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138-518: Curitiba ( Brazilian Portuguese: [kuɾiˈtʃibɐ] ) is the capital and largest city in the state of Paraná in Southern Brazil . The city's population was 1,773,718 as of 2022, making it the eighth most populous city in Brazil and the largest in Brazil's South Region . The Curitiba Metropolitan area comprises 29 municipalities with a total population of over 3,559,366, making it

276-480: A canalization process. Other alternatives developed to minimize the negative effects of urbanization are the implementation of programs for environmental education, inspection and monitoring, elaboration and application of legislation and infrastructure works. The city covers 432.17 km (166.86 sq mi) on the First Plateau of Paraná. Curitiba has a topography of smooth, rounded hills, giving it

414-571: A gaucho culture with its neighbors Argentina and Uruguay. Before the arrival of Portuguese and Spanish settlers, it was inhabited mostly by the Guarani and Kaingang peoples (with smaller populations of Charrúa and Minuane ). The first Europeans there were Jesuits , followed by settlers from the Azores . In the 19th century it was the scene of conflicts including the Ragamuffin War and

552-535: A Province of Brazil (Província Cisplatina). This situation outlasted Brazil's independence from Portugal in 1822; in 1825, however, Juan Antonio Lavalleja proclaimed the independence of Uruguay; war followed, until in 1828 Brazil recognized Uruguayan independence. Populating Rio Grande do Sul was a constant concern of the Portuguese. To that end, the metropolitan Crown distributed land in the form of enormous latifundia . In those large latifundia, cattle raising

690-668: A coastal zone, the mountains of Serra do Mar , and then three plateaus, each lower than the other, until the Paraná River is reached. According to the Köppen climate classification , the north and west of the state, and the east coast, is of the Cfa climate type, with the remainder being Cfb . An alternative analysis using the ECMWF model indicates that the Aw and Cwa Köppen types appear in

828-522: A genetic study from 2013, Brazilians in Rio Grande do Sul have an average of 73% European, 14% African and 13% Amerindian ancestry. Ethnicities of Rio Grande do Sul in 2022 People of Portuguese – mostly Azorean – background predominate in the coastal region. The Southwest, on the other hand, was originally populated by Pampeano Indians. Like the other Gauchos from the La Plata Basin

966-734: A growth of 21% over the previous year. The city's 30-year economic growth rate is 7.1%, higher than the national average of 4.2%, and per capita income is 66% higher than the Brazilian average. Between 1975 and 1995, Curitiba's domestic product grew by some 75% more than the entire State of Paraná, and 48% more than Brazil as a whole. In 1994, tourism generated US$ 280 million - 4% of the city's net income. Curitiba has municipal health, education and day care networks, neighborhood libraries shared by schools and citizens and Citizenship Streets, where buildings provide essential public services, sports and cultural facilities near transportation terminals. At

1104-595: A hero in his native Italy). The Empire soon retook initiative, though, and from them on the rebels fought in the defensive. In 1842, the Empire assigned a new Provincial governor and military commander, the Baron, later Duke of Caxias . The inability of the rebels to secure contact with the world through a seaport, the dwindling economy of the Province, combined with Caxias' superior capabilities as military commander, led to

1242-636: A print of the Black Madonna of Częstochowa (patron saint of the Polish people ), form parts of the memorial. The first group of Poles arrived in Curitiba around 1871. Curitiba has the biggest colony of Polish immigrants in Brazil. Italian immigrants started arriving in Brazil in 1875 and in Curitiba in 1878, coming mainly from the Veneto and Trento regions of Northern Italy . They settled mostly in

1380-471: A proposal from Mayor Ivo Arzua centered around preparing Curitiba for new growth. They improved Agache’s plan by proposing adding major linear transit pathways to Curitiba to provide straightforward high-speed routes throughout the city. They also included plans for reducing downtown traffic, minimizing urban sprawl, providing easily accessible and inexpensive public transit, and preserving Curitiba’s historic district. This intelligent and well-thought-out proposal

