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42-684: Based in Portland, Oregon, the DMTF is led by a board of directors representing technology companies including: Broadcom Inc., Cisco, Dell Technologies, Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Intel Corporation, Lenovo, Positivo Tecnologia S.A. , and Verizon. Founded in 1992 as the Desktop Management Task Force, the organization's first standard was the now-legacy Desktop Management Interface (DMI). As the organization evolved to address distributed management through additional standards, such as

84-615: A water cooling system instead of many fans. Some small form factor computers and home theater PCs designed for quiet and energy-efficient operation boast fan-less designs. This typically requires the use of a low-power CPU, as well as a careful layout of the motherboard and other components to allow for heat sink placement. A 2003 study found that some spurious computer crashes and general reliability issues, ranging from screen image distortions to I/O read/write errors, can be attributed not to software or peripheral hardware but to aging capacitors on PC motherboards. Ultimately this

126-439: A card-cage case with components connected by a backplane containing a set of interconnected sockets into which the circuit boards are plugged. In very old designs, copper wires were the discrete connections between card connector pins, but printed circuit boards soon became the standard practice. The central processing unit (CPU), memory, and peripherals were housed on individually printed circuit boards, which were plugged into

168-406: A different number of connections depending on its standard and form factor . A standard, modern ATX motherboard will typically have two or three PCI-Express x16 connection for a graphics card, one or two legacy PCI slots for various expansion cards, and one or two PCI-E x1 (which has superseded PCI ). A standard EATX motherboard will have two to four PCI-E x16 connection for graphics cards, and

210-472: A lifetime of 3 to 4 years can be expected. However, many manufacturers deliver substandard capacitors, which significantly reduce life expectancy. Inadequate case cooling and elevated temperatures around the CPU socket exacerbate this problem. With top blowers, the motherboard components can be kept under 95 °C (203 °F), effectively doubling the motherboard lifetime. Mid-range and high-end motherboards, on

252-555: A peripheral device. If no peripheral device containing an operating system was available, then the computer would perform tasks from other ROM stores or display an error message, depending on the model and design of the computer. For example, both the Apple II and the original IBM PC had Cassette BASIC (ROM BASIC) and would start that if no operating system could be loaded from the floppy disk or hard disk. The boot firmware in modern IBM PC compatible motherboard designs contains either

294-479: A presence in Argentina, Kenya, Rwanda, China and Taiwan. Positivo Tecnologia's portfolio includes companies involved in multiple sectors, such as Positivo, Positivo Casa Inteligente, Positivo Servers & Solutions, PositivoSEG, Positivo as a Service, Positivo Tech Services, Vaio, Infinix and Educacional – Ecossistema de Tecnologia e Inovação. In May 2024, the company announced the acquisition of Algar Tech MSP,

336-448: A separate component. Business PCs, workstations, and servers were more likely to need expansion cards, either for more robust functions, or for higher speeds; those systems often had fewer embedded components. Laptop and notebook computers that were developed in the 1990s integrated the most common peripherals. This even included motherboards with no upgradeable components, a trend that would continue as smaller systems were introduced after

378-412: A set of low-speed peripherals: PS/2 keyboard and mouse , floppy disk drive , serial ports , and parallel ports . By the late 1990s, many personal computer motherboards included consumer-grade embedded audio, video, storage, and networking functions without the need for any expansion cards at all; higher-end systems for 3D gaming and computer graphics typically retained only the graphics card as

420-433: A variety of other custom components. Similarly, the term mainboard describes a device with a single board and no additional expansions or capability, such as controlling boards in laser printers, television sets, washing machines, mobile phones, and other embedded systems with limited expansion abilities. Prior to the invention of the microprocessor , the CPU of a digital computer consisted of multiple circuit boards in

