84-637: Michael Derek Elworthy Jarman (31 January 1942 – 19 February 1994) was an English artist , film maker , costume designer , stage designer , writer , poet , gardener , and gay rights activist. Jarman was born at the Royal Victoria Nursing Home in Northwood , Middlesex , England, the son of Elizabeth Evelyn ( née Puttock) and Lancelot Elworthy Jarman. His father was a Royal Air Force officer, born in New Zealand . After
168-454: A Village Voice critic. In 1989, Jarman's film War Requiem produced by Don Boyd brought Laurence Olivier out of retirement for what would be Olivier's last screen performance. The film uses Benjamin Britten 's eponymous anti-war requiem as its soundtrack and juxtaposes violent footage of war with the mass for the dead and the passionate humanist poetry of Wilfred Owen . During
252-587: A color home movie camera which included the director as a toddler) on the early version of Wang Chung 's " Dance Hall Days "), and in gay rights activism. Jarman also directed the 1989 tour by the UK duo Pet Shop Boys . By pop concert standards this was a highly theatrical event with costume and specially shot films accompanying the individual songs. Jarman was the stage director of Sylvano Bussotti 's opera L'Ispirazione , first staged in Florence in 1988. Jarman
336-518: A compromise amendment was introduced by Simon Hughes on 8 December 1987 that was debated in the House on 15 December 1987 and which was defeated by a majority of 87, and the bill was approved on its first Commons debate that day. The bill was read a first time in the Lords two days later. Lord McIntosh of Haringey took up the mantle of Simon Hughes' amendments in the Lords' second reading, furthered by
420-524: A copy of the children's book Jenny Lives with Eric and Martin was available in a local school library. The copy found by the Islington Gazette was actually located in an Inner London Education Authority teachers’ resource centre, and there was no evidence to support the newspaper's claim that it was seen or used by children. However, the book's portrayal of a young girl living with her father and his male partner provoked widespread outrage from
504-420: A debate in the House of Commons: [...] if the sense of the word "promote" can be read across from "describe", every murder play promotes murder, every war play promotes war, every drama involving the eternal triangle promotes adultery; and Mr. Richard Branson 's condom campaign promotes fornication. The House had better be very careful before it gives to judges, who come from a narrow section of society,
588-460: A film in which the imagery is accompanied by Judi Dench 's voice reciting Shakespeare's sonnets . Jarman spent seven years making experimental Super 8mm films and attempting to raise money for Caravaggio (he later claimed to have rewritten the script seventeen times during this period). Released in 1986, Caravaggio attracted a comparatively wide audience; it is still, barring the cult hit Jubilee , probably Jarman's most widely known work. This
672-474: A form he never entirely abandoned, and later developed further in his films Imagining October (1984), The Angelic Conversation (1985), The Last of England (1987), and The Garden (1990) as a parallel to his narrative work. The Garden was entered into the 17th Moscow International Film Festival . The Angelic Conversation featured Toby Mott and other members of the Grey Organisation ,
756-407: A nameless colour in 2020 as a tribute to Jarman's final collection of Essays “Chroma” released in 1994, the year he died and written while struggling with illness (facing the irony of an artist going blind). The songs are devoted to an unexisting colour and their attendant emotion as a transposition of a certain contemplative state into sound. The album received a positive response from the press. At
840-520: A pottery manufacturer will employ craft artists, and book publishers will hire illustrators. In the US, fine artists have a median income of approximately US$ 50,000 per year, and craft artists have a median income of approximately US$ 33,000 per year. This compares to US$ 61,000 for all art-related fields, including related jobs such as graphic designers , multimedia artists , animators , and fashion designers . Many artists work part-time as artists and hold
924-605: A prep school education at Hordle House School , Jarman went on to board at Canford School in Dorset and from 1960 studied English and art at King's College London . This was followed by four years at the Slade School of Fine Art , University College London (UCL), starting in 1963. He had a studio at Butler's Wharf , London, in the 1970s. Jarman was outspoken about homosexuality, his public fight for gay rights , and his personal struggle with AIDS. On 22 December 1986, Jarman
