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38-532: Directorio is Spanish for Directorate and could refer to: Cuban Democratic Directorate , a nongovernmental organization that supports the human rights movement in Cuba. Directorio , early 19th century government of Argentina. Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Directorio . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

76-475: A Lawrence of Arabia figure. Coverage of Gene Sharp's influence in the Egyptian revolution produced a backlash from some Egyptian bloggers. One, journalist Hossam el-Hamalawy , stated that "Not only was Mubarak's foreign policy hated and despised by the Egyptian people, but parallels were always drawn between the situation of the Egyptian people and their Palestinian brothers and sisters. The latter have been

114-558: A foreword to his first book on Gandhi. He worked as factory laborer, guide to a blind social worker, and secretary to A. J. Muste , America's leading pacifist. Between 1955 and 1958, he was Assistant Editor of Peace News (London), the weekly pacifist newspaper from where he helped organize the 1958 Aldermaston March . The next two years he studied and researched in Oslo with Professor Arne Næss , who together with Johan Galtung drew extensively from Mohandas Gandhi 's writings in developing

152-670: A la Farsa Electoral" (No to the Electoral Farce). The Directorio helps inform international human rights organizations like Amnesty International and instruments like the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights about human rights violations in Cuba by relaying reports from activists there. The DDC receives funding from the National Endowment for Democracy (NED) from funds earmarked for regime change in Cuba. The NED funds also went toward

190-635: A leader of the April 6 democracy group, also stated in the How to Start a Revolution documentary, "Gene Sharp's books had a huge impact" among other influences. The Associated Press reported as early as September 2010 more than four months before the revolution that Gene Sharp's work was being used by activists in Egypt close to political leader Mohamed ElBaradei . Finally The New York Times reported that Sharp's book From Dictatorship to Democracy had been posted by

228-530: A number of the accused confessed that the post-election unrest was preplanned and the plan was following the timetable of the velvet revolution to the extent that over 100 stages of the 198 steps of Gene Sharp were implemented in the foiled velvet revolution." Former members of the IRA are reported to be studying his work. Sharp and his work have been profiled in numerous media; however, some have claimed Sharp's influence has been exaggerated by Westerners looking for

266-518: A population to cause significant change in a state. Sharp cites the insight of Étienne de La Boétie (1530–1563) that if the subjects of a particular state recognize that they are the source of the state's power, they can refuse their obedience and their leader(s) will be left without power. Sharp published Waging Nonviolent Struggle: 20th Century Practice and 21st Century Potential in 2005. It builds on his earlier written works and documents case studies where nonviolent action has been applied, presents

304-565: A very minimal budget out of Dr. Sharp's home with a staff consisting of two people – Dr. Sharp and a young administrator – and is quite incapable of carrying out the foreign intrigues of which it has been falsely accused. More recently Sharp has been criticised by George Ciccariello-Maher and Michael A. Lebowitz , the latter describing his activities in Venezuela as "marketing regime change" to willing consumers. Anarchist Peter Gelderloos accuses Sharp of overstating his theory's relevance to

342-755: A week via shortwave and AM signals to Cuba. Its programming is focused on internal Cuban social dynamics and features extensive coverage of the opposition movement, international news relating to Cuba, and social issues on the island. The Directorio has been one of the exile organizations most active in supporting the " Yo No Coopero con la Dictadura " (I Do Not Cooperate with the Dictatorship) campaign launched by political prisoners Jorge Luis Garcia Perez Antunez and Jose Daniel Ferrer Garcia in 2005. Activists in Cuba carry out street protests, processions, and fasts as part of this initiative. In 2007, Directorio supported an effort to boycott elections in Cuba called "No

380-415: Is monolithic (the god cult of the Egyptian pharaohs , the dignity of the office of the president, moral or ethical norms and taboos, etc.). Through these systems, subjects are presented with a system of sanctions (imprisonment, fines, ostracism ) and rewards (titles, wealth, fame) which influence the extent of their obedience. Sharp identifies this hidden structure as providing a window of opportunity for

418-540: Is the only attempt at a systematic study on the Island's growing civil society . Its findings have been featured in the peer-reviewed Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies and in National Review magazine. According to Steps to Freedom, civic resistance actions in Cuba have increased every year from 1998 to 2004. The Directorio also operates Radio Republica, a radio station that transmits programming 7 days

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456-844: The Satyagraha Norms . In 1968, he received a Doctor of Philosophy in political theory from Oxford University . Funding for Sharp's research at this time came from the DARPA project of the US Department of Defense . Sharp was appointed a professor of political science at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth in 1972. He held research appointments at Harvard University 's Center for International Affairs from 1965. In 1983 he founded Harvard's Program on Nonviolent Sanctions in Conflict and Defense (PNS), which "continued in

