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27-602: It rises near Hamadan , in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. It then descends through the mountains, where for some 32 km it forms the border between the two countries. It finally flows into the Tigris below Baghdad . Navigation of the upper reaches of the Diyala is not possible because of its narrow defiles , but the river's valley provides an important trade route between Iran and Iraq. The river flows southwest of

54-715: Is in the Azadegan League . Some sport complexes in this city include: Qods Stadium , Shahid Mofatteh Stadium , Takhti Sport Complex and the National Stadium of Hamadan. Before the Persian Constitutional Revolution , education in Hamadan was limited to some Maktab Houses and theological schools. Fakhrie Mozafari School was the first modern school of Hamadan, which was built after that revolution. Alliance and Lazarist were also

81-743: The Akkadian period . In Eshnunna (Tell Asmar) , the Tell Asmar Hoard is particularly notable. Twelve remarkable statues were found belonging to the Early Dynastic period (2900–2350 BC). A type of pottery known as 'Scarlet Ware', a brightly coloured pottery with pictorial representations, was typical of sites along the Diyala River. It developed around 2800 BC, and is related to the Jemdet Nasr ware in central Mesopotamia of

108-599: The Ganj Nameh inscription, the Avicenna monument and the Baba Taher monument. The main language in the city is Persian . According to Clifford Edmund Bosworth , "Hamedan is a very old city. It may conceivably, but improbably, be mentioned in cuneiform texts from ca. 1100   BC, the time of Assyrian King Tiglath-pilesar I , but is certainly mentioned by Herodotus who says that the king of Media Diokes built

135-659: The Hamrin Mountains . Its Aramaic origin is "Diyalas" and in Kurdish it is called "Sirwan", meaning 'roaring sea' or 'shouting river'. In early Islamic period, the lower course of the river formed part of the Nahrawan Canal . The Diyala Governorate in Iraq is named after the river. It may be the ancient Tornas river. This area flourished already during the Jemdet Nasr and Early Dynastic periods , through to

162-591: The 48 km (30 mi) long Nosoud Water Conveyance Tunnel and to produce hydroelectric power. In Iraq, the river first reaches the Darbandikhan Dam which generates hydroelectric power and stores water for irrigation. It then flows down to the Hemrin Dam for similar purposes. In the lower Diyala Valley near Baghdad the river is controlled by the Diyala Weir which controls floods and irrigates

189-424: The Diyala was relatively unexplored compared to southern and northern Mesopotamia. But looting of sites was already underway. As the result, the professional excavations were launched. Archaeologists James Breasted and Henri Frankfort were leading these projects. These excavations provided very comprehensive data on Mesopotamian archaeology and chronology. They covered the time between the late Uruk period and

216-727: The Ezra text. Because it was a mile above sea level, it was a good place to preserve leather documents. During the Parthian era, Ctesiphon was the capital of the country, and Hamadan was the summer capital and residence of the Parthian rulers. After the Parthians , the Sassanids constructed their summer palaces in this city. In 642 the Battle of Nahavand took place and Hamadan fell into

243-533: The area northeast of Baghdad. 33°13′15″N 44°30′23″E  /  33.2208°N 44.5064°E  / 33.2208; 44.5064 Hamadan Hamadan ( / ˌ h æ m ə ˈ d æ n / HAM -ə- DAN ; Persian : همدان , pronounced [hæmeˈdɒːn] ) is a city in western Iran . It is located in the Central District of Hamadan County in Hamadan province, serving as

270-419: The bank's central branch in Hamadan experienced a tragic robbery. The event resulted in the loss of life of the bank manager Abdulrahman Nafisi , his family, and a security guard. The bank manager, Abdulrahman Nafisi , displayed extraordinary courage by prioritizing the safety of the bank's funds over his own life. Despite being under torture, he pleaded with the robbers to take his personal belongings instead of

297-542: The capital of the province, county, and district. As of the 2016 Iranian census, it had a population of 554,406 people in 174,731 households. Hamadan is believed to be among the oldest Iranian cities. It was referred to in classical sources as Ecbatana ( Old Persian Hamgmatāna ). It is possible that it was occupied by the Assyrians in 1100   BCE; the Ancient Greek historian, Herodotus , states that it

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324-900: The channels disappeared under the sand. In March 1917 the British Empire defeated the Ottoman Empire at the confluence with the Tigris, leading to the Fall of Baghdad , part of the Mesopotamian Campaign of World War I. Major excavations were done in the lower Diyala river basin in the 1930s. They were conducted by the University of Chicago Oriental Institute (1930–1937) and by the University of Pennsylvania (1938–1939). The sites such as Tell Agrab , Tell Asmar (ancient Eshnunna ), Ishchali (ancient Neribtum), and Khafaje (ancient Tutub ) were excavated. At that time,

351-634: The city of Agbatana or Ekbatana in the 7th century   BC." Hamadan was established by the Medes . It then became one of several capital cities of the Achaemenid Dynasty . Hamadan is mentioned in the biblical book of Ezra ( Ezra 6:2 ) as the place where a scroll was found giving the Jews permission from King Darius to rebuild the temple in Jerusalem. Its ancient name of Ecbatana is used in

378-566: The city was the scene of heavy fighting between Russian and Turko-German forces. It was occupied by both armies, and finally by the British, before it was returned to the control of the Iranian government at the end of the war in 1918. A majority of the population speaks the Hamadani dialect of Persian and standard Persian, with a Turkic minority. At the time of the 2006 National Census,

