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46-402: The Derja Association holds an annual conference, scheduled to coincide with International Mother Language Day . with guest speakers who present about Tunisian language. Association president, Ramzi Cherif, has described the purpose of these conferences as "raising the value and recognition of Tunisian" as well as developing it into an "independent" language. A particular focus of the association

92-527: A peace treaty in 1997, the Bangladeshi government is yet to implement many of its commitments to protect adibashi land rights. However, the deletion in 1977 of Bangalee as the nationality term for the country's citizens, in order to be inclusive of non-Bengali minorities, also reflects attempts to build a more cosmopolitan Bangladeshi society. The culture of Bangladesh has evolved with influences from diverse social societies. Bangladesh's main religion

138-472: A formal proposal was submitted to UNESCO by the Government of Bangladesh . The process of shepherding the proposal through UNESCO's regulatory system was undertaken by Syed Muazzem Ali , then Bangladesh ambassador to France and Permanent Representative to UNESCO, and Tozammel Tony Huq , his predecessor, who was then a Special Adviser to UNESCO Secretary General Federico Mayor . Finally on 17 November 1999,

184-414: A village are called Paras , and each para has its own name. Several paras constitute a mauza , the basic revenue and census survey unit. The traditional character of rural villages was changing in the latter half of the 20th century with the addition of brick structures of one or more stories scattered among the more common thatched bamboo huts. Although farming has traditionally been ranked among

230-486: A village is the family ( poribar or gushti ), generally consisting of a complete or incomplete patrilineally extended household ( chula ) and residing in a homestead ( bari ). The individual nuclear family often is submerged in the larger unit and might be known as the house ( ghor ). Above the bari level, patrilineal kin ties are linked into sequentially larger groups based on real, fictional, or assumed relationships. A significant unit larger than that of close kin

276-686: Is Islam, which has played a critical part in influencing the country's culture. The official language of Bangladesh is Bengali , which is shared with the neighbouring Indian states of West Bengal, Assam, and Tripura. Bengali dialects vary between different regions of Bangladesh but Standard Bengali is the most widely used. According to the Ethnologue , there are 36 indigenous living languages, which include 17 Sino-Tibetan , 10 Indo-European , 7 Austro-Asiatic and 2 Dravidian languages . The oldest literary inscription in Bangladesh dates back to

322-541: Is a worldwide annual observance held on 21 February to promote awareness of linguistic and cultural diversity and to promote multilingualism . First announced by UNESCO on 17 November 1999, it was formally recognized by the United Nations General Assembly with the adoption of UN resolution 56/262 in 2002. Mother Language Day is part of a broader initiative "to promote the preservation and protection of all languages used by people of

368-694: Is advancing the status of Tunisian as a written language. To this end, the association maintains a library of materials written in Tunisian Arabic and offers downloadable keyboards (in Arabic letters and Latin letters) on its website. It also advocates for the adoption of Tunisian as an official language in Tunisia, second to Standard Arabic . At the annual conference, the association awards several prizes for literature written in Tunisian Arabic:

414-452: Is announced on International Mother Language Day. The Ekushey Youth Award, introduced in 2015 by Alberta's Mahinur Jahid Memorial Foundation (MJMF) and announced on IMLD, is awarded annually to recipients who inspire youth in the fields of education, sports, youth activities, literature, and community service. The award is open Alberta residents. Bangladeshis Bangladeshis ( Bengali : বাংলাদেশী [ˈbaŋladeʃi] ) are

460-675: Is awarded annually on IMLD by the Linguapax Institute in Barcelona . The prize recognizes outstanding achievement in the preservation of linguistic diversity, the revitalization of linguistic communities and the promotion of multilingualism . The annual Ekushey Heritage Award, introduced in 2014 by the Bangladesh Heritage and Ethnic Society of Alberta (BHESA), recognizes outstanding achievement in fields such as education, social work and community service. The award

506-774: Is celebrated in Chile , Russia , the Philippines , Egypt and Canada . Bangladeshis celebrate International Mother Language Day by placing flowers at the Martyrs' Monument and its replicas. A public holiday in the country since 1953, it is also known as Shohid Dibôsh (Martyr Day). On 17 November 1999, the UNESCO General Conference recognized 21 February as International Mother Language Day. Bangladeshis organize social gatherings honoring their language and culture, hold literary competitions, draw alpana on

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552-537: Is concentrated in the fertile Bengal delta , which has been the centre of urban and agrarian civilizations for millennia. The country's highlands, including the Chittagong Hill Tracts and parts of the Sylhet Division , are home to various tribal minorities. Bengali Muslims are the predominant ethnoreligious group of Bangladesh with a population of 150.36 million, which makes up 91.04% of

