher loathed Western values, called on Muslims to "shed blood" for Allah and preached contempt for Jews, Christians and Hindus. The same investigative report further said that 17 of
2964-527: The Hanafi school of Islamic law, is a distinctive school of Islamic jurisprudence that highly values the strict adherence to the Hanafi school of jurisprudence, also known as Taqlid . Deobandi scholars view Taqlid as a crucial means of ensuring the proper interpretation and application of Islamic law, especially for individuals without the necessary knowledge and expertise to engage in Ijtihad . However, Ijtihad
3042-713: The Hindus going to temples and the Muslims going to mosques, but there was no animosity. In fact, the Hindus and Muslims used to help each other; Hindus used to participate in Eid celebrations, and Muslims in Holi and Diwali. The Muslim rulers like the Mughals, Nawab of Awadh and Murshidabad, Tipu Sultan, etc were totally secular; they organised Ramlilas, participated in Holi, Diwali, etc. Ghalib’s affectionate letters to his Hindu friends like Munshi Shiv Naraln Aram, Har Gopal Tofta, etc attest to
3120-612: The India–Pakistan border. Followers of the Deobandi movement are extremely diverse; some advocate for non-violence and others are militant . British colonialism in India was seen by a group of Indian scholars—consisting of Rashid Ahmad Gangohi , Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi , Shah Rafi al-Din, Sayyid Muhammad Abid , Zulfiqar Ali, Fazlur Rahman Usmani and Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi —to be corrupting Islam. The group founded an Islamic seminary ( madrassa ) known as Darul Uloom Deoband , here
3198-584: The Maratha troops in the third battle of Panipat and sacrificed for the cause. Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Afghani Asadabadi advocated for Hindu–Muslim unity, maintaining that it would help the Indian independence movement in their goal to establish an independent India. During the 17th to 19th centuries, India was ruled by the British , who introduced a policy of divide and rule to maintain their control over
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3276-646: The Pashtun tribal code, also played a significant role in the Taliban's legislation. The Taliban were condemned internationally for their brutal treatment of women . Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (the TTP), alternatively referred to as the Pakistani Taliban, is an umbrella organization of various Islamist militant groups based in the northwestern Federally Administered Tribal Areas along the Afghan border in Pakistan. In December 2007 about 13 groups united under
3354-653: The Samratut Tarbiat. When the British uncovered his Silk Letter Movement , they arrested him and held him captive in Malta. Following his release, he and his followers entered mainstream politics and actively participated in the democratic process. In the late 1970s, the Pakistan–Afghan border became the epicenter of the Deobandi jihadist movement's third wave, which was fueled by the Soviet–Afghan War . Under
3432-710: The Tablighi Jamaat, among them are Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi , Masihullah Khan , Mahmood Hasan Gangohi and Asad Madni . South African Deobandi Muslims have many important and influential educational and socio-political organizations that educate the people and play an important role in religious and social activities. Among them are Jamiatul Ulama South Africa and the Muslim Judicial Council . Students from various regions, including Sistan and Baluchestan in Iran, attended Deoband, which led to
3510-553: The United Kingdom and the United States, are Western students. Some of South African madrasas are recognized globally, providing fatwa services. South Africa is now known for producing exceptional Islamic literature through translation and compilation. Similarly, the Tabligh Jamaat is a hub in South Africa that spreads throughout South and East Africa. Graduates of South African madrassas spend their time in service of
3588-540: The affection between Hindus and Muslims at that time. In 1857, the ‘Great Mutiny’ broke out in which the Hindus and Muslims jointly fought against the British. This shocked the British government so much that after suppressing the Mutiny, they decided to start the policy of divide and rule (see online “History in the Service of Imperialism” by B.N. Pande). All communal riots in India began after 1857, artificially engineered by
3666-582: The auspices of President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq , its expansion occurred through various madrasas, such as Darul Uloom Haqqania and Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia , with political support provided by Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (S) . Trained militants from the Pakistan–Afghan border participated in the Afghan jihad and later formed various organizations, including the Taliban . The most prominent example of Deobandi jihadism