494-454: The 2011 Egyptian revolution for personal aggrandizement. In an interview in Jacobin , law graduate and adjunct lecturer Marcie Smith has stated that Sharp's theories are "ideologically incoherent" and put "protest movements in a position where they can be easily co-opted " by neoliberal capitalism. Sharp's major works, including both authored and edited books, have been published since

532-567: The Arab Spring , and a leaked US embassy cable mentioned Syrian dissidents using his work to train non-violent protestors, but As'ad AbuKhalil rejected such claims. Sharp consistently denied these claims and, after a period of sustained attacks in June 2008, notable left wing writers Noam Chomsky and Howard Zinn , among others, defended Sharp in a letter which was circulated by US and internationally based scholars and activists, including

570-641: The CIA, the NED, or any U.S. government or government-funded agencies; nor has Dr. Sharp or the Albert Einstein Institution ever provided financial or logistical support to any opposition groups in any country; nor has Dr. Sharp or the Albert Einstein Institution ever taken sides in political conflicts or engaged in strategic planning with any group. The Albert Einstein Institution operates with

608-643: The Directorio’s radio station. Gene Sharp Gene Sharp (January 21, 1928 – January 28, 2018) was an American political scientist. He was the founder of the Albert Einstein Institution , a non-profit organization dedicated to advancing the study of nonviolent action, and professor of political science at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth . He was known for his extensive writings on nonviolent struggle, which have influenced numerous anti-government resistance movements around

646-533: The Lithuanian, Latvian, and Estonian governments during their separation from the Soviet Union in 1991. Lithuanian Defence Minister Audrius Butkevicius declared at the time, "I would rather have this book than the nuclear bomb". The Iranian government charged protesters against alleged fraud in the 2009 elections with following Gene Sharp's tactics. The Tehran Times reported: "According to the indictment,

684-748: The Muslim Brotherhood on its website during the 2011 Egyptian revolution . According to Stuart Bramhall in Daily Censored , in 2005 Gene Sharp was accused by Thierry Meyssan in VoltaireNet of having strong links with a variety of US institutions including the Central Intelligence Agency , The Pentagon , International Republican Institute , RAND Corporation , and the National Endowment for Democracy . There has been debate around Sharp's works influencing

722-534: The Steps to Freedom reports, news updates on their websites, as well as publishing books by activists such as student leader Nestor Rodriguez Lobaina's "Con el Alma Cautiva" (With a Captive Soul). The Directorio publishes an annual report on the Cuban democracy movement called "Steps to Freedom" which analyzes the movement's civic resistance actions according to a framework drawn from the work of Gene Sharp . To date, it

760-572: The United States, they aid Cuban opposition organizations by providing humanitarian and material support, and connecting foreign journalists with sources in Cuba, and building international solidarity for the opposition movement in Cuba. The Directorio is a signatory of the Agreement for Democracy in Cuba. Originally drafted in 1998 ahead of Pope John Paul II's trip to Cuba, the 10-point document calls for, among other things, free elections on

798-460: The fall of the socialist government on the island. The group took the name Directorio Revolucionario Democrático Cubano (Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Directorate) in honor of the tradition begun in the late 1920s in Havana whereby university students began forming "directorates" to defend citizens' basic liberties and rights from supposed government violations. In March 2002, members chose to change

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836-850: The island and the release of political prisoners. More than 120 organizations, both in Cuba and abroad, have signed it. The Directorio is a member of the Christian Democrat Organization of America and an associate member of the International Democrat Union . Founded in 1990 at the International Congress of Cuban Youth for a Free Cuba in Miami Beach, the Directorio began primarily as an organization of students and professionals in their 20s and 30s who wanted to contribute to

874-621: The lessons learned from those applications, and contains information on planning nonviolent struggle to make it more effective. " How to Start a Revolution ", a feature documentary by the Scottish director Ruaridh Arrow about the global influence of Gene Sharp's work, was released in September 2011. The film won "Best Documentary" and the "Mass Impact Award" at the Boston Film Festival in September 2011. The European premiere

912-514: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Directorio&oldid=594975226 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Cuban Democratic Directorate (Directorio) The Directorio supports freedom , democracy and human rights in Cuba by way of nonviolent civic struggle . Based in

950-556: The major source of inspiration, not Gene Sharp, whose name I first heard in my life only in February after we toppled Mubarak already and whom the clueless NYT moronically gives credit for our uprising." Another Egyptian writer and activist, Karim Alrawi , argued that Gene Sharp's writings are more about regime change than revolution. He defines the latter as having an ethical as well as a material dimension that Sharp deliberately avoids engaging with, and credits local circumstances and

