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45-527: The DPV was built by Chenowth Racing Products, Inc. The German Volkswagen Kübelwagen was the first military Light Utility Vehicle based on the Volkswagen Beetle which uses rear-wheel rather than four-wheel drive. Volkswagen components were also the basis for the postwar dune buggy , and its layout is used in the DPV with rear-mounted air-cooled 200 hp (150 kW) Volkswagen engine. This makes

90-431: A new word via morphology , typically by removing or substituting actual or supposed affixes from a lexical item , in a way that expands the number of lexemes associated with the corresponding root word . James Murray coined the term back-formation in 1889. ( Oxford English Dictionary Online preserves its first use of 'back-formation' from 1889 in the definition of to burgle ; from burglar .) For example,

135-460: A DPV consist of a heavy 12.7 mm caliber M2 Browning machine gun, two lighter 7.62×51mm M60 machine guns , and two M136 AT4 anti-armor weapons. In some cases, the driver's M60 or the gunner's M2 is replaced with a 40 mm Mk 19 grenade launcher . Other light machine guns such as the M240 machine gun or 5.56×45mm M249 SAW can also be mounted. The United States Marines Corps also fielded

180-765: A Fast Attack Vehicle – a completely different piece of equipment based on the M151 1/4-ton. This FAV stayed in use long after the fielding of the HMMWV because it could fit on Marine Corps helicopters while the wider HMMWV could not. In 1999, this FAV began to be replaced with the Interim Fast Attack Vehicle (IFAV) a version of the Mercedes-Benz MB 290 GD 1.5 ton truck . Volkswagen K%C3%BCbelwagen The Volkswagen Type 82 Kübelwagen ( listen ), or simply Kübel , contractions of

225-570: A TOW needed a 3-man team to operate it. The DPVs could only carry a two-man crew and they seemed perfectly capable of operating the TOW, but this would have meant revising Army doctrine and possibly changing TOW deployment throughout the Army. Fort Benning decided to offer a "superior" DPV design that allowed a third crewman. This design was rejected by the HTLD team and was never produced. The basic weapons on

270-594: A U.S., Soviet, U.K. and French sector respectively, and the massive Volkswagen factory and the town built for its workers, Wolfsburg , fell into the British sector. U.K. Major Ivan Hirst was put in charge of the factory and workers. He is largely credited with production resuming, and reopening the VW factory. He organized the clearance of bomb damage, and had the buildings repaired. He recommissioned machine tools, body presses and assembly jigs; he concerned himself with improving

315-911: A light multi-purpose military vehicle made it the German equivalent to the Allied Willys MB "jeep" and the GAZ-67 , after previous efforts to mass-produce standardized military four-wheel drives for the Wehrmacht had largely failed. Although Adolf Hitler had discussed the possibility of military application of the Volkswagen with Ferdinand Porsche as early as April 1934, it was not until January 1938 that high-ranking Heereswaffenamt officials formally approached Porsche about designing an inexpensive, lightweight military transport vehicle that could operate reliably both on- and off-road, in even

360-647: A more angular body design, and pre-production models were field-tested in the invasion of Poland that started in September that year. Despite their overall satisfaction with the vehicle's performance, military commanders demanded a few important changes: the lowest speed of the vehicle had to be reduced from 8 km/h (5.0 mph) to 4 km/h (2.5 mph) as an adjustment to the marching pace of soldiers. Second, it needed some further improvement of its cross-country mobility. Porsche responded to both requests by mounting new axles with gear-reduction hubs , providing

405-769: A pinch, for a total of five inside. Kübelwagen is a contraction of Kübelsitzwagen , meaning "bucket-seat car". Before the war, this term became popular in Germany for light open-topped cross-country and military field cars without doors, because these were typically equipped with bucket seats to help keep occupants on board, necessary in an era before the adoption of seat belts . This body style had first been developed by Karosseriefabrik N. Trutz  [ de ] in 1923. The first Porsche Type 62 test vehicles had no doors and were therefore fitted with bucket seats as Kübelsitzwagen , later shortened to Kübelwagen . Despite later acquiring doors, and more regular, lower seats,

450-410: A verb derived from a Latin supine stem and a noun ending in ion entered the language together, such as insert/insertion , project/projection , etc. Back-formation may be similar to the reanalyses or folk etymologies when it rests on an erroneous understanding of the morphology of the longer word. For example, the singular noun asset is a back-formation from the plural assets . However, assets

