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91-575: The Diggers were a group of religious and political dissidents in England, associated with a political ideology and programme resembling what would later be called agrarian socialism . Gerrard Winstanley and William Everard , amongst many others, were known as True Levellers in 1649, in reference to their split from the Levellers , and later became known as Diggers because of their attempts to farm on common land . Due to this and to their beliefs,

182-878: A famine . Examples of agrarian socialist parties in North America include the Socialist Party of Oklahoma and the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) in Canada. In the United States , the Socialist Party of Oklahoma enjoyed local political significance in the first 20 years of the twentieth century as an agrarian socialist party. In 1944, the CCF formed North America’s first democratic socialist government, in

273-402: A full-time day crew together with: The average level of accommodation in the region composed of detached houses was 28%, the average that was apartments was 22.6%. The proportion of households in the settlement who owned their home outright compares to the regional average of 35.1%. The proportion who owned their home with a loan compares to the regional average of 32.5%. The remaining %

364-545: A group of writers and activists known as "neonarodniki" (neo-populists), particularly Viktor Chernov . Their main innovation was a renewed dialogue with Marxism and the integration of some of the key Marxist concepts into their thinking and practice. In that way, with the economic spurt and the industrialization in Russia in the 1890s, they attempted to broaden their appeal to attract the rapidly growing urban workforce to their traditionally peasant-oriented program. The intention

455-542: A large supply of agricultural labor. The agricultural reform policies coincided with a period of mass starvation and famine from 1975 to 1979. The Cambodian Super Great Leap Forward differed from the Chinese Great Leap Forward in several key ways. The Chinese communes were intended to decentralize state power, but in Cambodia, all facets of labor and production on the communes were controlled by

546-686: A lower-profile Residents Association. Unlike neighbouring areas in Elmbridge, Residents and amenity groups do not contest local elections in Cobham; occasionally independents have stood, such as in a 2007 by-election. The only non-Conservative elected was a Liberal/Focus councillor, Mike King in 1984 in the Fairmile ward, which includes some high density social and private housing beside the A3 , as well upmarket private estates. Cobham and Downside ward includes

637-581: A merger of socialist, agrarian, and labor organizations. The CCF held the realization of socialism as an explicit political goal. Saskatchewan was primarily a rural and agricultural province throughout much of the twentieth century, with 58 percent of the labor force employed in agriculture in 1941. In 1944, the CCF formed North America’s first democratic socialist government in an unprecedented electoral victory. CCF leadership soon implemented universal Medicare in Saskatchewan. Following this victory,

728-529: A reevaluation of the MST’s ideals helped them refocus their struggle. First was the reintroduction of Campones tradition which placed the good of the family or community at center of decisions made on the farms. They also substituted large-scale production and rationalization of labor for subsistence farming which allowed for a less rigid organization of labor. The MST also partook in communal living, another significant element of Campones culture that encouraged families on

819-570: A row in 1959. The agricultural crisis led to 9 million deaths by the famine. The specific cause of the agricultural crisis and resultant famine is debated, yet many sources attribute it to the Great Leap Forward. From 1958 to 1962, the Chinese Communist Party orchestrated a socioeconomic campaign, referred to as the Great Leap Forward, to rapidly develop the nation’s agricultural and industrial economies. Once

910-609: A triangle between the River Mole to the south, the A3 to the north and a borderline for the most part on the nearside of the (New) London to Guildford railway line to the southeast – directly west of Oxshott . On the southern border is the historic village, Stoke D'Abernon , part of the small post town , which gives its name to the railway station between the two areas on the line mentioned: Cobham & Stoke D'Abernon . The village neighbourhoods of Downside (south) and Fairmile (east). The longstanding built-up areas resemble

1001-731: Is a large village in the Borough of Elmbridge in Surrey , England, centred 17 miles (27 km) south-west of London and 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Guildford on the River Mole . It has a commercial/services High Street , a significant number of primary and private schools and the Painshill landscape park . Cobham appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as Covenham and in 13th century copies of earlier charters as Coveham . It