3744-448: The capital. While in power, it enforced its strict interpretation of Sharia law . While many leading Muslims and Islamic scholars have been highly critical of the Taliban's interpretations of Islamic law, the Darul Uloom Deoband has consistently supported the Taliban in Afghanistan, including their 2001 destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan , and the majority of the Taliban's leaders were influenced by Deobandi fundamentalism. Pashtunwali ,
3822-420: The concept of ihsan is primarily associated with intention. One who "does what is beautiful" is called a muhsin . It is generally held that a person can only achieve true Ihsan with the help and guidance of God , who governs all things. While traditionally Islamic jurists have concentrated on islam and theologians on iman , the Sufis have focused their attention on ihsan . Those who are muhsin are
3900-400: The country's 26 Islamic seminaries follow the ultra-conservative Deobandi teachings which The Times said had given birth to the Taliban. According to The Times , almost 80% of all domestically trained Ulema were being trained in these hardline seminaries. An opinion column in The Guardian described this report as "a toxic mixture of fact, exaggeration and outright nonsense". In 2014 it
3978-449: The country. In the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , many Hindus and Muslims of India mobilized together to fight against the East India Company . Reflecting on this in 2007, Manmohan Singh stated that these events "stood as a great testimony to the traditions of Hindu–Muslim unity that held out as an example for subsequent generations". The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was seen as an "important step forward in achieving Hindu–Muslim unity" during
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#17327649249444056-463: The doctrine of Taqlid . In other words, they believe that a Deobandi must adhere to one of the four schools ( madhhabs ) of Sunni Islamic Law and discourage inter-school eclecticism. They themselves claim to be the followers of the Hanafi school. Students at madrasas affiliated with the Deobandi movement study the classic books of Hanafi Law such as Nur al-Idah , Mukhtasar al-Quduri , Sharh al-Wiqayah , and Kanz al-Daqa’iq , culminating their study of
4134-502: The era of the Indian independence movement . Muhammad Ali Jinnah advocated Hindu–Muslim unity in early years of his political career. Gopal Krishna Gokhale stated that Jinnah "has true stuff in him, and that freedom from all sectarian prejudice which will make him the best ambassador of Hindu–Muslim Unity". Muslim scholars of the Deoband school of thought, such as Qari Muhammad Tayyib and Kifayatullah Dihlawi , championed Hindu–Muslim unity, composite nationalism , and called for
4212-427: The establishment of a Communal Harmony Committee in Lahore, in which Raja Narendra Nath served as president and Maulvi Mahomed Ilyas as secretary. In 1940, Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi established the All-India Jamhur Muslim League to support a united India and to counter the Lahore resolution , passed by the All-India Muslim League, for a separate Pakistan based on Muhammad Ali Jinnah 's Two nation theory . He served as
4290-631: The first General Secretary of the All India Jamhur Muslim League. In the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , many Hindus and Muslims in India joined together as Indians to fight against the British East India Company . The British introduced a system of separate electorates, which exacerbated the divide between the Hindu and Muslim communities. The British government became concerned about this rise in Indian nationalism therefore; according to some writers, they tried to stir up communalistic feelings among Hindus and Muslims so that they might not again unite to try and overthrow crown rule. For example, Theodore Beck ,
4368-439: The founders of the party. The Ahrar was composed of Indian Muslims disillusioned by the Khilafat Movement , which cleaved closer to the Congress Party . The party was associated with opposition to Muhammad Ali Jinnah and against establishment of an independent Pakistan as well as criticism of the Ahmadiyya movement. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, Majlis-e-Ahrar divided in two parts. Now, Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam
4446-487: The leadership of Baitullah Mehsud to form the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan. Among the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan's stated objectives are resistance against the Pakistani state, enforcement of their interpretation of sharia and a plan to unite against NATO -led forces in Afghanistan. The TTP is not directly affiliated with the Afghan Taliban movement led by Mullah Omar , with both groups differing greatly in their histories, strategic goals and interests although they both share