598-484: Is home to several indigenous ethnic groups in the three hill districts of Rangamati , Bandarban and Khagrachari . The three largest communities in the region have a Raja as their tribal chief who is recognized by the Government of Bangladesh. There are several Austroasiatic , Tibeto-Burman and Indo-Aryan ethnic groups which inhabit parts of northern and northeastern Bangladesh . The basic social unit in

644-420: Is the largest city in Bangladesh and one of the world's most populous megacities . Other important cities include Chittagong , Sylhet , Khulna , Rajshahi , Bogura , Jessore , Barisal , Comilla , Narayanganj and Mymensingh . Most urban centres are rural administrative towns. Urban centres grew in number and population during the 1980s as a result of an administrative decentralization program that featured

690-439: Is the voluntary religious and mutual benefit association known as "the society" ( shomaj or milat ). Among the functions of a shomaj might be the maintenance of a Mosque and support of a mullah . An informal council of shomaj elders ( matabdars or shordars ) settles disputes taking place in the village . Factional competition between the motobdars is a major dynamic of social and political interaction. Groups of homes in

736-734: The Ali Douagi Prize for best work in Tunisian Arabic; the Abdelaziz El Aroui Prize; and the Hedi Balegh Prize for translation. The prizes are all named after 20th-century Tunisian literary figures who contributed works in Tunisian Arabic. Ali Douagi wrote plays and short stories in which the characters' dialogue was written in Tunisian. Abdelaziz El Aroui told traditional Tunisian folktales on his popular radio (and later television) programs. Hedi Balegh

782-1090: The Senate . In March 2022, Ken Hardie Sponsored Bill S-214 in the House of Commons , and it passed into law on 15 June 2022. As part of Digital India initiative, digitized content will be made available in the country's 22 scheduled languages and extended to India's other 234 recognized languages. Digitization began in June 2016 through the Bharatavani Project at the Central Institute of Indian Languages in Mysore , and by February 2017 content in 60 Indian languages had been made available free of charge. The Mother Tongue Film Festival in Washington, D.C., has been held since 2017 to coincide with Mother Languages Day. A replica of Dhaka's Shaheed Minar

828-495: The citizens and nationals of Bangladesh , a South Asian country centred on the transnational historical region of Bengal along the eponymous bay . Bangladeshi citizenship was formed in 1971, when the permanent residents of the former East Pakistan were transformed into citizens of a new republic. Bangladesh is the world's eighth most populous nation . The vast majority of Bangladeshis are ethnolinguistically Bengalis , an Indo-Aryan people . The population of Bangladesh

874-514: The 30th General Assembly of UNESCO unanimously resolved that "21st February be proclaimed International Mother Language Day throughout the world to commemorate the martyrs who sacrificed their lives on this very day in 1952." UNESCO chooses a theme for each International Mother Language Day, and sponsors related events at its Paris headquarters. In 2008, the International Year of Languages began on International Mother Language Day. It

920-539: The 3rd century BCE. It was found at Mahasthangarh and is written in the Brahmi script . The language is Magadhi Prakrit . The Bengali language developed from Magadhi Prakrit, and it's written from Apabhramsa , between the 7th and 10th centuries. It once formed a single eastern Indo-Aryan language with Assamese and Odia , but later became distinct. It became an official language of the Sultanate of Bengal , where it

966-510: The 73rd United Nations General Assembly, Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina said there are 1.1–1.3 million Rohingya refugees now settled in Bangladesh. In southeastern Bangladesh, the Chittagong Hill Tracts frontier has a district history. It was an exclusive zone for Tibeto-Burman tribes in Bengal during the British Raj . Today, the area makes up 10% of Bangladesh's territory. It

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1012-788: The Bengali script. The Bengali Language Movement in East Pakistan was a key catalyst for forming Bangladeshi identity. It is commemorated by UNESCO as International Mother Language Day , as part of worldwide efforts to preserve linguistic heritage. Bangladesh is also home to number of minority indigenous languages, including Santhali , Garo , Marma , Manipuri language ( Meitei language ), Chakma and Bisnupriya Manipuri . Bangladeshi Muslims typically carry surnames that have Arabic , Persian , and Sanskrit origins. Bangladeshi Hindus have Sanskritized Bengali surnames. Many Bangladeshi Christians have Portuguese surnames. Buddhists have

1058-432: The Government of Pakistan declared Urdu to be the sole national language of Pakistan, even though Bengali or Bangla was spoken by the majority of people combining East Pakistan and West Pakistan. The East Pakistan people protested since the majority of the population was from East Pakistan and their mother language was Bangla. They demanded Bangla to be at least one of the national languages, in addition to Urdu. The demand