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1092-828: Is displayed at Brooklands Museum in the same borough. In World War II , after a major aircraft factory, Vickers-Armstrongs , at Brooklands was bombed by the Luftwaffe on 4 September 1940, with heavy loss of life and many more injured, the Vickers Experimental Department was quickly dispersed to secret premises on the Silvermere and Foxwarren Park estates along Redhill Road. Engineer and inventor Barnes Wallis also carried out important trials catapulting models of his 'Upkeep' bouncing bomb across Silvermere Lake around 1942 and conducted spinning trials with larger prototypes at 'Depot W46' (the largest of

1183-891: Is first recorded as la Tilthe in 1328. The name is thought to derive from the Old English Tilthe , meaning "cultivated land". Cobham is an ancient settlement whose origins can be traced back on the ground through Roman times to the Iron Age . It lay within the Elmbridge hundred . Cobham appears in Domesday Book as Covenham and was held by Chertsey Abbey . Its Domesday assets were: 12½ hides ; 3 mills worth 13s 4d, 10 ploughs , 1 alike unit of meadow , woodland worth 40 hogs . It rendered altogether £14 per year to its feudal system overlords. Historically, Cobham other than outlying farms comprised two developed areas, Street Cobham and Church Cobham. The former lay on

1274-622: Is nearby and Silvermere golf course is located in Redhill Road on the north side of the A3. Cobham has four football clubs: Cobham F.C. , Mole Valley SCR F.C. , Cobham United Football Club and Cobham Town FC (formed 2007). Cobham also has a cricket club, Cobham Avorians, formed in 1928. Avorians was named after its founder, local landowner Edward James Avory, and originally played at the Fairmile Estate before re-locating to Convent Lane on

1365-439: Is now open to the public from 2 pm to 5 pm on the second Sunday of each month between April and October, inclusive. St Andrew's Primary School is located in the village as is Cobham Free School which is an all-through school. A local prep school is Feltonfleet School . There are three independent schools: Notre Dame ; ACS (The American Community Schools) Cobham International and Reed's School . Painshill Park

1456-491: Is recorded as Cobbeham and Cobeham in the 15th century and the first use of the modern spelling "Cobham" is from 1570. The name is thought to derive from an Anglo-Saxon landowner either as Cofa's hām or Cofa's hamm . The second part of the name may have originated from the Old English hām meaning a settlement or enclosure, or from hamm meaning land close to water. The area of the village known as Cobham Tilt,

1547-561: The Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK) came to power in Cambodia in 1975, the government commenced the implementation of agrarian socialist policies in the nation’s agricultural sector. The leadership outlined a policy agenda that included the establishment of agricultural cooperatives and collectivization. It referred to these policy priorities as the plan to realize a "Super Great Leap Forward" to an agrarian-socialist polity that

1638-471: The Middle Ages . The mill was in use until 1928, when it became uneconomical to continue operating. Thereafter it was used as a storehouse. During World War II , a Canadian tank collided with the main building, causing much damage. In 1953 the main part of the mill was demolished by Surrey County Council to alleviate traffic congestion on Mill Road. This left just the grist mill standing. In 1973

1729-580: The Oklahoma state legislature . In the gubernatorial elections, socialist candidate Fred W. Holt received over 20 percent of the statewide vote. Virtually all of the Socialist Party’s support derived from wheat-growing regions, and significant support came from farmers. As a semi-autonomous affiliate of the Socialist Party of America (SPA), the Socialist Party of Oklahoma possessed a uniquely agrarian socialist agenda in contrast to other branches of

1820-791: The Russian Provisional Government . In November 1917, it won a plurality of the national vote in Russia's first-ever democratic elections (to the Russian Constituent Assembly ), but the soviets had gained control of the country, and the Bolsheviks maneuvered and eliminated the other parties within the soviets, including the Socialist Revolutionaries, and seized power. That sparked the Russian Civil War and

1911-656: The Russian Revolution . The SRs garnered much support among Russia's rural peasantry, who in particular supported their program of land socialization as opposed to the Bolshevik program of land nationalization —division of land among peasant tenants rather than collectivization in authoritarian state management. Examples in Asia include the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from the 1940s to

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2002-489: The civil parish had a population of 7885. On 1 April 1974 the parish was abolished. Cobham is 2.5 miles (4.0 km) from Brooklands and played host to associated and its own aviation and motoring activity in the 20th century. Leading motor engineer and car designers Reid Railton and Noel Macklin set up a manufacturing facility, building Railton road cars at the Fairmile Works from 1933 to 1940. An example