1518-519: A relatively regular shape. The city has an average altitude of 934.6 m (3,066 ft) above sea level. The highest point is to the north at 1,021 m (3,350 ft), and with lower altitudes at 864 m (2,835 ft) to the south. Mountain ranges and sets of rocky hills surround parts of the city, including the Serra do Mar , a hill range between the shore of the Atlantic Ocean and

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1656-589: A secondary front. But in 1865 a Paraguayan division invaded the state, occupying Uruguaiana by August 5. By August 16, troops of the Triple Alliance put siege to Uruguaiana, and by September 17, an ultimatum was delivered to General Estigarribia, commander of the Paraguayan division. Having no possibility of breaking the siege or defending the position, the Paraguayans surrendered, under conditions,

1794-548: A similar position farther south, on the Uruguayan border, and is about 175 kilometres (109 mi) long by 10 to 35 km wide. It is more irregular in outline and discharges into Lagoa dos Patos through a navigable channel known as the São Gonçalo Channel . A part of the lake lies in Uruguayan territory, but its navigation, as determined by treaty, belongs exclusively to Brazil. Both of these lakes are evidently

1932-471: A total of 17.6 million tons in 2018. Paraná was the 2nd largest producer in the country, with 3.2 million tons. Since 2006, Paraná has been leading the production of beans in Brazil. Brazil is the 3rd largest producer of beans in the world, with an annual harvest of around 3 million tons, 11% of world production. In 2018, the South Region was the main bean producer with 26.4% of the total, followed by

2070-528: A town in 1812, spelling its name Curityba . An alternative spelling was Coritiba . This was used in press and state documents. A state decree in 1919 settled the dispute by adopting Curitiba . At the end of the 17th century, Curitiba's agriculture was only for subsistence and its main economic activities were mineral extraction. Waves of European immigrants arrived after 1850, mainly Poles, Italians, Germans (mostly Volga Germans from Russia) and Ukrainians. Cattlemen drove their herds from Rio Grande do Sul to

2208-471: A typically humid subtropical highland climate ( Köppen : Cfb) . The city's somewhat mild winters, due to its low latitude, differentiate its climate from typically temperate ones. Its location on a plateau and the flat terrain with flooded areas contributes to its mild and damp winters, with an average minimum temperature of 9 °C (48 °F) in July. Temperatures can drop below 0 °C (32 °F) on

2346-522: A very high Human Development Index (0.856) and in 2010 it was awarded the Global Sustainable City Award, given to cities and municipalities that excel in sustainable urban development. According to US magazine Reader's Digest , Curitiba is the best "Brazilian Big City" in which to live. Curitiba's crime rate is considered low by Brazilian standards and the city is considered one of the safest cities in Brazil for youth. The city

2484-416: Is Brazil's 8th most populous city. In 2010, the city had 359,201 opposite-sex couples and 974 same-sex couples . The population of Curitiba was 52.3% female and 47.7% male. As with most of Southern Brazil 's population, Curitiba is mostly inhabited by European descendants. The first Europeans to arrive were of Portuguese origin, during the 17th century. They intermarried with the native people and with

2622-498: Is a Petrobras plant specialized in the production of the material. Approximately 7,800 tons are processed daily. In Food industry , In 2019, Brazil was the 2nd largest exporter of processed foods in the world, with a value of U $ 34.1 billion in exports. The Brazilian food and beverage industry's revenue in 2019 was R $ 699.9 billion, 9.7% of the country's Gross Domestic Product. In 2015, the industrial food and beverage sector in Brazil comprised 34,800 companies (not counting bakeries),

2760-435: Is a reference point and a meeting place. Several units are annexed to public transport terminals. Their nuclei offer services in the local, state and federal areas. Jaime Lerner is perhaps Curitiba's best-known mayor. He was the mayor three times, the first time in the early 1970s. His leadership was crucial to some major changes in the city. Curitiba has built parks instead of canals to reduce flooding; used parks to make