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#17327865858901008-399: A radical artist collective. Jarman first became known as a stage designer. His break in the film industry came as production designer for Ken Russell 's The Devils (1971). He made his mainstream narrative filmmaking debut with Sebastiane (1976), about the martyrdom of Saint Sebastian . This was one of the first British films to feature positive images of gay sexuality ; its dialogue
1092-542: A second job. Section 28 Section 28 refers to a part of the Local Government Act 1988 , which stated that local authorities in England, Scotland and Wales "shall not intentionally promote homosexuality or publish material with the intention of promoting homosexuality" or "promote the teaching in any maintained school of the acceptability of homosexuality as a pretended family relationship ". It
1176-412: A soundtrack composed by Simon Fisher Turner , and featuring original music by Coil and other artists, in which Jarman describes his life and vision. When it was shown on British television, Channel 4 carried the image whilst the soundtrack was broadcast simultaneously on BBC Radio 3 . Blue was unveiled at the 1993 Venice Biennale with Jarman in attendance and subsequently entered the collections of
1260-563: A study of his garden at Dungeness Derek Jarman's Garden , and At Your Own Risk , a defiant celebration of gay sexuality. After his death, the band Chumbawamba released "Song for Derek Jarman" in his honour. Andi Sexgang released the CD Last of England as a Jarman tribute. The ambient experimental album The Garden Is Full of Metal by Robin Rimbaud included Jarman speech samples. Manic Street Preachers ' bassist Nicky Wire recorded
1344-513: A track titled "Derek Jarman's Garden" as a b-side to his single " Break My Heart Slowly " (2006). On his album In the Mist , released in 2011, ambient composer Harold Budd features a song titled "The Art of Mirrors (after Derek Jarman)". Coil , which in 1985 contributed a soundtrack for Jarman's The Angelic Conversation released the 7" single "Themes for Derek Jarman's Blue" in 1993. In 2004, Coil's Peter Christopherson performed his score for
1428-446: Is also remembered for his famous shingle cottage-garden at Prospect Cottage , created in the latter years of his life, in the shadow of Dungeness nuclear power station . The cottage is built in vernacular style in timber, with tar-based weatherproofing, like others nearby. Raised wooden text on the side of the cottage is the first stanza and the last five lines of the last stanza of John Donne 's poem, The Sun Rising . The cottage garden
1512-435: Is long-term repetition and practice. Many fine artists have studied their art form at university, and some have a master's degree in fine arts. Artists may also study on their own or receive on-the-job training from an experienced artist. The number of available jobs as an artist is increasing more slowly than in other fields. About half of US artists are self-employed. Others work in a variety of industries. For example,
1596-800: Is partly due to the involvement, for the first time with a Jarman film, of the British television company Channel 4 in funding and distribution. Funded by the British Film Institute and produced by film theorist Colin MacCabe , Caravaggio became Jarman's most famous film to date, and marked the beginning of a new phase in his filmmaking career: from then onwards, all his films would be partly funded by television companies, often receiving their most prominent exhibition in TV screenings. Caravaggio also saw Jarman work with actress Tilda Swinton for
1680-484: Is sometimes referred to as Clause 28, or as Section 2A in reference to the relevant Scottish legislation. The legislation came into effect on 24 May 1988 during Margaret Thatcher's premiership. It caused many organisations, such as LGBT student support groups to either close, limit their activities or to self-censor. In addition, Section 28 had a widespread impact on schools across the United Kingdom. This
1764-710: The Daily Mail , The Sun , The Daily Telegraph and the Daily Record . One of Section 28's most prominent supporters in Scotland was the businessman Brian Souter , who led the country's Keep the Clause campaign . This included privately funding a postal ballot , after which he claimed that 86.8% of respondents were in favour of retaining Section 28. However, the poll received responses from less than one third of registered voters in Scotland. The poll's result