2093-700: The 1970s, and the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK) in the 1970s. Throughout the mid-20th century, the CCP pursued an agrarian socialist policy agenda in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Inspired by the CCP’s Great Leap Forward , from 1975 to 1979, the CPK and the Khmer Rouge implemented an extreme policy of moving the entire urban population to the countryside to become farmers, which contributed to

2184-702: The Apostles 4:32 , which describes a community of believers that "had all things in common" instead of having personal property. In 1649, Gerrard Winstanley and 14 others published The True Levellers Standard Advanced , a pamphlet and manifesto in which they called themselves "True Levellers" to distinguish their ideas from those of the Levellers . Once they put their idea into practice and started to cultivate common land , both opponents and supporters began to call them "Diggers". The Diggers' beliefs were informed by Winstanley's writings which envisioned an ecological interrelationship between humans and nature, acknowledging

2275-542: The Armed Forces . In 1806, the estate was bought by Harvey Christian Combe , a brewer and Lord Mayor of London . The present house was completed in 1873 by his nephew, Charles Combe, to a design by Edward Middleton Barry : It has now been divided into apartments. Painshill Park is a fine 18th-century landscape garden, restored from dereliction since 1980. Painshill House dates from the 18th century and has also been divided into apartments. Two other large houses on

2366-520: The BMW team saloon cars and Graham Hill 's Jägermeister-sponsored Formula 2 car. From 1972 to 2011 Cobham Bus Museum occupied an ex-aircraft hangar (used mainly by Vickers-Armstrongs as a machine shop) next to Silvermere golf course in Redhill Road. The bus museum reopened as the London bus museum at Brooklands Museum on 1 August 2011. The former premises have been replaced by a care home. Cobham fits into

2457-648: The British anti-roads movement , the Diggers have been celebrated as precursors of land squatting and communalism . On 1 April 1999, the 350th anniversary of the Diggers' occupation of the English Civil War on the same hill, The Land Is Ours organised a rally, then occupied land at St. George's Hill near Weybridge , Surrey . In 2011, an annual festival began in Wigan to celebrate the Diggers. In 2012,

2548-574: The Burwood Estate in 1948. Cobham Rugby Football Club has four teams which play regularly, as well as youth and mini sections. There is Cobham Village Club and a branch of the Royal British Legion . Cobham Players regularly present plays, musicals, pantomimes and other entertainments in Cobham. Walton Firs Activity Centre lies just off the A3 in Cobham and covers 28 acres. It takes its name from Colonel Walton, who dealt with

2639-662: The CCF government remained in power for twenty years. Founded in January of 1984, the Landless Rural Workers' Movement of Brazil, was a socialist movement looking to challenge the status quo and promote the rights of labor over capital. Getting their start from the land gifted to them by the Catholic and Lutheran churches, members of this movement's first priority was to attain permanence on their settled land. Once settled, various MST branches were legitimized under

2730-679: The Canadian province of Saskatchewan . Examples in Latin America include agrarian socialist movements and sentiments that were developed in 19th-century Mexico by the indigenous Huastecan culture as part of its clash with Spanish imperialism. In the 20th century, examples include the Landless Workers’ Movement of Brazil and the Communist Party of Cuba . Founded in 1984, the Landless Workers’ Movement of Brazil

2821-625: The Cobham Conservation Group was formed, later to become the Cobham Conservation and Heritage Trust, and one of its main objectives was to rescue the much deteriorated grist mill building from sliding into the river as a result of water erosion of the mill island. In 1986 the freehold of the mill was taken over by the Thames Water Authority who, as part of their flood control expenditure rebuilt

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2912-698: The Council of State ordered Mr Pentlow, a justice of the peace for Northamptonshire, to proceed against "the Levellers in those parts" and to have them tried at the next Quarter Session. Another colony of Diggers connected to the Surrey and Wellingborough colony was set up in Iver , Buckinghamshire about 14 miles (23 km) from the Surrey Diggers colony at St George's Hill. The Iver Diggers' "Declaration of

3003-521: The Diggers had left their children to be cared for by parish funds. Oliver Cromwell and the Grandees' attitude to these groups was at best ambivalent and often hostile. The San Francisco Diggers were a community-action group of activists and Street Theatre actors operating from 1966 to 1968, based in the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood of San Francisco . Since the revival of anarchism in