2898-594: Is also home to the largest cancer hospital in the South of Brazil, Erasto Gaertner Hospital . Paran%C3%A1 (state) Crossed by the Tropic of Capricorn, Paraná has what is left of the araucaria forest, one of the most important subtropical forests in the world. At the border with Argentina is the National Park of Iguaçu , considered by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . 40 km (25 mi) from there, at

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3036-482: Is also regarded as the best in which to invest in Brazil. Curitiba was one of the host cities of the 1950 FIFA World Cup , and again for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Despite its good social indicators, the city has a higher unemployment rate than other cities in the state. One theory is that the name Curitiba comes from the Tupi words kurí tyba 'many araucária seeds' due to the large number of Paraná pines pinecones in

3174-658: Is at Curitiba , capital of Paraná. The technological center of Curitiba has companies such as Siemens and Positivo Informatics. 87 companies and 16,000 employees work at Tecnoparque, an area of 127,000 m created by state law in 2007. Tecnoparque can grow up to 400,000 m with up to four times the number of workers it has today, reaching 68 thousand people. In the household appliances industry, sales of whitegoods (refrigerators, air conditioners, etc.) were 12.9 million units in 2017. The sector had its peak sales in 2012, with 18.9 million units. The biggest-selling brands were Brastemp, Electrolux , Consul and Philips . Brastemp

3312-537: Is considered by many investors to be the best location for investment in Brazil. The city receives more than two million tourists every year. Most arrive via the Afonso Pena International Airport , where almost 60,000 flights land annually. According to IPEA data, the GDP in 2006 was 32 billion reals , without including agriculture and livestock (0.03%). Industry represented 34.13% and

3450-504: Is currently a project to grant the main highways in the state ( BR-369 , BR-376 , BR-277 and some others) to the private sector in a large project to double 1,782 km of highways, among other improvement works. Rio Grande do Sul Rio Grande do Sul ( UK : / ˌ r iː uː ˌ ɡ r æ n d i d uː ˈ s ʊ l / , US : /- ˌ ɡ r ɑː n d i d uː ˈ s uː l / , Portuguese: [ˈʁi.u ˈɡɾɐ̃dʒ(i) du ˈsuw] ; lit. "Great River of

3588-474: Is far from being self-sufficient in the production of barley. The Brazilian market consumes, on average, 1.5 million tons per year. Brazil produces 335 thousand tons, close to 22%. Most, 73%, come from Argentina and Uruguay. In 2018, Paraná was the 4th largest produce of tangerine in Brazil. Paraná also has a part of the production of peaches in Brazil. In 2019, in Brazil, there was a total production area of around 4 thousand hectares of strawberry . Paraná

3726-501: Is home to the majority of stores. The area is pedestrianized, with no cars around the centre. An essential element of Curitiba shopping is the Feira do Largo da Ordem, or Largo da Ordem Street Fair. In 2008, according to IBGE Curitiba's nominal GDP was R$ 45.7 billion (or about of US$ 22.5 billion ) (with R$ 25,934 , or US$ 13,000 , by nominal GDP per capita, about of US$ 5,000 more than Brazilian 2008 nominal GDP per capita), making it

3864-676: Is less than 1,200 mm (47 in) a year in the north of the state, rising to above 1,800 mm (71 in) in the southwest and southeast of the state. The Cfa climate, subtropical with good distribution of annual rainfall and hot summers, occurs in the coastal plain and western parts of the state. Average temperature is 19 °C (66 °F), with rainfall of 1,500 millimetres (59.1 in) per year. The Cfb climate, warm temperate with good distribution of annual rainfall and mild summers, occurs at higher elevation. The average annual temperatures are 17 °C (63 °F) and rainfall of 1,200 millimetres (47.2 in) per year. Parana

4002-448: Is located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Riograndia , a cynodont from these deposits, was named after the state in 2001. Other animals from Caturrita Formation include a dicynodont Jachaleria , a traversodontid Exaeretodon and a rhynchosaur Scaphonyx . The presence of Exaeretodon and Scaphonyx shows the relationships with the fauna of Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina while Jachaleria better correlates with