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#17327865858901848-742: The Pink Paper , The Guardian , the Gay Times , The Independent and The Daily Mirror . Many people who were involved in the labour movement, including trade union members, also opposed the legislation. In February 1988, John Shiers led a demonstration in Manchester in protest against Section 28. 25,000 people attended the protest. The night before Section 28 came into effect in May 1988, several protests were staged by lesbian campaigners. These included abseiling into Parliament and invading
1932-534: The BBC1 's Six O'Clock News , during which one woman managed to chain herself to Sue Lawley 's desk and was sat on by the newsreader Nicholas Witchell . As the Education (No. 2) Act 1986 gave school governors increased powers over the delivery of sex education, and Local Education Authorities no longer retained control over this, it has been argued that Section 28 was a redundant piece of legislation. Section 28
2016-492: The BBC1 's Six O'Clock News . During the invasion, one woman chained herself to Sue Lawley 's desk and was sat on by the newsreader Nicholas Witchell . A benefit show in support of the abolition of Section 28 also took place at Piccadilly Theatre on 5 June 1988, with over 60 performers. These included Pet Shop Boys , Sir Ian McKellen , Stephen Fry and Tilda Swinton . Boy George and Chumbawamba also released singles in protest against Section 28. After Section 28
2100-490: The Bishop of Manchester , Stanley Booth-Clibborn : I should regret it if this Bill were to go through with this clause unamended. If it were to do so, I think it should certainly be confined to schools because otherwise there would be a real danger that some organisations which do good work in helping those with homosexual orientation, psychologically and in other ways, would be very much impeded. A spectrum of literature across
2184-652: The Court of Session , with support from the Christian Institute . Strain objected to her council tax being used for what she viewed as the promotion of homosexuality. She particularly took issue with the provision of funding to the Scottish HIV/AIDS awareness organisation PHACE West , which produced and distributed a safe sex guide named ‘Gay Sex Now.’ Strain claimed that the guide was pornographic. Glasgow City Council countered this by arguing that
2268-659: The House of Lords . The bill became commonly known as the Earl of Halsbury's Bill. Although it successfully passed both the House of Lords and the first stage in the House of Commons, further attempts to pass the bill were impeded by the 1987 general election and it ultimately did not become law. Its provisions were not reintroduced by the Conservative government following its re-election. Instead, on 2 December 1987 in committee, Conservative MP David Wilshire proposed an amendment to
2352-536: The Secretary of State for Education solely regulated the delivery of sex education in England and Wales under these policies. However, the policy continued to have a significant impact on LGBT inequality across Britain. No local authorities were successfully prosecuted under Section 28. However, there were legal attempts to use it to stop the funding of LGBT and HIV/AIDS prevention initiatives. In May 2000, Glasgow resident Sheena Strain took Glasgow City Council to
2436-531: The Ants and The Slits. This was followed in 1979 by an adaptation of Shakespeare's The Tempest . During the 1980s, Jarman was a leading campaigner against Clause 28 , which sought to ban the "promotion" of homosexuality in schools. He also worked to raise awareness of AIDS. His artistic practice in the early 1980s reflected these commitments, especially in The Angelic Conversation (1985),
2520-568: The Fishes Mouth , two volumes of diaries Modern Nature and Smiling In Slow Motion and two treatises on his work in film and art The Last of England (also published as Kicking the Pricks ) and Chroma . Other notable published works include film scripts ( Up in the Air , Blue , War Requiem , Caravaggio , Queer Edward II and Wittgenstein: The Terry Eagleton Script/The Derek Jarman Film ),
2604-746: The GLC together donated more than £600,000 to gay projects and groups during 1984. The attention to this, and the alliances between LGBT and labour unions (including the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) ) – formed by activist groups such as Lesbians and Gays Support the Miners and Lesbians Against Pit Closures – led to the adoption at the Labour Party Annual Conference in 1985 of a resolution to criminalise discrimination against lesbian, gay and bisexual people. This legislation
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2688-787: The Jarman short The Art of Mirrors as a tribute to Jarman live at L'étrange Festival in Paris. In 2015, record label Black Mass Rising released a recording of the performance. In 2018, composer Gregory Spears created a work for chorus and string quartet, titled "The Tower and the Garden", commissioned by conductors Donald Nally, Mark Shapiro, Robert Geary and Carmen-Helena Téllez, setting a poem by Keith Garebian from his collection "Blue: The Derek Jarman Poems" (2008). The French musician and composer Romain Frequency released his first album Research on