495-500: Is a back-formation from translation , which is from Latin trāns + lāt- + -tio . Lāt- is from the very irregular ( suppletive ) verb ferō 'to carry.' Trānslāt- in Latin was merely a semi-adjectival form of trānsferō meaning '[something] having been carried across [into a new language]' (cf. transfer ). The result of the action trānsferō textum 'to translate a text' was a textus trānslātus 'a text that has been translated.' Thus

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540-559: Is a variant of the Fast Attack Vehicle, which was developed during the 1980s as part of the United States Army 's High Technology Light Division ( 9th Infantry Division ). The HTLD was given carte blanche to develop doctrine, decide force structure, and design equipment by then Army Chief of Staff Edward C. Meyer . One of the pieces of equipment created was the Fast Attack Vehicle. Chenowth delivered 120 FAVs to

585-487: Is assumed to be coincidental, but its TM number was identical to that of the American jeep, with the prefix 'E' for 'enemy'. It was intended for distribution after the 6 June invasion of Normandy to US military personnel who might encounter ones that had been abandoned, possibly for lack of fuel or a minor technical problem, and with the help of this manual, might be put into service as additional vehicles. The TM calls

630-574: Is still generally considered nonstandard. The Latin preposition versus , meaning against, has frequently been mistaken by children and teenagers as the present tense of a verb "to verse." A reference to a school sports competition "the Sharks versus the Jets" might be interpreted as "the Sharks are versing the Jets." While this use of the verb has been reported in North America and Australia since

675-630: The Kübel would propel itself much like a motorised sled when the wheels sank into sand, snow, or mud, allowing it to follow tracked vehicles with remarkable tenacity. In November 1943, the U.S. military conducted a series of tests as well on one or several Type 82s it had captured in North Africa campaign . This evaluation, done at the Army's Aberdeen Proving Ground , resulted in the publication of War Department Technical Manual TM E9-803, 6 June 1944 (on D-Day). The manual's publication date (D-Day)

720-410: The noun resurrection was borrowed from Latin , and the verb resurrect was then back-formed hundreds of years later from it by removing the -ion suffix . This segmentation of resurrection into resurrect + ion was possible because English had examples of Latin words in the form of verb and verb+ -ion pairs, such as opine/opinion . These became the pattern for many more such pairs, where

765-632: The 1969 Type 181 , developed for the German Federal Armed Forces and later also produced this model for the civilian market, which was known as "Thing" in the US, "Trekker" in the UK, and "Safari" in Mexico. Although similar in looks and design, almost no parts were interchangeable with the original Type 82. Intermeccanica of Canada has been producing a Kübelwagen replica since 1995. When

810-402: The American sitcom Scrubs told another character, "I don't disdain you! It's quite the opposite – I dain you." As it happens, gruntle and dain are both attested much earlier, but not as antonyms of the longer forms. Back-formations frequently begin in colloquial use and only gradually become accepted. For example, enthuse (from enthusiasm ) is gaining popularity, though today it

855-505: The Army in 1982. HTTB (High Technology Test Bed) in the units in the 9th Infantry were first to deploy these vehicles. Along with light off-road motorcycles , the FAV was intended to provide a highly mobile component to the mostly foot infantry unit. Eventually, the FAVs were replaced by Humvees in general military use, which did not provide nearly the speed nor extreme off-road capabilities of

900-592: The English language . A butler is often described as "one who buttles," a verb which remains non-standard. Back-formations are frequent amongst river names in the England due to a number of reasons. Place names of Brittonic origin are especially susceptible to Folk Etymology and back-formations due to language and knowledge of the place names dying out with the arrival and settlement of Anglo-Saxon tribes . Frequently river names are derived from nearby settlements with

945-546: The FAVs. FAVs were transferred to special forces use where it has been largely replaced by the Light Strike Vehicle . The original tests used commercial dune buggies modified to carry weapons such as TOW missiles and recoilless rifles . However, the recoilless rifles still had enough recoil to flip the lightweight dune buggies and were abandoned. The TOW missiles had much greater success, but they violated existing Army TOW doctrine. The Army had determined that

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990-680: The German equivalent of the American "Jeep", is inferior in every way except in the comfort of its seating accommodations." At the same time, another Kübelwagen , also captured in North Africa, had been dissected in Britain by engineers of the Humber Car Company , whose report said it exhibited no "special brilliance" in design except in details and that "it is suggested that it is not to be regarded as an example of first class modern design to be copied by British industry". Among