3094-482: The Diggers were "somewhere near Silvermere Farm on the Byfleet Road rather than on the unprofitable slopes of St. George's Hill itself". Winstanley remained and continued to write about the treatment they received. The harassment from the lord of the manor , Francis Drake (not the famous Francis Drake , who had died more than 50 years before), was both deliberate and systematic: he organised gangs in an attack on

3185-417: The Diggers were driven from one county after another by the authorities. The Diggers tried (by "levelling" land ) to reform the existing social order with an agrarian lifestyle based on their ideas for the creation of small, egalitarian rural communities. They were one of a number of nonconformist dissenting groups that emerged around this time. Their belief in economic equality was drawn from Acts of

3276-399: The Diggers, including numerous beatings and an arson attack on one of the communal houses. Following a court case, in which the Diggers were forbidden to speak in their own defence, they were found guilty of being sexually liberal Ranters (though in fact Winstanley had reprimanded Ranter Laurence Clarkson for his sexual practices). If they had not left the land after losing the court case then

3367-437: The Fairmile name disappearing. There are six councillors covering the two new wards, 4 Conservative and 2 Liberal Democrat as from May 2023. Cobham councillor James Browne was Leader of Elmbridge Borough Council in 2019. For Surrey County voting, Cobham is paired with Stoke d'Abernon . Cobham has many old buildings, conservation areas and housing development pressures. It has a very active Heritage Trust, re-formed in 2007, and

3458-601: The High Street, dividing the remaining agricultural parts of Cobham in the west and south. Elevation reaches a minimum here of 20 metres (66 ft) above sea level . Cobham used to have two wards ; the Cobham Fairmile ward has a population of 4,760 neighbouring Cobham and Downside has a population of 6,158. Cobham Fairmile ward has been abolished and is now part of the Oxshott and Stoke d'Abernon Ward. At

3549-692: The MST collaborated with the Brazilian government to create economic stability in their settlements through the Food Acquisition Program, which requires 30% of milk served to Brazilian public Schools to be bought from agrarian reform settlements. Leading up to the July 26 Revolution, both the Cuban government and Cuban citizens, especially those involved with agriculture, were heavily discontent with

3640-598: The Mexican War of Independence and against the U.S. and the French during their respective invasions, the Huastecans developed a sense of identity as Mexican citizens. They further developed another facet of their identity from the oppression they faced from other Mexicans. A combination of radicalization efforts by anarchists from Mexico City and Socialist priests, for instance, Padre Mauricio Zavala, and oppression from

3731-464: The Morelo people of Mexico experienced the same fate as the Huastecans under the dictatorship rule of Diaz. The peasant groups combined their strengths and began a new socialist revolution that would abolish “any new revolutionary government that failed to address the needs of Mexico’s impoverished and politically excluded rural population…”. Cobham, Surrey Cobham ( / ˈ k ɒ b əm / )

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3822-856: The Portsmouth-London Road, and the building now known as the Cobham Exchange was once a coaching inn. The latter grew up around St Andrew's Church, which dates from the 12th century. Although much altered and extended in the 19th century, the church preserves a Norman tower and is a Grade I listed building (the highest architectural category). In 1649, the Diggers established a new community at Little Heath following their expulsion from nearby St George's Hill , Weybridge . The community met some success, with 11 acres (4.5 ha) cultivated, six houses built, winter crops harvested, and several pamphlets published. The local lord, of

3913-474: The Redhill Common part of Ockham and Wisley Commons . Watershed points, or in international terms drainage divides , are at the summits of the sides of the lower Mole Valley, attaining 60 metres (200 ft) and 65 metres (213 ft) towards the east close to Oxshott and Stoke D'Abernon respectively. The River Mole runs through Cobham, with a visitor area and well-surfaced path by the mill in

4004-430: The SPA. Many party leaders originated from prior agrarian movements, including the Farmers' Alliance and the Farmers' Union . The Socialist Party of Oklahoma advocated for agricultural collectivization and worker-owned farms and against the crop lien system , usury , and tenancy . The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) was a democratic socialist political party founded in 1932 in Alberta , Canada , by