2772-532: The Latin " ars " (stem art- ), which, although literally defined means "skill method" or "technique", also conveys a connotation of beauty. During the Middle Ages the word artist already existed in some countries such as Italy, but the meaning was something resembling craftsman , while the word artisan was still unknown. An artist was someone able to do a work better than others, so the skilled excellency
2856-640: The School Curriculum (25 March 1981), in which the secretaries of state (for Education and Wales) said they had decided to "set out in some detail the approach to the school curriculum which they consider should now be followed in the years ahead". Every local education authority was expected to frame policies for the school curriculum consistent with the government's "recommended approach" (DES 1981a:5) which required teaching of only heterosexual intercourse in schools. Despite growing levels of homophobia in 1980s Britain, several Labour-led councils across
2940-531: The Walker Art Institute; Centre Georges Pompidou , MoMA and Tate . His final work as a film-maker was the film Glitterbug , made for the Arena slot on BBC Two , and broadcast shortly after Jarman's death. Jarman's work broke new ground in creating and expanding the fledgling form of 'the pop video ' in England (eg. using his father's WWII archival footage (one of the first people to use
3024-527: The ages was cited (in support of these compromise amendments) by Lord Peston . Nonetheless, the Bill passed second reading in the Lords before going to a whole house committee. In that debate Lord Boyd-Carpenter cited a book display, and proposals for "gay books" to be present in a children's home and a gay pride week to be permissible in schools by named London councils. However, on questioning, he said, "of course, 'promotion' can be treated in different ways. If
3108-453: The artist rather than the manual skills (even if in other forms of art there was a project behind). With the academies in Europe (second half of 16th century) the gap between fine and applied arts was definitely set. Many contemporary definitions of "artist" and "art" are highly contingent on culture, resisting aesthetic prescription; in the same way, the features constituting beauty and
3192-501: The arts , or demonstrating an art. The most common usage (in both everyday speech and academic discourse) refers to a practitioner in the visual arts only. However, the term is also often used in the entertainment business , especially in a business context, for musicians and other performers (although less often for actors). Artiste (French) is a variant used in English in this context, but this use has become rare. The use of
3276-526: The beautiful cannot be standardized easily without moving into kitsch . The US Bureau of Labor Statistics classifies many visual artists as either craft artists or fine artists . A craft artist makes handmade functional works of art, such as pottery or clothing . A fine artist makes paintings, illustrations (such as book illustrations or medical illustrations ), sculptures, or similar artistic works primarily for their aesthetic value. The main source of skill for both craft artists and fine artists
3360-662: The campaign to repeal Section 28 was led by openly gay peer Waheed Alli . The Liberal Democrats and the Green Party also opposed the legislation. Section 2A was repealed in Scotland under the Ethical Standards in Public Life etc. (Scotland) Act 2000 on 21 June 2000. While 2 MSPs abstained from the vote, a majority of 99 voted for the repeal of Section 28 and 17 voted against it. Although New Labour's first attempt to repeal Section 28 in England and Wales
3444-561: The classroom, nor the counselling of pupils concerned about their sexuality." This contributed to further confusion around what was permitted under Section 28, with Jill Knight asserting that the aim of Section 28 “was to protect children in schools from having homosexuality thrust upon them." Both the Education Act 1996 and the Learning and Skills Act 2000 reduced Section 28's impact on sex education policy prior to its repeal, as
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3528-471: The clause becomes law it will be a matter for the courts to interpret in the sensible way in which the courts do interpret the law." The SDP peer Viscount Falkland with Lord Henderson of Brompton proposed another compromise amendment, the so-called "Arts Council" amendment, and remarked "There is a suggestion in the clause that in no way can a homosexual have a loving, caring or responsible relationship". Lord Somers countered: One has only to look through