1035-459: The German military took delivery of the first vehicles, it immediately put them to the test on- and off-road in snow and ice to test their capability at handling European winters. Several four-wheel-drive vehicles were used as reference points. The two-wheel-drive Kübelwagen surprised even those who had been a part of its development, as it easily out-performed the other vehicles in nearly every test. Most notably, thanks to its smooth, flat underbody,

1080-468: The U.K. military ordered a batch of 20,000 similar vehicles. By the end of 1945, the factory had managed to put together 2,490 cars. Many of them were then bartered in exchange for materials to make more cars. Hirst turned production around to export civilian Volkswagens ; the first export went to the Netherlands in 1947. Long after the end of the war, VW resurrected the basic Kübelwagen design as

1125-459: The additional costs of the more complex four-wheel drivetrain (both financial, as well as making the light car heavier and thirstier) did not outweigh the benefits from the German viewpoint. The Kübelwagen was intended to be able to be manhandled by its crew if they got stuck. Easily seating four men, the 725 kg (1,600 lb) empty weight Kübel was easier to lift than the 300 kg (660 lb) heavier jeep. The rear bench would seat three in

1170-531: The army had stipulated a gross weight of 950 kg (2,090 lb), including four battle-dressed troops, which meant that the vehicle itself should not weigh more than 550 kg (1,210 lb). Porsche therefore sub-contracted Trutz , an experienced military coachbuilder, to help out with the body design. Developmental testing by the military began after a presentation of the prototypes designated as Type 62 in November 1938. Despite lacking four wheel drive ,

1215-729: The car with more torque while at the same time increasing its ground clearance. Revised dampers, 41 cm (16 in) wheels, and a limited-slip differential , as well as countless small modifications completed the specification. In order to reflect the changes, the vehicle was renamed Type 82. Full-scale production of the Type 82 Kübelwagen started in February 1940, as soon as the VW factories had become operational. No major changes took place before production ended in 1945, only small modifications were implemented, mostly eliminating unnecessary parts and reinforcing others which had proved unequal to

1260-467: The design features that contributed to the Kübelwagen ' s performance were: In addition, the air-cooled engine proved highly tolerant of hot and cold climates alike, and was less vulnerable to bullets due to the absence of a radiator. For starting under winter conditions, a special, highly volatile starting fuel was supplied from a small auxiliary tank. As the body was not a load-bearing part of

1305-476: The early 1980s, very few dictionaries have accepted it as standard. The immense celebrations in Britain at the news of the relief of the Siege of Mafeking briefly created the verb to maffick , meaning to celebrate both extravagantly and publicly. "Maffick" is a back-formation from Mafeking , a place-name that was treated humorously as a gerund or participle . There are many other examples of back-formations in

1350-424: The lightweight vehicle capable of accelerating from 0 to 30 mph (0 to 48 km/h) in only four seconds and able to travel at speeds of up to 80 mph (130 km/h). With its standard 21 gallon (79.5 litre) fuel tank, the DPV has a range of about 210 miles (340 km). An optional fuel bladder can extend the range to over 1,000 miles (1,600 km). Payload capacity is 1,500 pounds (680 kg). The DPV

1395-506: The most extreme conditions. Porsche began work on the project immediately, having a prototype of the vehicle ready within the month, but realized during development that it would not be enough to just reinforce the Beetle's chassis to handle the stresses that military use would place on it. In order to guarantee adequate off-road performance of a two-wheel-drive vehicle with a 1,000 cc FMCV 1 engine, it would have to be lightweight. In fact,

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1440-578: The name " Kübelwagen " was retained. Besides the Volkswagen plant, Mercedes-Benz , Opel , and Tatra also built Kübel(sitz)wagen , though they were all rear-wheel drive models only. The Kübelwagen 's rolling chassis and mechanics were built at what was then the Stadt des KdF-Wagens , ("City of the 'Strength through Joy'-Car") – renamed Wolfsburg after 1945 – and its body was built by U.S.-owned firm Ambi Budd Presswerke in Berlin. The Kübelwagen 's role as

1485-804: The nautical sense) was first a noun and later was used as a verb). That process is called conversion or zero-derivation. Like back-formation, it can produce a new noun or a new verb, but it involves no back-forming. Back-formation may be particularly common in English given that many English words are borrowed from Latin, French and Greek, which together provide English a large range of common affixes. Many words with affixes have entered English, such as dismantle and dishevelled , so it may be easy to believe that these are formed from roots such as mantle (assumed to mean "to put something together") and shevelled (assumed to mean "well-dressed"), although these words with those meanings have no history of existing in English. Many words came into English by this route: pease