4095-506: The Surrey colony were arrested in Buckinghamshire bearing a letter signed by the Surrey Diggers including Gerrard Winstanley and Robert Coster inciting people to start Digger colonies and to provide money for the Surrey Diggers. According to the newspaper A Perfect Diurnall the emissaries had travelled a circuit through the counties of Surrey , Middlesex , Hertfordshire, Bedfordshire , Buckinghamshire, Berkshire , Huntingdonshire and Northamptonshire before being apprehended. On 15 April 1650

4186-407: The adjacent fertile east banks of the Mole such as at landscape garden Painshill Park on free-draining gravel topped with layers of alluvium . This contrasts with the steep west bank, acidic sandy heath , which underlies the highest land on all the outskirts, residual outcrops of the Bagshot Sands (Formation) . These isolate Cobham village historically, Esher Commons , Oxshott Heath and Woods and

4277-413: The army could have been used to enforce the law and evict them; so they abandoned Saint George's Hill in August 1649, much to the relief of the local freeholders . Some of the evicted Diggers moved a short distance to Little Heath in Surrey. 11 acres (4.5 ha) were cultivated, six houses built, winter crops harvested, and several pamphlets published. After initially expressing some sympathy for them,

4368-428: The collapse of Cambodia’s agricultural economy and to the resultant famine. Relative to socialist parties elsewhere in the United States , the Socialist Party of Oklahoma enjoyed political significance in the first 20 years of the twentieth century. The party’s electoral prominence peaked in the elections of 1914 , when over 175 socialist candidates were elected to local and county positions, and six were elected to

4459-423: The creole and mestizo elite helped Huasteacans develop their peasant class consciousness. Their national and class identities fused together creating the spirit of rebellion based on the principles of abolishing private property, reclaiming land rights, obtaining access to government representation, and other civil liberties. The Huasteco people spread their ideology using pamphlets, books, and flags. The final root of

4550-404: The division of labor, allow access to credit and new technologies…”. However, they did not find immediate success as the rationalization of labor in these settlements sparked a great deal of tension between members.  Factors such as the inability to become profitable and the paralleled behaviors between landlords and administrators of the cooperatives stagnated the progress of the MST. However,

4641-419: The division of land for the peasant tenants, rather than the Bolsheviks' desire of collectivization in authoritarian state management. The SR policy platform differed from that of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Parties , both Bolshevik and Menshevik , in that it was not officially Marxist though some of its ideologues considered themselves to be Marxists. The SRs believed that the "laboring peasantry" and

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4732-488: The efficiency and productivity of large-scale farming while mitigating related issues of landlessness or overmigration to urban districts. Agrarian socialism emphasizes the social control, ownership, and utilization of the means of production (such as farms) in a rural society. Additionally, principles like community, sharing, and local ownership are emphasized under agrarian socialism. For instance, in rural communities in post-Soviet Russia, “social organization of labor in

4823-405: The grounds and Reasons, why we the poor Inhabitants of the Parrish of Iver in Buckinghamshire ..." revealed that there were further Digger colonies in Barnet in Hertfordshire, Enfield in Middlesex, Dunstable in Bedfordshire, Bosworth in Leicestershire and further colonies at unknown locations in Gloucestershire and Nottinghamshire . It also revealed that after the failure of the Surrey colony,

4914-456: The heart of Cobham is the Church Cobham Conservation Area, which was designated in 1973 and includes fourteen statutory listed buildings. Amongst these are Pyports, once the home of Vernon Lushington ; the picturesque Church Stile House; and two fine houses overlooking the River Mole : Ham Manor and Cedar House, the latter owned by the National Trust . The Cobham Park estate was the home of John Ligonier, 1st Earl Ligonier , once Head of

5005-414: The historical diggers, and supports developing food sovereignty through "educational services and growing fruit, vegetables and herbs to make available to the local community". Agrarian socialism Examples of agrarian socialist parties in Europe include the Socialist Revolutionary Party (the SRs). The SRs were a prominent agrarian socialist political party in early 20th-century Russia during

5096-510: The industrial proletariat were revolutionary classes in Russia, but the Bolsheviks considered the industrial proletariat to be exclusively revolutionary. The Socialist Revolutionaries defined class membership in terms of ownership of the means of production, but Chernov and other theorists defined class membership in terms of extraction of surplus value from labor. Under the first definition, smallholding subsistence farmers who do not employ wage labor are, as owners of their land, would be members of