3612-454: The companionship of Keith Collins, a young man he had met in 1987. While not lovers (Collins had his own partner), the friendship became essential for both of them. Jarman left Prospect Cottage to him. A blue plaque commemorating Jarman was unveiled at Butler's Wharf in London on 19 February 2019, the 25th anniversary of his death. Jarman's first films were experimental Super 8mm shorts,
3696-633: The council. Under the agreement, Glasgow City Council was required to include a covering letter to grant recipients, stating that "You will not spend these monies for the purpose of promoting homosexuality nor shall they be used for the publication of any material which promotes homosexuality." The implementation of Section 28 divided the Conservative Party, heightening tensions between party modernisers and social conservatives . In 1999, Conservative leader William Hague controversially sacked frontbencher Shaun Woodward for refusing to support
3780-586: The country introduced a range of anti-discrimination policies and provided specialist support services for their LGBT constituents. The Greater London Council also granted funding to a number of LGBT organisations, including the London Lesbian and Gay Community Centre in Islington. About 10 of the 32 local authorities in London, most prominently Islington and Haringey were also funding gay groups at that time, one report estimating that these boroughs and
3864-428: The death of a country, ravaged by its own internal decay and the economic restructuring of Thatcher's government . "Wrenchingly beautiful … the film is one of the few commanding works of personal cinema in the late 80's – a call to open our eyes to a world violated by greed and repression, to see what irrevocable damage has been wrought on city, countryside and soul, how our skies, our bodies, have turned poisonous", wrote
3948-402: The entire animal world to realise that it is abnormal. In any case, the clause as it stands does not prohibit homosexuality in any form; it merely discourages the teaching of it. When one is young at school one is very impressionable and may just as easily pick up bad habits as good habits. The narrowing amendment failed by a majority of 55 voting against it; and the Lords voted the clause through
4032-456: The exhibition as well as artifacts from Jarman's estate. Jarman was the author of several books including his autobiography Dancing Ledge (1984), which details his life until the age 40. He provides his own insight on the history of gay life in London (1960s-1980s), discusses his own acceptance of his homosexuality at age 16 and accounts of the financial and emotional hardships of a life devoted to filmmaking. A collection of poetry A Finger in
4116-409: The first time. Overt depictions of homosexual love, narrative ambiguity, and the live representations of Caravaggio 's most famous paintings are all prominent features in the film. The conclusion of Caravaggio also marked the beginning of a temporary abandonment of traditional narrative in Jarman's films. Frustrated by the formality of 35mm film production, and by the dependence on institutions and
4200-690: The following day by a majority of 80. Michael Colvin MP thus on 8 March asked whether the minister, Christopher Chope , would discuss with the Association of London Authorities the level of expenditure by local authorities in London on support for gay and lesbian groups to which he replied: No. Clause 28 of the Local Government Bill will ensure that expenditure by local authorities for the purpose of promoting homosexuality will no longer be permitted. The following day Tony Benn said during
4284-571: The formation of campaign groups including Stonewall and OutRage! . The Equality Network led the campaign in favour of repealing Section 28 in Scotland. Other organisations that supported repealing the legislation included Gingerbread , the Family Planning Association and the Terrence Higgins Trust . The campaign to repeal Section 28 received media support from publications including Capital Gay ,
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#17327865858904368-505: The funding granted to PHACE West was for the purpose of preventing the further transmission of HIV/AIDS, and that the organisation was not promoting homosexuality. The council also emphasised that the Scottish Parliament had recently passed the Ethical Standards in Public Life etc. (Scotland) Act 2000, which would consequently repeal Section 28. However, two months later, Strain dropped the case after reaching an agreement with