4140-660: Is one of the most important rivers of the state, rising in the ranges of the Coxilha Grande of the north and flowing south and southeast to the Guaíba estuary, with a course of nearly 480 kilometres (300 mi) It has two large tributaries, the Vacacaí from the south and the Taquari from the north, and many small streams. The Jaguarão, which forms part of the boundary line with Uruguay, is navigable 42 km up to and beyond

4278-551: Is originally from São Bernardo do Campo-SP. Consul is originally from Santa Catarina, having merged with Brastemp and today being part of the multinational Whirlpool Corporation . Another famous Brazilian brand was Prosdócimo, founded in Curitiba, which was sold to Electrolux . In the small appliances sector, Paraná has one of the famous companies: Britânia , originally from Curitiba. In 2021, Paraná had 120,930 km of highways, 21,173 km of which were paved, and of these, 1,475 km were duplicated highways . There

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4416-523: Is still a problem and the state is one of the most difficult for foreigners trying to find jobs. In agriculture, the state stands out in the production of soybeans , maize , wheat , sugarcane , cassava , beans , tomato , orange and yerba mate , in addition to also producing coffee , oat , barley , peach , tangerine and strawberry . In 2020, the South Region produced 32% of the national total of cereals, vegetables and oilseeds. There were 77.2 million tons, second place in Brazil, losing only to

4554-407: Is the 2nd largest producer. The Brazilian poultry flock, in 2018, was of the order of 1.5 billion heads. In 2017, the biggest poultry producing state in Brazil was Paraná (25.3%). In terms of chickens , in 2017 there were 242.8 million heads in the country. Among the states that were the largest producers, São Paulo led with 21.9%, followed by Paraná (10.1%). In the production of chicken eggs ,

4692-530: Is the government-owned Copel , which supplies electricity, natural gas and other utilities to Paraná and some surrounding areas and in 1997 was among the first Brazilian companies to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange (ELP). The main economic activities are agriculture, industry ( agribusiness , automotive, and paper) and plant extraction (wood and yerba mate ). Despite the good social indicators and high standard of living, unemployment

4830-643: Is the participation of its servicemen in both the coup attempt of 1961 and the military coup in 1964. According to the IBGE of 2022, there were 10,882,965 people residing in the state. The population density was 38.63 inhabitants per square kilometre (100.1/sq mi). Urbanization: 81% (2004); population growth: 1.2% (1991–2000); houses: 3,464,544 (2005). The last 2022 census counted 8,534,229 white people (78.4%), 1,596,357 brown ( Multiracial ) people (14.7%), 709,837 black people (6.5%), 34,184 Amerindian people (0.3%), 8,158 Asian people (0.1%). According to

4968-444: Is the sixth most populous state in Brazil. Its level of urbanization is 83.5%. The 2022 census survey gave the following breakdown by race for the state: 7,389,932 White (64.6%), 3,440,037 Mixed (30.1%), 485,781 Black (4.2%), 100,244 Asian (0.9%), and 28,000 Amerindian (0.2%). Parana's white population is primarily descendant of Portuguese, Italian, Polish and Ukrainian immigrants, but many German families also settled in

5106-521: Is well distributed throughout the year, but occasional droughts can occur. The winter months, June to September, are characterized by heavy rains and by a cold southwesterly wind, called minuano , which sometimes lowers the temperature to below freezing, especially in the mountainous municipalities , where snowfalls can occur. The lowest official temperature registered in the state was −9.8 °C (14 °F) in Bom Jesus , on August 1, 1955. In summer,

5244-465: The Paraguayan War , known in Portuguese as Guerra do Paraguai. In the war against Rosas, 75% of the Brazilian troops were gaúchos . As the only Brazilian boundaries actually facing foreign armies able to project the Empire's power, Rio Grande do Sul and its gaúchos quickly developed a reputation as soldiers. During this long and bloody war against Paraguay, Rio Grande do Sul remained usually