5187-416: The inherent connections between people and their surroundings; Winstanley declared that "true freedom lies where a man receives his nourishment and preservation, and that is in the use of the earth". With this the Diggers sought to establish a communistic utopia. The True Levellers advocated for an early form of public health insurance and communal ownership in opposition to individual ownership. They rejected

5278-426: The local lord of the manor of Cobham , Parson John Platt , became their chief enemy. He used his power to stop local people helping them and he organised attacks on the Diggers and their property. By April 1650, Platt and other local landowners succeeded in driving the Diggers from Little Heath. This community was probably founded as a result of contact with the Surrey Diggers. In late March 1650, four emissaries from

5369-401: The local populace to come and work with them. They claimed that their number would be several thousand within ten days. It was at this time that The True Levellers Standard Advanced was published. Where exactly in St. George's Hill the Diggers were is a matter of dispute. Sanders alleges that they worked "on that side of the hill next to Campe Close". George Greenwood, however, speculated that

5460-403: The manor, Parson John Platt , despite initial sympathy, rallied gangs to attack the community and prevent locals in assisting them. Platt and local landowners drove the community out in April 1650. The village's population was reported as 1617 inhabitants in 1848. The arrival of the railway in the 1880s led to the expansion of the original village, the eastern fields and southern areas towards

5551-492: The mobilization of the masses and helped determine the form this mobilization took.” Defunct The Diggers , a 17th-century group of religious and political dissidents in England, are associated with agrarian socialism. The Socialist Revolutionary Party was a major political party in early-20th-century Russia and a key player in the Russian Revolution . After the February Revolution of 1917 it shared power with liberal, social democratic, and other socialist parties within

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5642-399: The next 3 stops up the line to London Oxshott Claygate and Hinchley Wood on Surrey County Council . Following the formation of the Territorial Force in 1908, the village for recruiting, was granted to the 6th Battalion, The East Surrey Regiment which maintained a platoon from A Company. The village also maintained the "Sandyroyd School Troops of Scouts". To the north and west of

5733-426: The organization with support on a national level for things like education, technical training, and organizational support. The following year the MST established its first cooperative training course which became a part of the Technical Institute of Training and Research on Agrarian Reform. Furthermore, by 2008 “the MST had helped establish 161 cooperatives of various kinds, including 140 agro-industries”. Additionally,

5824-407: The outskirts of Cobham have been taken over by schools: Heywood is now the American Community School , and Burwood House is now Notre Dame School . The Chelsea F.C. training ground is also nearby. The River Mole provides a setting for the red brick water mill, constructed in the late 18th century and once part of a much larger complex. It stands on the site of earlier mills dating back to

5915-427: The peasant household is based upon highly dense networks of mutual trust and interdependences” that diminished the need for manager-employee styles of labor. Nationalist ideology can also be seen coupled with agrarian socialist ideology, sometimes serving as the foundation for peasant-led revolutions. For instance, nationalist propaganda from the fledging Chinese communist party during the Sino-Japanese War era “furthered

6006-407: The peasant revolution of 1879 occurred in 1876, when General Porfirio Diaz enlisted the help of peasants to overthrow the current president Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada in exchange for the return of peasant land rights. However, he betrayed them by choosing to implement liberal reforms, which strengthened private property laws and further persecuted Huastecans instead. Other peasant groups, for instance,

6097-614: The perceived immorality and sexual liberalism of another sect known as the Ranters , with Gerrard Winstanley denoting them as "a general lack of moral values or restraint in worldly pleasures". The Council of State received a letter in April 1649 reporting that several individuals had begun to plant vegetables in common land on St George's Hill , Weybridge near Cobham, Surrey at a time when harvests were bad and food prices high. Sanders reported that they had invited "all to come in and help them, and promise them meat, drink, and clothes". They intended to pull down all enclosures and cause

6188-428: The petty bourgeoisie. Under the second definition, they can be grouped with all who provide, rather than purchase, labor power and hence with the proletariat as part of the "laboring class." Chernov, nevertheless, considered the proletariat the "vanguard," with the peasantry forming the "main body" of the revolutionary army. In 1950, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) enacted the Agrarian Reform Law , which confiscated

6279-434: The property of feudal landlords and redistributed it to the peasants. The CCP began implementing agricultural collectivization in 1952. From 1952 to 1958, agricultural production grew steadily. Economists then considered Chinese agricultural policy implementation to be a success relative to the Soviet Union's collectivization in 1929 . However, China's agricultural output started to decrease significantly for three years in