4452-473: The future of the nuclear family as fewer people were getting married and divorce rates were increasing. In an attempt to mitigate these fears, the government introduced a clause to the Education (No. 2) Act 1986 which stated that sex education should “encourage … pupils to have due regard to moral considerations and the value of family life”. However, some Conservatives also blamed the perceived decline of
4536-412: The importance of marriage, the claim that the general public supported Section 28, and that it did not prevent schools from discussing homosexuality objectively. The Conservative Party whipped its members to support Section 28 in 2000, but allowed a free vote on its proposed repeal in 2003 following dissent from some of its members. The Secondary Heads Association and NASUWT objected to repealing
4620-536: The legalisation of homosexuality proposals for Scotland (added as an amendment to what became the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980 by Labour MP Robin Cook ), guidance was published indicating that schools should not teach homosexuality as part of sex education lessons. This was part of a deal to ensure government support for legalisation of homosexuality in Scotland. This was followed, two years later, by
4704-429: The legislation restricted “the ability of local authorities to support schools in respect of learning and educating for equality”, had an adverse impact on schemes designed to curb discrimination and made “it difficult for schools to prevent or address the serious problems that arise from homophobic bullying." A government circular also stated that Section 28 would “not prevent the objective discussion of homosexuality in
4788-763: The legislation under the Local Government Act 2000 . Homosexuality was decriminalised for men over the age of 21 under the Sexual Offences Act 1967 , following recommendations made in the Wolfdenden report in 1957. However, discrimination against gay men, and LGBT people in general, continued in the following decades. This was exacerbated in 1981, as the first recorded cases of HIV/AIDS were found in five gay men with no previous health issues. The mass media, as well as medical professionals, then associated HIV/AIDS with gay and bisexual men. Although subsequent medical research showed that gay men were not
4872-597: The legislation was subsequently passed with a majority of 180 to 130 in July 2003. The Local Government Bill received Royal Assent as the Local Government Act 2003 on 18 September 2003, and Section 28 was removed from the statute books. Despite this, Kent County Council produced its own school curriculum guidelines as the county's “own form of Section 28.” The guidelines attempted to prohibit schools from “promoting homosexuality", while urging schools to emphasise
4956-562: The legislation, stating in July 2000 that "it would be inappropriate to put parents and governors in charge of each school's sex education policy." Religious groups including, but not limited to, The Salvation Army , the Christian Institute, Christian Action, Research and Education , and the Muslim Council of Britain , also expressed their support for Section 28. Newspapers that strongly supported Section 28 included
5040-462: The life of the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein . Jarman made a side income by directing music videos for various artists, including Marianne Faithfull , The Smiths and the Pet Shop Boys . By the time of his 1993 film Blue , Jarman was losing his sight and dying of AIDS-related complications. Blue consists of a single shot of saturated blue colour filling the screen, as background to
5124-492: The making of his film The Garden , Jarman became seriously ill. Although he recovered sufficiently to complete the work, he never attempted anything on a comparable scale afterwards, returning to a more pared-down form for his concluding narrative films, Edward II (perhaps his most politically outspoken work, informed by his gay activism) and the Brechtian Wittgenstein , a delicate tragicomedy based on
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#17327865858905208-559: The new Local Government Bill, as not yet passed, debated as Clause 27 and later as Clause 28 , intended to be equivalent to the Earl of Halsbury's Bill. The government agreed to support the tabling of the amendment in exchange for Knight forgoing her place on the Health and Medicines Bill standing committee ; the amendment received the support of the Ministers for Local Government, Michael Howard and Michael Portillo . On being tabled,