5382-595: The Paraguayan War . Large waves of German and Italian migration have shaped the state as well. Rio Grande do Sul is bordered to the northeast by the Brazilian State of Santa Catarina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean, on the southwest by Uruguay , and to the northwest by the Argentine provinces of Corrientes and Misiones . The northern part of the state lies on the southern slopes of

5520-588: The Santa Felicidade neighborhood , still a centre of the Italian community. Nearly 20,000 Ukrainian immigrants settled there between 1895 and 1897, consisting mostly of peasants from Galicia who immigrated to Brazil to become farmers. Around 300,000 Ukrainian-Brazilians live in Paraná. The State of Paraná has the largest Ukrainian community and Slavic community . Curitiba has a Jewish community that

5658-689: The Serra do Mar on the Atlantic coast, and the Uruguay River forms the northern and western boundary line of the state down to the mouth of the Quaraí, on the Uruguayan frontier. Rio Grande do Sul lies within the south temperate zone and is predominantly humid subtropical ( Cfa , according to the Köppen climate classification ). The climate is subtropical highland ( Cfb ) in the highest areas. There are four relatively well-defined seasons and rainfall

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5796-428: The 1850s, waves of European immigrants arrived in Curitiba, mainly Germans , Italians , Poles and Ukrainians , contributing to the city's economic and cultural development and richness in diversity. Nowadays, only small numbers of immigrants arrive, primarily from Middle Eastern and other South American countries. Curitiba's biggest expansion occurred after the 1960s, with innovative urban planning that allowed

5934-484: The 1940s and 1950s, Alfred Agache , co-founder of the French Society for Urban Studies, was hired to produce its first city plan . It emphasized a "star" of boulevards , with public amenities downtown, an industrial district and sanitation. It was followed in part, but the plan was too expensive to complete. Curitiba has a long history of being intentional about city planning. The early leaders in Curitiba were

6072-687: The 19th and the early 20th centuries. According to the treaty of Tordesillas , the region was to be part of the Spanish possessions in South America. However, the Spanish were much more interested in the Pacific Coast, where gold, silver, and gems were quickly found. Even in the Atlantic coast, their attention was on the River Plate where they built the seaport of Buenos Aires, on its right bank. Consequently, Spanish settlement followed

6210-469: The 19th century, Curitiba's favorable location between cattle-breeding countryside and marketplaces led to a successful cattle trade and the city's first major expansion. Later, between 1850 and 1950, it grew due to logging and agricultural expansion in Paraná State (first Araucaria angustifolia logging, later mate and coffee cultivation and in the 1970s wheat, corn and soybean cultivation). In

6348-475: The African slaves . Up until the 19th century, the inhabitants of the city of Curitiba were natives and mixed-race, Portuguese and Spanish immigrants. In 1808 foreigners were granted the right to ownership of land, and in 1853 Parana became an independent province, and these events resulted in a substantial number of immigrants from Europe. The first non- Iberian (Portuguese and Spaniard) immigrants to come to

6486-566: The Champions of Infrastructure, Exame Magazine of 2006. The second best city to work in Southern Brazil , according to Você S.A. Magazine of 2005. The 49th position, MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce: Emerging Markets Index of 2008. One of the highlights according to the survey Offshoring Horizons performed by Watson Wyatt of 2007. One of the 10 global sustainability centres, according to Ethisphere Institute of 2008. Curitiba

6624-475: The Empire was able to control most of the coastal region, achieving decisive strategic advantage from this. However, in 1839, the rebels were still able to invade Santa Catarina, where they proclaimed a Juliana Republic , in a federal relationship with Rio Grande do Sul (during the Santa Catarina campaign, Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the rebels for a while before he returned to Europe and eventually became

6762-399: The First Plateau in Paraná. As of 2017, the mayor is Rafael Greca , who replaced Gustavo Fruet. The City Council of Curitiba has 38 councillors elected since 2004. Curitiba is divided into nine regional governments (equivalent to subprefecture ), who manage the municipality's 75 districts. The Rua da Cidadania ("Street of Citizenship") is the symbol of administrative decentralization; it