462-704: A variety of sizes and shapes called form factors , some of which are specific to individual computer manufacturers. However, the motherboards used in IBM-compatible systems are designed to fit various case sizes. As of 2024 , most desktop computer motherboards use the ATX standard form factor — even those found in Macintosh and Sun computers, which have not been built from commodity components. A case's motherboard and power supply unit (PSU) form factor must all match, though some smaller form factor motherboards of

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504-515: A varying number of PCI and PCI-E x1 slots. It can sometimes also have a PCI-E x4 slot (will vary between brands and models). Some motherboards have two or more PCI-E x16 slots, to allow more than 2 monitors without special hardware, or use a special graphics technology called SLI (for Nvidia ) and Crossfire (for AMD ). These allow 2 to 4 graphics cards to be linked together, to allow better performance in intensive graphical computing tasks, such as gaming, video editing, etc. In newer motherboards,

546-553: Is a Brazilian technology company headquartered in Curitiba, Paraná . It develops, manufactures, and sells computers, cell phones, tablets, smart home and office devices, servers, IT infrastructure solutions , payment machines, and educational technologies. The company also offers leasing services for IT and mobility equipment, as well as technical support. The company has factories in Ilhéus , Bahia and Manaus, Amazonas , and also has

588-415: Is the main printed circuit board (PCB) in general-purpose computers and other expandable systems. It holds and allows communication between many of the crucial electronic components of a system, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory , and provides connectors for other peripherals . Unlike a backplane , a motherboard usually contains significant sub-systems, such as the central processor,

630-406: Is usually more expensive than a desktop motherboard. A CPU socket (central processing unit) or slot is an electrical component that attaches to a printed circuit board (PCB) and is designed to house a CPU (also called a microprocessor). It is a special type of integrated circuit socket designed for very high pin counts. A CPU socket provides many functions, including a physical structure to support

672-704: The Apple II and IBM PC include only this minimal peripheral support on the motherboard. Occasionally video interface hardware was also integrated into the motherboard; for example, on the Apple II and rarely on IBM-compatible computers such as the IBM PCjr . Additional peripherals such as disk controllers and serial ports were provided as expansion cards. Given the high thermal design power of high-speed computer CPUs and components, modern motherboards nearly always include heat sinks and mounting points for fans to dissipate excess heat. Motherboards are produced in

714-477: The Apple II and IBM PC used ROM chips mounted in sockets on the motherboard. At power-up, the central processor unit would load its program counter with the address of the Boot ROM and start executing instructions from the Boot ROM. These instructions initialized and tested the system hardware, displayed system information on the screen, performed RAM checks, and then attempts to boot an operating system from

756-429: The M.2 slots are for SSD and/or wireless network interface controller . Motherboards are generally air cooled with heat sinks often mounted on larger chips in modern motherboards. Insufficient or improper cooling can cause damage to the internal components of the computer, or cause it to crash . Passive cooling , or a single fan mounted on the power supply , was sufficient for many desktop computer CPU's until

798-482: The chipset 's input/output and memory controllers, interface connectors, and other components integrated for general use. Motherboard means specifically a PCB with expansion capabilities. As the name suggests, this board is often referred to as the mother of all components attached to it, which often include peripherals, interface cards, and daughterboards : sound cards , video cards , network cards , host bus adapters , TV tuner cards , IEEE 1394 cards, and

840-651: The 2A.M. gaming computer brand in Brazil. Opens Quantum operations in Argentina and Chile. Acquires 80% of Accept. 2019 – Partners with MindCET to accelerate startups in the Amazon rainforest , with the Government of Amazonas and the Amazonas Court of Justice to bring educational technology to environments with no or low connectivity. 2020 – Positivo Tecnologia follows on the share offering. Task force to increase

882-475: The Aprende Brasil Portal for public schools. 2004 – Debuts in the retail computer market. 2005 – Begins selling desktops, notebooks, and servers to the corporate market, surpassing the milestone of 500,000 computers produced for this segment. 2006 – Becomes a publicly traded company and joins the "IGC" (Differentiated Corporate Governance Index) and "ITAG" (Differentiated Tag Along Index). In