4524-486: The madhhab with the Hidayah of al-Marghinani . With regard to views on Taqlid , one of their main opposing reformist groups are the Ahl-i-Hadith , also known as the Ghair Muqallid , the nonconformists, because they eschewed taqlid in favor of the direct use of Quran and Hadith. They often accuse those who adhere to the rulings of one scholar or legal school of blind imitation , and frequently demand scriptural evidence for every argument and legal ruling. Almost since
4602-577: The main center of Deobandism throughout the world, Mazahir Uloom, Saharanpur is the second known Deobandi madrassa in India, which produced the scholars like Muhammad Zakariyya Kandhlawi . Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi 's established Madrasa Shahi, Moradabad , the alma of scholars like Mufti Mahmud and Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi has its position. Darul Uloom Karachi , founded by Mufti Shafi Usmani , Jamia Binoria and Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia in Pakistani are top Deobandi institutions there. Darul Uloom Bury , Holcombe , established by Yusuf Motala during 1970s
4680-487: The offshoots of the Ahl al-Sunnah wal-Jama’ah are seen joined with their root." In tenets of faith, the Deobandis follow the Maturidi school of Islamic theology . Their schools teach a short text on beliefs known as al-'Aqa'id al-Nasafiyya by the Hanafi-Maturidi scholar Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi . The official Deobandi book, al-Muhannad 'ala al-Mufannad (The Sword on the Disproved), also known as: al-Tasdiqat li-Daf' al-Talbisat (Endorsements Repelling Deceits),
4758-477: The other hand due to the connection of Sistan and Baluchestan's Iran and India's Hanafi religious leaders in Iran. Today, Deobandi thinking is one of the intellectual currents in Sistan and Baluchestan and preaching groups are active in different cities and villages. Its playing a crucial role in Iran's political landscape. The Deobandis aimed to homogenize religious schools and were opposed to certain popular practices. The Naqshbandi order played an important role for
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#17327649249444836-400: The partition of India , with a strategic vision to safeguard the religious freedom of Muslims in India . The movement has spread from India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh to the United Kingdom , and has a presence in South Africa . The Pakistani and Afghan branches and the original Indian seminaries have far less contact since the Partition of India , for political reasons related to
4914-410: The principal of Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College , had told Syed Ahmad Khan that Muslims should have no sympathy with the objectives of the Indian National Congress and that "Anglo-Muslim unity was possible, but Hindu–Muslim unity was impossible". The author of Composite Nationalism and Islam , Maulana Husain Ahmad Madani , a Deobandi Muslim scholar and proponent of a united India, argued that
4992-492: The religious and political doctrines of the South Asian Islamic scholar , Salafi -oriented Sufi and theologian Ismail Dehlawi (26 April, 1779 – 6 May, 1831). In its early years, Deobandi scholars engaged in theological debates with Christian and Hindu scholars; with the objective of defending Islamic faith, and to form a popular struggle to overthrow British colonialism. Deobandi theologians of Jamiat Ulema e-Hind, in particular, discussed multiculturalism and opposition to
5070-434: The same time it was hugely Sufi in orientation and affiliated with the Chishti order . Taqi Usmani - the most famous Deobandi scholar was trained in the Chishti order as were the four founders of the Deoband madrassa. Mahmood Ashraf Usmani , the former head of Darul Ulum Karachi, defended the concept of Tariqa and Bay'ah based on the Pledge of the Tree incident. Ashraf Ali Thanwi graduated from Darul Uloom Deoband and
5148-501: The scholars like Shah Ahmad Shafi , Junaid Babunagari . Al-Rashid Islamic Institute , Ontario, Canada, Darul Uloom Al-Madania in Buffalo, New York , Jamiah Darul Uloom Zahedan in Iran and Darul Uloom Raheemiyyah are some top Deobandi institutions. Ihsan Ihsan ( Arabic : إحسان ʾiḥsān , also romanized ehsan ), is an Arabic term meaning "to do beautiful things", "beautification", "perfection", or "excellence" (Arabic: husn , lit. ' beauty ' ). Ihsan
5226-417: The spread of its founders ideas. This movement had a significant impact on some of the new generation of Iranian intellectuals in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. After entering Iran, the students of this school continued to expand this thinking and with the formation of missionary groups. These thoughts have been strengthened on one hand due to the cultural relationships between the Baloch tribes and on