6370-419: The purchase of the site in 1939. It was used by a Royal Artillery anti-aircraft battery during World War II and in peacetime returned to use as a Scout camp site. During the 1990s some 3,000 additional trees were planted, and more recently an all-weather barn and an artificial, but realistic, caving complex have been added. The Member of Parliament (MP) is Conservative Ben Spencer , elected in 2019 as

6461-408: The railway station becoming suburbanised during the 20th century. A 1960s improvements scheme widened the entrance to the High Street from River Hill to the south which was very narrow, removing a few historic and picturesque buildings, replacing some with less ornate brickwork glass-fronted buildings suitable as shops. Subsequently, the High Street has developed into a local shopping centre. In 1951

6552-481: The rights to their land and faced a caste system in which they were placed at the bottom. In the 19th century, creole and mestizo Mexican elites oppressed Huastecans by expropriating their land and privatizing it for their own political goals, which included building railroads and other capital-accumulating developments. The process of socialist radicalization for Huastecan peasants largely came from nationalist sentiments that arose after armed conflicts. After fighting in

6643-462: The same cooperatives to live closely with one another. Finally, money earned by the cooperative was reinvested into the settlement to help sustain their farming technology, healthcare, and educational facilities amongst other things. The success of this rebrand created a number of opportunities for the MST. For example, in 1992 the Confederation of Agrarian Reform Cooperatives of Brazil provided

6734-566: The same profitability. As time progressed, more land was given to small farmers with state-sponsored farms in Cuba occupying 82% of cultivated land in 1988, but only 19.9% of cultivated land 2018. Indigenous Huastecan culture positioned community and local ownership above all else. Sharing resources and farming for the entire village was a normal occurrence in daily life. Spanish colonization and continued imperialization from other countries made that way of life fall under great duress. Huastecos lost

6825-573: The second annual festival proved a great success and the sixth took place in 2016. In Wellingborough , a festival has also been held annually since 2011. Bolton Diggers were established in 2013 and have promoted the commons as a foil to privatisation . They have established community food gardens, cooperatives and the Common Wealth café, a pay-as-you-feel café using surplus food from supermarkets. The Manchester Urban Diggers, which operate out of Platt Fields Gardens , takes its name and ethos from

6916-415: The state for their own mass food production purposes. Cooperative farms were another product from that period of reform, which allowed small farms to group together. That strengthened the voice and power of the agricultural population in Cuba when it came to the political sphere. The cooperatives were also highly effective, with over 75% becoming profitable in 1990, compared to 27% of state-owned farms claiming

7007-409: The state. Additionally, Cambodian policy held an underlying sentiment of anti-industrial and anti-urban ideology. Furthermore, urban centers managed to mitigate the total collapse of China’s rural economy, but rural Cambodia did not have any urban centers from which to receive aid. Dr. Kate Frieson, a researcher and policy analyst at Royal Roads University , considers those conditions to have led to

7098-419: The subsequent persecution. The Socialist Revolutionaries' ideology was built upon the philosophical foundation of Russia's narodnik , a movement of the 1860s and the 1870s and its worldview developed primarily by Alexander Herzen and Pyotr Lavrov . After a period of decline and marginalization in the 1880s, the narodnik school of thought about social change in Russia was revived and substantially modified by

7189-402: The successor to Dominic Raab In local government Cobham is part of Elmbridge Borough Council and Surrey County Council . Until 2016, Cobham was divided into two wards, Cobham Fairmile and Cobham & Downside for Elmbridge voting. Following boundary changes in 2016, Cobham was divided between a newly drawn Cobham and downside ward and an expanded Oxshott & Stoke d'Abernon ward, with

7280-421: The sugar trade. Under this capitalist system, American enterprises claimed land previously belonging to small farmers for their own agricultural monopolies. Poverty, unemployment, and illiteracy grew tenfold, but Cubans did not have the means to stop it without causing severe harm to their economy. However, the success of the revolution resulted in a resurgence of peasant-favoring and socialist ideals in Cuba. That