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924-420: The CPU series and speed. With the steadily declining costs and size of integrated circuits , it is now possible to include support for many peripherals on the motherboard. By combining many functions on one PCB , the physical size and total cost of the system may be reduced; highly integrated motherboards are thus especially popular in small form factor and budget computers. A typical motherboard will have

966-522: The CPU, support for a heat sink, facilitating replacement (as well as reducing cost), and most importantly, forming an electrical interface both with the CPU and the PCB. CPU sockets on the motherboard can most often be found in most desktop and server computers (laptops typically use surface mount CPUs), particularly those based on the Intel x86 architecture. A CPU socket type and motherboard chipset must support

1008-756: The Common Information Model (CIM), it changed its name to the Distributed Management Task Force in 1999, but is now known as, DMTF. The DMTF continues to address converged, hybrid IT and the Software Defined Data Center (SDDC) with its latest specifications, such as the Redfish standard, SMBIOS, SPDM, and PMCI standards. DMTF standards include: Positivo Tecnologia Positivo Tecnologia (B3: POSI3, formerly Positivo Informática)

1050-749: The IT market. Partners with the Infinix brand, from the global company Transsion Holdings, and launches the Infinix Note 10 Pro; partnership with Stone for the supply of SmartPOS and with NEXGO for the production of smart payment machines. In the same year, wins the bid to manufacture the new electronic voting machines to be used in the 2024 elections. 2022 – Launches the Positivo Tech Services business unit to provide services and technical support for corporations throughout Brazil. 2023 – Launches

1092-609: The Positivo educational system. 1990 – Starts supplying computers and IT solutions to companies and public institutions through tenders. 1994 – Creation of the Educational Technology (Tecnologia Educacional) division with the development of educational software for schools and retail. 2000 – The Educational Technology division creates the Portal Educacional to serve private schools. 2001 – Creates

1134-729: The PositivoSEG business unit, focused on automation and electronic security for the B2B market, as well as acquiring SecuriCenter, a distributor of technology solutions equipment for the automation and electronic security market. 2024 – Acquires Algar Tech MSP, the Managed Services Provider (MSP) unit of Algar Tech. Motherboard A motherboard (also called mainboard , main circuit board , MB , base board , system board , or, in Apple computers, logic board )

1176-705: The Quantum smartphone brand and obtains a license to produce and sell VAIO notebooks in Brazil. 2016 – Acquires 50% of HiT (Hi Technologies), a company specializing in technological equipment for the healthcare sector. 2017 – Changes its name to Positivo Tecnologia to reflect business diversification. Expands business in Africa with the start of operations in Kenya. Inaugurates another factory in Manaus, Boreo Indústria de Componentes, for motherboard production. 2018 – Launches

1218-574: The backplane. In older microprocessor-based systems, the CPU and some support circuitry would fit on a single CPU board, with memory and peripherals on additional boards, all plugged into the backplane. The ubiquitous S-100 bus of the 1970s is an example of this type of backplane system. The most popular computers of the 1980s such as the Apple II and IBM PC had published schematic diagrams and other documentation which permitted rapid reverse engineering and third-party replacement motherboards. Usually intended for building new computers compatible with

1260-414: The exemplars, many motherboards offered additional performance or other features and were used to upgrade the manufacturer's original equipment. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, it became economical to move an increasing number of peripheral functions onto the motherboard. In the late 1980s, personal computer motherboards began to include single ICs (also called Super I/O chips) capable of supporting

1302-460: The late 1990s; since then, most have required CPU fans mounted on heat sinks , due to rising clock speeds and power consumption. Most motherboards have connectors for additional computer fans and integrated temperature sensors to detect motherboard and CPU temperatures and controllable fan connectors which the BIOS or operating system can use to regulate fan speed. Alternatively computers can use