1104-596: The Language Movement done by the Bangladeshis (then the East Pakistanis ). When Pakistan was created in 1947, it had two geographically separate parts: East Pakistan (currently known as Bangladesh ) and West Pakistan (currently known as Pakistan ). The two parts were very different from each other in the sense of culture and language, and were also separated by India in between. In 1948,

1150-399: The country's merchant and business class, particularly Nizari Ismailism adherents. They also include former Stranded Pakistanis and their descendants. Bangladesh's non-Bengali Muslims are usually fluent in both Bengali and Hindustani . Also there are over 1 million Rohingya Muslim refugees living in Bangladesh who came here during the period of (2016–17) crisis. On 28 September 2018, at

1196-556: The country's population as of 2022. The minority Bengali Hindu population made up approximately 7.95% of the population of the country according to the 2022 Census Non-Bengali Muslims make up the largest immigrant community; while the Tibeto-Burman Chakmas , who speak the Indo-Aryan Chakma language , are the largest indigenous ethnic group after Indo-Aryan Bengalis. The Austroasiatic Santhals are

1242-459: The creation of upazilas . Bangladesh is noted for cultural pluralism within a Bengali Muslim majority. Secularism has been an important contributor to the nation's society and ethos. The Bengali language is a fundamental element of Bangladeshi identity. It is a secular language which evolved between the 7th and 10th centuries, with an indigenous alphabet, and unites people of different faiths and regions. The Bengali Language Movement sowed

1288-484: The dissemination of mother tongues will serve not only to encourage linguistic diversity and multilingual education but also to develop fuller awareness of linguistic and cultural traditions throughout the world and to inspire solidarity based on understanding, tolerance and dialogue. Rafiqul Islam's proposal was introduced in the Bangladesh parliament and in due course (at the behest of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina )

1334-583: The independent state of Bangladesh) fought for recognition of their Bengali language . It is also observed by the Indian Bengalis of the Indian states of West Bengal , Assam , Jharkhand , Tripura and the union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands . 21 February was declared to be International Mother Language Day by UNESCO on 17 November 1999. It has been observed throughout the world since 21 February 2000. The declaration came up in tribute to

1380-534: The largest aboriginal community. The Bangladeshi diaspora is concentrated in the Arab world , North America and the United Kingdom . A significant number of Non-Resident Bangladeshis (NRBs) have dual citizenship in different countries. After Independence of Bangladesh in 1971, Bangladeshis, as a nationality, have been referred to by various terms: None of these terms should be conflated with Bengalis ,

1426-635: The largest minority of Bangladesh, with a population between 13.1 million constituting 7.95% as per 2022 Census. Bangladesh has the third largest Hindu population in the world after India and Nepal . There are an estimated 400,000 Bengali Christians and 500,000 Bengali Buddhists . The Bengali population is concentrated in Bengal delta, the coastal areas of Chittagong Division and the river valleys of Sylhet-Division. An estimated 3 million Bangladeshi citizens are non-Bengali Muslim immigrants from different parts of South Asia. They include affluent sections of

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1472-500: The most desirable occupations, villagers in the 1980s began to encourage their children to leave the increasingly overcrowded countryside to seek more secure employment in the towns. Traditional sources of prestige, such as landholding, distinguished lineage, and religious piety were beginning to be replaced by modern education, higher income, and steadier work. These changes, however, did not prevent rural poverty from increasing greatly. In 2015, 34% of Bangladeshis lived in cities. Dhaka

1518-601: The name of the predominant ethnic group in the country who make up the bulk of all Bangladeshis. The region of Bengal was settled by people of diverse origins, including Indo-Aryan , Dravidian , Tibeto-Burman and Austroasiatic ancestry, with the most ancient settlements traced back to 4000 BCE. Religions in Bangladesh (2022) Bangladesh has a 2024 population of 174 million according to United Nations projections. As per as 2020 estimation research, around 13 million Bangladeshis live abroad in various foreign nations. The estimated total population of all Bangladeshis including

1564-498: The ones who are living in their country and abroad is about 187 million as per 2020–21 estimation. Approximately 99% of the Bangladeshis are Bengalis . East Bengal was a prosperous melting pot for centuries. It witnessed a synthesis of Islamic, North Indian and indigenous Bengali cultures . Today, Bengalis enjoy strong cultural homogeneity with a common standardized language and a variety of dialects . Over 91.04% of

1610-533: The population are Bengali Muslims (150.36 million) as of 2022. This makes Bangladesh the world's third largest Muslim majority country after Indonesia and Pakistan . Bengali Muslims also make up the world's second largest Muslim ethnic group after Arab Muslims . Most Bangladeshi Muslims are member of the Sunni branch of Islam. There are significant minorities of the Shia and Ahmadiya branches. Bengali Hindus are