405-529: The city's population was 473,149 in 127,812 households. The following census in 2011 counted 525,794 people in 156,556 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 554,406 people in 174,731 households. Hamadan has a hot-summer, Mediterranean-influenced continental climate ( Köppen : Dsa , Trewartha : Dc ), in transition with a cold semi-arid climate ( Köppen : BSk ). The city experiences hot, dry summers, and cold, snowy winters. The temperature may drop below −30 °C (−22 °F) on

432-464: The coldest days. Heavy snowfall is common during winter and this can persist for periods of up to two months. During the short summer, the weather is hot, and mostly sunny. Lowest recorded temperature: −34.0 °C (−29 °F) on 7 January 1964 Highest recorded temperature: 40.6 °C (105 °F) on 14 July 1989 PAS Hamedan F.C. were founded on June 9, 2007 after the dissolution of PAS Tehran F.C. The team, along with Alvand Hamedan F.C. ,

459-550: The end of the Old Babylonian period (3000–1700 BC). Subsequently, nine detailed monographs were published, but most of the objects, numbering 12,000, remained unpublished. Launched in 1992, the Diyala Database Project has been publishing a lot of this material. Other scholars who worked there were Thorkild Jacobsen as epigrapher, Seton Lloyd , and Pinhas Delougaz . Around 1980, the Diyala region

486-510: The first modern schools founded by foreign institutions in Hamadan. Some of the popular universities in Hamadan include: Hamadan celebrities are divided into 3 categories: pre-Islamic, post-Islamic and contemporary people. Among the pre-Islamic celebrities in Hamadan is Mandana, the mother of Cyrus the Great and the daughter of the last king of Media, Ishtovigo. Famous people of Hamadan after Islam are great people such as: In February 1990,

513-517: The hands of the Muslim Arabs. During the rule of the Buyid dynasty , the city suffered much damage. However, the city regained its former glory under the rule of the Buyid ruler Fanna Khusraw . The Seljuks launched campaigns to take the city in the 1040s, ultimately taking the final Kakuyid fortress in 1047. The Seljuks later shifted their capital from Baghdad to Hamadan. In 1220, Hamadan

540-600: The name "Shu-durul" at the time. In 693 BC, the Battle of Diyala River took place between the forces of the Assyrians and the Elamites of southern Iran. The river is mentioned in Herodotus ' Histories under the name Gyndes, where it is stated that the king Cyrus the Great dispersed it by digging 360 channels as punishment after a sacred white horse perished there. The river returned to its former proportions after

567-556: The people's money. Hamadan is twinned with: [REDACTED] Media related to Hamadan at Wikimedia Commons Hamrin Dam The Hemrin Dam is a dam on the Diyala River 100 km northeast of Baghdad, Iraq . The main purpose of the dam is flood control, irrigation and hydroelectric generation. Its power station has a 50 MW capacity. The dam and the attached power house were built in years 1976-1981 by

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594-593: The same period. The red colour was achieved predominantly by using haematite paint. Scarlet Ware is typical of Early Dynastic I and II periods. Along the Diyala is located one of the most important trade routes linking south Mesopotamia with the Iranian plateau. Thus, Scarlet ware was also popular in Pusht-i Kuh, Luristan , and it was traded to Susa during Susa II period. During the Larsa period, Eshnunna especially became prominent. The Diyala river also bore

621-584: The then Yugoslav company GIK Hidrogradnja (of Sarajevo, now Bosnia-Herzegovina). All the equipment (gates, turbines, generators) were also supplied by the then-Yugoslav companies. A large archaeological salvage operation was undertaken to excavate archaeological sites that were at risk of flooding once the reservoir (now Hamrin Lake ) would start to fill. Sites that were excavated as part of this operation included Tell Madhur , Tell Rashid , Tell Saadiya , Tell Yelkhi , and Tell Abada . This article about

648-630: Was also explored intensively as part of the Hamrin Dam Salvage Project. The following sites were excavated from 1977 to 1981: Tell Yelkhi , Tell Hassan, Tell Abu Husaini, Tell Kesaran, Tell Harbud, Tell al-Sarah, and Tell Mahmud. In Iran the Daryan Dam is constructed near Daryan in Kermanshah Province . One of the goals of the dam is to divert a portion of the water to Southwestern Iran for irrigation through

675-578: Was cleared of invaders and, as a result of a peace treaty between Iran and the Ottomans, it was returned to Iran. Hamadan stands on the Silk Road , and even in recent centuries the city enjoyed strong commerce and trade as a result of its location on the main road network in the western region of Iran. In the late 19th century, American missionaries, including James W. Hawkes and Belle Sherwood Hawke, established schools in Hamadan. During World War I ,

702-677: Was destroyed by the Mongols during the Mongol invasions of Georgia before the Battle of Khunan . The city of Hamadan, its fortunes following the rise and fall of regional powers, was completely destroyed during the Timurid invasions , but later thrived during the Safavid era. Thereafter, in the 18th century, Hamadan was surrendered to the Ottomans , but due to the work of Nader Shah , Hamadan

729-414: Was the capital of the Medes , around 700   BCE. Hamadan is situated in a green mountainous area in the foothills of the 3,574-meter Alvand Mountain, in midwestern Iran. The city is 1,850   meters above sea level . It is located approximately 360 kilometres (220 miles) southwest of Tehran . The old city and its historic sites attract tourists during the summer. The major sights of this city are

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