5292-503: The nuclear family on members of the LGBT community. During this time, Conservative backbench MPs such as Jill Knight also believed that schools and Labour-run local authority areas would provide materials that would ‘promote homosexuality’ to children. Consequently, in 1986, Lord Halsbury first tabled the Local Government Act 1986 (Amendment) Bill, whose long title was An act to refrain local authorities from promoting homosexuality , in
5376-529: The only people who were susceptible to contracting the virus, the perceived association with HIV/AIDS increased the stigmatisation of gay and bisexual men. This correlated with higher levels of discrimination towards LGBT people. Rising negative sentiments towards homosexuality peaked in 1987, the year before Section 28 was enacted. According to the British Social Attitudes Survey , 75% of the population said that homosexual activity
5460-583: The party line for Section 28's retention. Woodward then defected to the Labour Party in opposition to the Conservatives' continued support of Section 28. His dismissal also prompted Steven Norris and Ivan Massow to speak out against both Hague's decision to sack Woodward, and against Section 28. Ivan Massow, an openly gay man, defected to the Labour Party in August 2000. In the House of Lords,
5544-491: The perceived importance of marriage and the nuclear family to their pupils. The guidance distributed to local schools by Kent County Council was eventually quashed by the Equality Act 2010 . The main supporting argument for Section 28 was that it would protect children from being ‘indoctrinated’ into homosexuality. Other arguments made in support of the legislation included that the ‘promotion’ of homosexuality undermined
5628-401: The power to interpret "promote". Wilshire added that "there is an awful lot more promotion of homosexuality going on by local government outside classrooms", and the tempering amendments of that day's final debate were defeated by 53 votes. Section 28 became law on 24 May 1988. The night before, several protests were staged by lesbians, including abseiling into Parliament and an invasion of
5712-558: The repeal of Section 28 argued that the legislation actively discriminated against LGBT people, and put vulnerable young people at further risk from harm by failing to offer appropriate pastoral support or address homophobic bullying. They also stated that Section 28 contributed to the further stigmatisation of LGBT people, particularly gay men, by framing them as inherently “predatory and dangerous to be allowed around children.” Section 28's implementation served to “galvanise [the disparate British LGBT rights movement] into action”, leading to
5796-679: The resultant prolonged inactivity associated with it (which had already cost him seven years with Caravaggio , as well as derailing several long-term projects), Jarman returned to and expanded the super 8mm-based form he had previously worked in on Imagining October and The Angelic Conversation . Caravaggio was entered into the 36th Berlin International Film Festival , where it won the Silver Bear for an outstanding single achievement. The first film to result from this new semi-narrative phase, The Last of England told
5880-438: The right-wing press and Conservative politicians. Following this, the 1987 election campaign saw the Conservative Party issue posters attacking the Labour Party for supporting the provision of LGBT education. Jenny Lives with Eric and Martin was referenced frequently in the parliamentary debates that led to the introduction of Section 28. Prior to the introduction of Section 28, Conservative politicians became concerned about
5964-416: The source of the English words technique , technology, and technical . In Greek culture, each of the nine Muses oversaw a different field of human creation: No muse was identified with the visual arts of painting and sculpture . In ancient Greece, sculptors and painters were held in low regard, the work often performed by slaves and mostly regarded as mere manual labour. The word art derives from
6048-417: The term "artist" to describe writers is valid, but less common, and mostly restricted to contexts such as critics' reviews; " author " is generally used instead. The Oxford English Dictionary defines the older, broader meanings of the word "artist": The Greek word techně , often translated as "art", implies mastery of any sort of craft. The adjectival Latin form of the word, technicus , became
6132-544: The time of his death, Jarman was slated to direct the Annie Lennox music video for "Every Time We Say Goodbye" from her Red Hot + Blue project (1990). As a tribute, the video features family film footage of Jarman's childhood. Jarman's early Super-8 mm work has been included on some of the DVD releases of his films. Artist An artist is a person engaged in an activity related to creating art , practicing