1530-482: The original German word Kübelsitzwagen (translated: 'bucket-seat car' — but when the contractions are translated literally a back-formation of 'bucket' or 'tub'-car results), is a military light utility vehicle designed by Ferdinand Porsche and built by Volkswagen during World War II for use by the Nazi German military (both Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS ). Based heavily on the Volkswagen Beetle , it

1575-480: The original, 1-litre engine is 23.5 PS (17.3 kW; 23.2 hp), while the larger, 1.1-litre unit offered 25 PS (18.4 kW; 24.7 hp). When Volkswagen production ceased at the end of the war, 50,435 Kübelwagen vehicles had been produced, and the vehicle had proven to be surprisingly useful, reliable, and durable. Upon conquest of Germany by the Allies, the country was occupied in four sectors :

1620-632: The quality of the civilian car, including starting a sales and service network and starting exports. Despite a damning report of Volkswagens by engineers from the British Rootes Group stating that: "the vehicle does not meet the fundamental technical requirement of a motorcar...", the British Army thought differently. When a surviving wartime Volkswagen was demonstrated to the British Rhine Army Group headquarters,

1665-414: The structure of the vehicle, it could easily be modified to special purposes, just like the jeep's. The Kübelwagen , thanks to its geared hubs, could go as slow as marching troops 4 km/h (2.5 mph), yet reach a top speed of 80 km/h (50 mph). The following body types and variants of the Type 82 were produced: Back-formation Back-formation is the process or result of creating

1710-629: The suffix -ford. Typically because it is assumed that the first half of the name is in reference to the river or stream. Below are some examples of these -ford back-formations . River Alre The river Alre in Hampshire, was named due to a false assumption that the nearby village Alresford was named after the river which it was located near. In reality its name comes from the Old English alor . River Chelmer The River Chelmer in Essex

1755-488: The task. Prototype versions were assembled with four-wheel-drive (Type 86) and different engines, but none offered a significant increase in performance or capability over the existing Type 82, so these designs went nowhere. As of March 1943, the car received a revised dash and the bigger 1,131 cc engine, developed for the Schwimmwagen , that produced more torque and power than the original 985 cc unit. Power of

1800-447: The type 82 'a four-wheeled, rubbertyred, rear axle drive personnel carrier and reconnaissance car, comparable in purpose and size to the American 1/4 ton truck'. So thorough was the analysis that it included information beyond what could be done as field servicing, plus ways of dealing with very low temperatures. U.S. War Department Technical Manual TM-E 30-451, Handbook on German Military Forces , (p. 416), states: "The Volkswagen ,

1845-400: The vehicle proved very competent at maneuvering its way over rough terrain, even in a direct comparison with a contemporary standard German Army 4x4 , and the project was given the green light for further development. The vehicle's light weight and ZF self- locking differential compensated for the lack of a four-wheel drive. Further development of the Type 62 took place during 1939, including

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1890-414: The verb in English is really from a (semi-)adjectival form in Latin. Even though many English words are formed this way, new coinages may sound strange, and are often used for humorous effect. For example, gruntled (from disgruntled ) is used only in humorous contexts, as when P. G. Wodehouse wrote, "I could see that, if not actually disgruntled, he was far from being gruntled", or the character Turk in

1935-485: Was not originally a plural; it is a loanword from Anglo-Norman asetz (modern French assez ). The -s was reanalyzed as a plural suffix. Back-formation varies from clipping  – back-formation may change the word's class or meaning, whereas clipping creates shortened words from longer words but does not change the class or meaning of the word. Words can sometimes acquire new lexical categories without any derivational change in form (for example, ship (in

1980-514: Was once a mass noun (as in " pease pudding "), but was reinterpreted as a plural , leading to the back-formation pea . The noun statistic was likewise a back-formation from the field of study statistics . In Britain, the verb burgle came into use in the nineteenth century as a back-formation from burglar (which can be compared to the North American verb burglarize formed by suffixation). Other examples are The verb translate

2025-603: Was prototyped and first deployed in Poland as the Type 62 , but following improvements entered full-scale production as the Type 82 . Several derivative models, such as the Kommandeurswagen , were also built in hundreds, or in dozens. The four-wheel drivetrain that was prototyped in the rejected Type 86 version went into mass production in the Schwimmwagen . The Type 86 performed better in comparative testing, but

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