5304-517: The struggle against the British rule. In 1919, a large group of Deobandi scholars formed the political party Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind and opposed the partition of India . Deobandi scholar Maulana Syed Husain Ahmad Madani helped to spread these ideas through his text Muttahida Qaumiyat Aur Islam . A group later dissented from this position and joined Muhammad Ali Jinnah 's Muslim League , including Ashraf Ali Thanwi , Shabbir Ahmad Usmani , Zafar Ahmad Usmani and Muhammad Shafi Deobandi , who formed
5382-432: The study of Hadith in their madrasas. Their madrasa curriculum incorporates a feature unique among the global arena of Islamic scholarship, the Daura-e Hadis , the capstone year of a student's advanced madrasa training, in which all six canonical collections of the Sunni Hadith (the Sihah Sittah ) are reviewed. In a Deobandi madrasa, the position of Shaykh al-Hadith , or the resident professor of Sahih Bukhari ,
5460-421: The tombs of Sufi saints, celebrating Urs , visualizing or contemplating on a Sufi master ( tasawwur-e-shaykh ), reciting the Fatihah on special occasions, and engaging in Sema . Gangohi opposed the Sufi doctrine that Muhammad has knowledge of the unseen ( ilm e ghaib ). This belief of the Deobandis conflicts with traditional Sufi views of Muhammad having unparalleled and unequal knowledge that encompasses
5538-512: The unseen realm. Gangohi also issued multiple fatwas against the Mawlid and stated it is an innovation ( bidah ), and opposed the practice of standing up in honour of Muhammad during Mawlid. Muhammad Zakariyya Kandhlawi , noted hadith scholar and Sufi Shaykh of Deobandis, says that, The reality of "tasawwuf" is merely correction of intention. It begins with "actions are only according to intentions" and ends with "that you worship Him ( Allah ) as if you see Him." Deobandi fiqh , originating from
5616-552: The very beginnings of the movement, Deobandi scholars have generated a copious amount of scholarly output in an attempt to defend their adherence to a madhhab in general. In particular, Deobandis have penned much literature in defense of their argument that the Hanafi madhhab is in complete accordance with the Quran and Hadith . In response to this need to defend their madhhab in the light of scripture, Deobandis became particularly distinguished for their unprecedented salience to
5694-502: Was a contemporary of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab , and they studied in Medina under some of the same teachers. Muhammad Iqbal said: "The Deobandi movement is neither a creed (Aqidah) nor a denomination (Tayifa) – terms by which its antagonists try to incite the masses against it – but it is a comprehensive picture and a complete edition of the tack of the Ahl al-Sunnah wal-Jama’ah in which all
5772-572: Was banned by President Pervez Musharraf in 2002 as being a terrorist group under the Anti-Terrorism Act of 1997 . In October 2000 Masood Azhar , another militant leader, and founder of Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), was quoted as saying that "Sipah-e-Sahaba stands shoulder to shoulder with Jaish-e-Muhammad in Jehad." A leaked U.S. diplomatic cable described JeM as "another SSP breakaway Deobandi organization." Right after Darul Uloom Deoband ,
5850-866: Was diverted to the rival Ahl-i Hadith movement. Having seen Deoband as a counterbalance to Iranian influence in the region, Saudi funding is now strictly reserved for the Ahl-i Hadith. Deobandi-affiliated groups such as the TTP , SSP , Let , etc. have a militant character and have attacked and destroyed Sufi sites holy to Sunni Muslims of the Barelvi movement, such as Data Darbar in Lahore , Abdullah Shah Ghazi 's tomb in Karachi , Khal Magasi in Balochistan, and Rahman Baba 's tomb in Peshawar . Deobandi Islam
5928-514: Was founded in 1919 and played a major role in the Indian independence movement through its participation in the Pan-Islamist Khilafat movement and propagation of the doctrine of composite nationalism . In terms of jurisprudence , the Deobandis uphold the doctrine of taqlid (conformity to a school of thought ) and adhere to the Hanafi school. Founders of the Deobandi school Nanautavi and Gangohi drew inspiration from
6006-509: Was reported that 45 per cent of Britain's mosques and nearly all the UK-based training of Islamic scholars are controlled by the Deobandis, the largest single Islamic group. The Deobandi movement sees itself as a scholastic tradition that grew out of the Islamic scholastic traditions of the pre-colonial Indian subcontinent and Afghanistan , and it considers its visionary forefather to be Ismail Dehlawi (26 April, 1779 – 6 May, 1831). Dehlawi
6084-514: Was widely considered a preeminent Sufi of modern India. Founders of the Deobandi school, Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi , were inspired by the doctrine of Shah Waliullah amongst other sources of inspiration. Gangohi studied under the Sufi shaykh Haji Imdadullah Muhajir Makki , although he differed with his views in many ways. However Gangohi's Fatawa-yi Rashidiyya opposed traditional Sufi practices such as loud dhikr , visiting
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