6216-441: Was "always or mostly wrong", with just 11% believing it to be "not wrong at all". Five years prior to the enactment, a similar BSAS poll had found that 61% of Conservative and 67% of Labour voters believed homosexual activity to be "always or mostly wrong". The law's precursor was the publication in 1979 of LEA Arrangements for the School Curriculum, which required local authorities to publish their curriculum policies. Following
6300-526: Was defeated following a campaign led by Baroness Young , backbench MPs introduced a new amendment to repeal the legislation as part of another Local Government Bill in early 2003. This amendment was supported by the government and was passed by the Commons in March 2003, with a majority of 368 to 76. As the impact of organised opposition within the House of Lords diminished following the death of Baroness Young,
6384-467: Was diagnosed as HIV positive and discussed his condition in public. His illness prompted him to move to Prospect Cottage , Dungeness , in Kent, near the nuclear power station . In 1994, he died of an AIDS-related illness in London, aged 52. He was an atheist . He is buried in the graveyard at St Clement's Church , Old Romney , Kent. In his last years, Jarman was emotionally and practically supported by
6468-552: Was dismissed by the Scottish Executive and acting Local Government and Communities Minister Wendy Alexander MSP, and received further criticism from LGBT rights campaigner Peter Tatchell . In contrast, Nicola Sturgeon of the SNP responded to the poll by stating that “the result confirmed that many Scots were concerned about repeal” and claimed that the debate regarding Section 28 was “difficult.” Those who advocated for
6552-533: Was due to uncertainty around what constituted the "promotion" of homosexuality, leading many teachers to avoid discussing the topic in any educational context. Section 28 was first repealed in Scotland under the Ethical Standards in Public Life etc. (Scotland) Act 2000 . It was subsequently repealed in England and Wales in November 2003, following New Labour's initial unsuccessful attempt to repeal
6636-573: Was entirely in Latin . He followed this with Jubilee (shot 1977, released 1978), in which Queen Elizabeth I of England is seen to be transported forward in time to a desolate and brutal wasteland ruled by her twentieth-century namesake. Jubilee has been described as "Britain's only decent punk film ", and featured punk groups and figures such as Jayne County of Wayne County & the Electric Chairs , Jordan , Toyah Willcox , Adam and
6720-518: Was heavily influential in spite of this, and many of its opponents campaigned for its abolition as "a symbolic measure against intolerance." In response to widespread uncertainty about what the legislation permitted, including a common misconception that teachers were banned from discussing homosexuality with their students, the National Union of Teachers released a statement to try to provide clarity for its members. The statement asserted that
6804-573: Was implemented, some local authorities continued to deliver training to education practitioners on how to deliver their services without discriminating against LGBT people. Manchester City Council also continued to sustain four officer posts directly involved in policy making and implementation, contributing to the 1992 report Section 28 of the Local Government Act 1988: a Guide for Workers in the Education Service, produced by Manchester City Council, May 1992 . Some prominent MPs who supported
6888-540: Was made by arranging flotsam washed up nearby, interspersed with endemic salt-loving beach plants, both set against the bright shingle. The garden has been the subject of several books. At this time, Jarman also began painting again. In 2020 the Garden Museum in London held an exhibition called "Derek Jarman: my Garden's Boundaries are the Horizon" parts of the garden and Prospect Cottage were recreated for
6972-528: Was supported by block voting from the NUM. In addition, the election to Manchester City Council of Margaret Roff in November 1985 as the UK's first openly lesbian Mayor and the publication of Changing The World by the GLC in 1985 all fuelled a heightened public awareness of LGBT rights . Islington London Borough Council received further attention in 1986, when the Islington Gazette reported that
7056-412: Was underlined, rather than the activity field. In this period, some "artisanal" products (such as textiles ) were much more precious and expensive than paintings or sculptures. The first division into major and minor arts dates back at least to the works of Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472): De re aedificatoria , De statua , De pictura , which focused on the importance of the intellectual skills of
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