988-579: The name to Directorio Democrático Cubano (Cuban Democratic Directorate) to better reflect the primacy of democratic values in the organization's vision and goals since its founding. The Directorio actively represents the interests of the Cuban opposition movement before international human rights organizations and foreign governments. The Directorio frequently participates in conferences and programs organized by Václav Havel 's International Committee for Democracy in Cuba . They also support human rights activists by publicizing their work and activities through

1026-597: The son of an itinerant Protestant minister. He received a Bachelor of Arts in Social Sciences in 1949 from Ohio State University , where he also received his Master of Arts in Sociology in 1951. In 1953–54, Sharp was jailed for nine months after protesting the conscription of soldiers for the Korean War . He discussed his decision to go to prison for his beliefs in letters to Albert Einstein , who wrote

1064-481: The spark provided by the Tunisian revolution for the Egyptian success. However, evidence and testimony from four different activist groups working in Egypt at the time of the revolution contradict these claims. Dalia Ziada , an Egyptian blogger and activist, said that activists translated excerpts of Sharp's work into Arabic, and that his message of "attacking weaknesses of dictators" stuck with them. Ahmed Maher ,

1102-423: The spirit of its founder" and in 1995 was merged with another Harvard organization. In 1983 Sharp also founded the Albert Einstein Institution , a non-profit organization devoted to studies and promotion of the use of nonviolent action in conflicts worldwide. In 2004, the Albert Einstein Institution lost much of its funding (with income dropping from more than $ 1m a year to as little as $ 160,000), and from then on

1140-441: The statement, Rather than being a tool of imperialism, Dr. Sharp’s research and writings have inspired generations of progressive peace, labor, feminist, human rights, environmental, and social justice activists in the United States and around the world. The Albert Einstein Institution has never received any money from any government or government-funded entity. Nor does Dr. Sharp or the Albert Einstein Institution collaborate with

1178-570: The subjects of the state. His fundamental belief is that any power structure relies upon the subjects' obedience to the orders of the ruler(s). If subjects do not obey, rulers have no power. In Sharp's view, all effective power structures have systems by which they encourage or extract obedience from their subjects. States have particularly complex systems for keeping subjects obedient. These systems include specific institutions (police, courts, regulatory bodies, etc.), but may also involve cultural dimensions that inspire obedience by implying that power

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1216-492: The world. Sharp received the 2008 Int’l Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award for his lifelong commitment to the defense of freedom, democracy, and the reduction of political violence through scholarly analysis of the power of nonviolent action. Unofficial sources have claimed that Sharp was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2015, and had previously been nominated three times, in 2009, 2012 and 2013. Sharp

1254-613: The world. His works remain the ideological underpinning of the work for the Serbian-based nonviolent conflict training group the Centre for Applied Nonviolent Action and Strategies which helped to train the key activists in the protest movement that toppled President Mubarak of Egypt, and many other earlier youth movements in the Eastern European color revolutions . Sharp's 1993 handbook From Dictatorship to Democracy

1292-427: Was based on his 1968 PhD thesis. In the book, he provides a pragmatic political analysis of nonviolent action as a method for applying power in a conflict. Sharp's key theme is that power is not monolithic; that is, it does not derive from some intrinsic quality of those who are in power . For Sharp, political power, the power of any state – regardless of its particular structural organization – ultimately derives from

1330-511: Was first published in Burma, fourth edition in 2010. It has since been translated into at least 31 other languages. It has served as a basis for the campaigns of Serbia 's Otpor! (who were also directly trained by the Albert Einstein Institution ), Georgia 's Kmara , Kyrgyzstan 's KelKel and Belarus ' Zubr . PORA 's Oleh Kyriyenko said in a 2004 interview with Radio Netherlands, Sharp's writings on " Civilian-based defense " were used by

1368-401: Was held at London's Raindance Film Festival on October 2, 2011, where it also won Best Documentary. A biography of Gene Sharp by Ruaridh Arrow based on the documentary was released in 2020. Sharp has been called both the " Machiavelli of nonviolence" and the " Clausewitz of nonviolent warfare." It is claimed by some that Sharp's scholarship has influenced resistance organizations around

1406-712: Was run out of Sharp's home in East Boston , near Logan Airport . In 2012, he received the Zambrano Foundation Distinguished Lifetime Democracy Award. Sharp died on January 28, 2018, at home in Boston, having just turned 90. Gene Sharp described the sources of his ideas as in-depth studies of Mohandas K. Gandhi , A. J. Muste , Henry David Thoreau to a minor degree, and other sources footnoted in his 1973 book The Politics of Nonviolent Action , which

1444-624: Was widely considered the favorite for the 2012 award. In 2011, he was awarded the El-Hibri Peace Education Prize . In 2012, he was a recipient of the Right Livelihood Award for "developing and articulating the core principles and strategies of nonviolent resistance and supporting their practical implementation in conflict areas around the world". Sharp was born in North Baltimore , Ohio,

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