1656-1052: The roads, eat festive meals and listen to songs. Bangla Academy arranges Ekushey Book Fair in Dhaka for the whole month of February. International Mother Language Day was introduced to the Parliament of Canada for recognition by Matthew Kellway on 5 February 2014 as a private member's bill , C-573, however it was never debated and failed to become law. In 2015, British Columbia and Manitoba issued proclamations observing International Mother Language Day on 21 February. Edmonton observed International Mother Language Day on 21 February 2017. Edmonton Ekushey observed by Bangladesh Heritage & Ethnic Society and Diverse Edmonton with due respect in Edmonton on 23 February 2020. In December 2021, Independent Senators Group member, Mobina Jaffer , introduced and Sponsored Bill S-214, An Act to establish International Mother Language Day, in

1702-652: The same name as the more prominent prize. The president of the Tunisian Writers' Union, Slaheddine Lahmadi, after mistaken reports that Faten Fazaâ had won the Union's Ali Douagi Prize, expressed that Tunisian vernacular "is not a literary language" and called for all books written in Tunisian to be "withdrawn from libraries." Shraʿ el-ḥub Wild Fadhīla W-min el-ḥub mā fshel Laghrīb (trans.) ʾAsrār ʿāʾilīyah el-Khaṭīfah International Mother Language Day International Mother Language Day

1748-517: The seeds of East Pakistani nationalism, ultimately culminating in the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. Since independence, the relationship between religion and the state has been controversial. Between 1972 and 1975, Bangladesh experienced socialism under a secular parliamentary system. Military coups ushered a sixteen-year presidential regime, which restored the free market and promoted moderate Islamism . In 1988, Islam

1794-576: The world" as adopted by the UN General Assembly on 16 May 2007 in UN resolution 61/266, which also established 2008 as the International Year of Languages. < The idea to celebrate International Mother Language Day was the initiative of Bangladesh . In Bangladesh, 21 February 1952 is the anniversary of the day when the Bengalis of the then-Pakistani province of East Bengal (which is now

1840-560: Was a pro-vernacular advocate from the late 20th century who, in addition to other contributions, translated Le Petit Prince into Tunisian Arabic. The Tunisian Writers' Union also issues a prize called the Ali Douagi Prize, which is awarded at the annual Tunis Book Fair and is one of the most important literary prizes in Tunisia. This has caused confusion and some have criticized the Derja Association for choosing

1886-596: Was a rare incident in history, where people sacrificed their lives for their mother tongue. Since then, Bangladeshis celebrate the International Mother Language Day as one of their tragic days. They visit the Shaheed Minar , a monument built in memory of the martyrs and its replicas to express their deep sorrow, respect and gratitude to them. International Mother Language Day is a national holiday in Bangladesh. The resolution

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1932-570: Was built in London in 1999 in Altab Ali Park , Whitechapel . Members of the community come here to mark International Mother Language Day by laying wreaths and singing revolutionary songs. There is also a Shaheed Minar replica in Westwood, Greater Manchester. Community members come from across North England to mark International Mother Language Day at the monument. The Linguapax Prize

1978-607: Was made the state religion . In 2010, the Bangladesh Supreme Court reaffirmed the principle of separation of mosque and state in the constitution. The government generally respects freedom of religion and ensures protection for minorities. Another debate on national identity concerns attitudes towards the Chittagong Hill Tracts. A low-level insurgency took place in the region to demand constitutional autonomy against Bengali settlements. Despite

2024-628: Was raised first by Dhirendranath Datta from East Pakistan on 23 February 1948, in the constituent Assembly of Pakistan. To demolish the protest, the government of Pakistan outlawed public meeting and rallies. The students of the University of Dhaka , with the support of the general public, arranged massive rallies and meetings. On 21 February 1952, police opened fire on rallies. Abdus Salam , Abul Barkat , Rafiq Uddin Ahmed , Abdul Jabbar and Shafiur Rahman died, with hundreds of others injured. This

2070-492: Was spoken as the main vernacular language. It absorbed vocabulary from Arabic , Persian and Sanskrit . Bengali is the 6th most spoken language in the world . The language was modernized during the Bengali Renaissance in the 19th century. It has influenced other languages in the region, including Chakma , Rohingya , Assamese, Odia and Nepali . The indigenous Bengali alphabets descended from Brahmi serves as

2116-622: Was suggested by Rafiqul Islam and Abdus Salam, Bengalis living in Vancouver , Canada. They wrote a letter to Kofi Annan on 9 January 1998 asking him to take a step for saving the world's languages from extinction by declaring an International Mother Language Day. Rafiq proposed the date as 21 February to commemorate the 1952 killings in Dhaka during the Language Movement. Languages are the most powerful instruments of preserving and developing our tangible and intangible heritage. All moves to promote

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