7371-399: The three dispersed sites). Vickers had numerous other wartime dispersed depots locally and those within the boundaries or whose nearest village was Cobham included Corbie Wood and Riseholme (on Seven Hills Road), Conway Cottage and Norwood Farm. Despite its proximity to Brooklands and Wisley airfields (both active until the early 1970s), Cobham saw relatively few aircraft crashes. Most notable

7462-677: The village centre, private estates off the A245 Stoke Road, semi-rural Downside and Hatchford, Ockham south of the M25 .Since a by election in July 2021, the Liberal Democrats have taken 2 out of the 3 Cobham seats on Elmbridge B.C. Since the 2013 Surrey County election, the local Member for Cobham is Conservative, Mrs Mary Lewis who serves as Cabinet member for Children, Young People and Families. A Cobham & Downside member on Elmbridge , Mike Bennison since 2005 also represents

7553-669: The village is the A3 trunk road, a major arterial route from London to Portsmouth . This road links to the M25 motorway at Junction 10, immediately to the southwest of Cobham. Cobham & Stoke d'Abernon railway station , opened in 1885, is on the New Guildford line from London Waterloo . The closest public desk and offices of Surrey Police is at the Civic Offices, Elmbridge Borough Council, in Esher. Surrey Fire & Rescue Service , called Painshill Fire Station, has

7644-493: The war, Vickers' Experimental Department continued to use two of the Redhill Road sites (now known as 'Foxwarren') and built aircraft prototypes there such as the Viscount airliner and Valiant V-bomber, until it moved back to the main factory at Brooklands in the late 1950s. In the 1970s residents Mike Chambers ran a business building Huron Formula Fords and a Formula Atlantic car at the Silvermere works and Geoff Uren prepared

7735-503: The weirs nearby. They also recognised that the mill was Grade II listed and shored up the mill's foundations. Thereafter, the Cobham Mill Preservation Trust was formed as a sister organisation to the Cobham Conservation Group and took over the leasehold. The building was restored to full working order by the volunteers of the Cobham Mill Preservation Trust, and first opened to the public in 1993. Cobham Mill

7826-496: The “social function” component of the Republic of Brazil’s constitution, meaning that their contributions to society were recognized by the government. Next, the MST looked for a way to promote their socialist values. The answer came in the form of collectivization, taking inspiration from cooperatives found in Cuba. One MST leader stated “Only agricultural cooperation would allow settlements to best develop their production, introduce

7917-483: Was a Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighter which flew low over Brooklands apparently in trouble and crashed at Cobham on 16 March 1944; the pilot survived and little else was published of this incident. During World War II aircraft company Airspeed Ltd set up a design office at Fairmile Manor which designed the civil aircraft the Airspeed Ambassador before moving back to Portsmouth in the late 1940s. After

8008-797: Was a socialist movement pursuing land reform in Brazil . Following the Cuban Revolution, the new Communist Party of Cuba pursued agrarian socialist policies, including the Agrarian Reform Law of 1959 and the Agrarian Reform Law of 1963 . Agrarian socialism is a political ideology combining principles from agrarianism and socialism . Agrarian socialism pursues the collectivization of rural populations as opposed to agricultural policies that promote capitalistic farming. Agricultural collectivization seeks to contribute to

8099-521: Was linguistically and ideologically inspired by Mao Zedong 's Great Leap Forward in China. An emphasis on autarkic independence and self-reliance characterized the plan. To achieve complete autarky, CPK leadership asserted that the revolution would be sustained by agriculture, rice production in particular. The leadership sought to triple Cambodian rice production within a year. It evacuated urban residents en masse to rural agriculture-zones, which led to

8190-501: Was part of the anti-imperial and anti-colonial campaign promoted by the newly-established Republic of Cuba. Under this new government, both the Agrarian Reform Law of 1959 and the Agrarian Reform Law of 1963 were enacted. These laws acted as a catalyst for social and economic reform as they allowed for land to be redistributed amongst thousands of peasants and abolished foreign ownership of rural lands. Previously corporate-owned farms were soon turned over to small family farmers or obtained by

8281-493: Was to widen the concept of the "people" so that it encompassed all elements in the society that were opposed to the Tsarist regime. The party's program was both socialist and democratic in nature and garnered much support among Russia's rural peasantry , which particularly supported the program of land-socialization , as opposed to the Bolsheviks ' program of nationalization of the land. The Socialist Revolutionaries wanted

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