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1344-525: The managed IT services unit of Algar Tech, part of the Grupo Algar. The portfolio of products and solutions is distributed across retail, corporate, and Brazilian public institution channels. The company is capable of developing and adapting technology to the Brazilian context. 1989 – Foundation – as Positivo Informática – to manufacture and sell computers to Grupo Positivo schools and schools using

1386-433: The motherboard cooling and monitoring solutions are usually based on a super I/O chip or an embedded controller . Motherboards contain a ROM (and later EPROM , EEPROM , NOR flash ) that stores firmware that initializes hardware devices and boots an operating system from a peripheral device . The terms bootstrapping and boot come from the phrase "lifting yourself by your bootstraps". Microcomputers such as

1428-419: The motherboard. Other components such as external storage , controllers for video display and sound , and peripheral devices may be attached to the motherboard as plug-in cards or via cables; in modern microcomputers, it is increasingly common to integrate some of these peripherals into the motherboard itself. An important component of a motherboard is the microprocessor's supporting chipset , which provides

1470-443: The other hand, use solid capacitors exclusively. For every 10 °C less, their average lifespan is multiplied approximately by three, resulting in a 6-times higher lifetime expectancy at 65 °C (149 °F). These capacitors may be rated for 5000, 10000 or 12000 hours of operation at 105 °C (221 °F), extending the projected lifetime in comparison with standard solid capacitors. In desktop PCs and notebook computers,

1512-583: The production capacity of Magnamed ventilators in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the same year, the company wins the bid to manufacture the new electronic voting machines used in the 2022 elections. 2021 – Licenses the brand and incorporates the operations of the Compaq brand in Brazil; elected to the DMTF (Distributed Management Task Force) Council, a North American institute that brings together global technology companies and encourages best practices in

1554-406: The same family will fit larger cases. For example, an ATX case will usually accommodate a microATX motherboard. Laptop computers generally use highly integrated, miniaturized, and customized motherboards. This is one of the reasons that laptop computers are difficult to upgrade and expensive to repair. Often the failure of one laptop component requires the replacement of the entire motherboard, which

1596-527: The same year, it received the important award for Best Company in the Technology and Computing Sector by Exame magazine (Melhores e Maiores) and was recognized as the most well-known brand among computer manufacturers in the Folha de São Paulo ’s Top of Mind surveys. 2007 – Reaches leadership in the national computer market with the sale of 1.389 million PCs, a number that places it in the select group of

1638-405: The supporting interfaces between the CPU and the various buses and external components. This chipset determines, to an extent, the features and capabilities of the motherboard. Modern motherboards include: Additionally, nearly all motherboards include logic and connectors to support commonly used input devices, such as USB for mouse devices and keyboards . Early personal computers such as

1680-659: The ten largest desktop manufacturers in the world. Opens offices in Taipei (Taiwan). 2008 – Inauguration of the factory in Manaus, Amazonas . 2011 – Begins the internationalization process of the brand with BGH in countries such as Argentina and Uruguay. 2012 – Debuts in the mobile phone market. 2013 – Opens an office in Shenzhen (China). 2014 – Begins manufacturing tablets and computers in Rwanda, Africa. 2015 – Launches

1722-507: The turn of the century (like the tablet computer and the netbook ). Memory, processors, network controllers, power source, and storage would be integrated into some systems. A motherboard provides the electrical connections by which the other components of the system communicate. Unlike a backplane, it also contains the central processing unit and hosts other subsystems and devices. A typical desktop computer has its microprocessor , main memory , and other essential components connected to

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1764-679: Was shown to be the result of a faulty electrolyte formulation, an issue termed capacitor plague . Modern motherboards use electrolytic capacitors to filter the DC power distributed around the board. These capacitors age at a temperature-dependent rate, as their water based electrolytes slowly evaporate. This can lead to loss of capacitance and subsequent motherboard malfunctions due to voltage instabilities. While most capacitors are rated for 2000 hours of operation at 105 °C (221 °F), their expected design life roughly doubles for every 10 °C (18 °F) below this. At 65 °C (149 °F)

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