6900-729: The IBGE. Paraná is the largest producer in volume and Rio Grande do Sul in plantation areas (and where the sector is more industrialized). According to 2017 data, Paraná harvested 301 thousand tons of yerba mate by extractive method, and 237 thousand tons in plantation. The productive potential of yerba mate is still little explored in Brazil, with a good part of the harvest carried out by the extractive system and with low levels of productivity. However, many new producers are adopting more professional and efficient production systems, with technical acuity of management and globalized market vision. This tends to increase Brazil's export of this product. In 2017,

7038-833: The Italians settled in the Serra Gaúcha, and most of the Germans in the valleys of the Jacuí, Sinos, and Caí, as small landed proprietors, and agricultural producers. In the area of German settlements, a messianic movement, the Muckers (German for False Saints) erupted in 1874, and was smashed by the Brazilian Army. Also during this period, the Liberal Party established its hegemony over the province, meaning control of

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7176-597: The Jesuits were back in the region, having refounded seven reductions, the Misiones Orientales . The region remained under Spanish sovereignty, though in practice the Jesuits operated quite independently as consequence of the spanish laws, up to the late 17th century. But in 1680, the Portuguese founded Colônia do Sacramento on the northern bank of the River Plate, in what is now Uruguay . War ensued and

7314-790: The Lagoa dos Patos, and the Jaguarão which flows into the Lagoa Mirim. All of the first named, except the Camaquã, discharge into one of the two arms or estuaries opening into the northern end of Lagoa dos Patos, which is called the Guaíba River , though technically it is not a river but a lake. The Guaíba River is broad, comparatively deep and about 56 kilometres (35 mi) long, and with the rivers discharging into it affords upwards of 320 kilometres (200 mi) of fluvial navigation. The Jacuí

7452-487: The Midwest (25.4%), Southeast Region (25.1%), Northeast (20.6%) and North (2.5%). The State of Paraná leads the ranking of the main national producers with 18.9% of the total produced. Paraná is the 2nd largest national producer of wheat , with 2.2 million tons in 2019, almost equal to Rio Grande do Sul, the biggest producer. The South Region is also the largest producer of oats in Brazil. In 2019, national production

7590-415: The Midwest. Paraná (14.9%) was the 2nd largest producer in the country. In soy , Paraná is the 2nd largest producer in the country, with about 16% of national production. It produced 19.8 million tons in 2020. In 2017, it was also 2nd largest producer of maize (corn). Brazil is the biggest producer of soy and the 2nd biggest producer of corn in the world. Regarding sugarcane , Paraná was, in 2017,

7728-597: The Open University, residents can take courses in subjects such as mechanics, hair styling and environmental protection for a small fee. Policies for job creation and income generation became part of the city's strategic planning in the 1990s, for the metropolitan area as well as the city. Seven large shopping malls are found in Curitiba: Mueller, Estação, Curitiba, Crystal, Palladium, Patio Batel and Park Barigüi. The Rua das Flores (Street of Flowers)

7866-465: The Paraná (or Brazilian) pine ( Araucaria angustifolia ), which resisted the efforts of settlers. The Paraná pines are in private and public areas and are protected from logging. The Municipal Secretariat of the Environment maintains a botanical garden and three greenhouses that produce 150,000 native and exotic seedlings: 16,000 fruit trees, 260,000 flowers, foliage and underbrush specimens and

8004-575: The Paraná had the fifth largest GDP of Brazil , representing 5.90% of the Brazilian GDP in 2005, against 6.4% in 2003. About 15% of Paraná's GDP comes from agriculture . Another 40% comes from industry and the remaining 45% comes from the tertiary sector . As for its exports, in 2012 the main products exported were soybeans (18.73%), Meat Poultry (10.50%), sugar in Natura (8.09%), Soybean Meal (8.00%) and corn (6.36%). The state's largest company

8142-406: The Portuguese. The capture of Rio Grande in 1763 caused the removal of the seat of government to Viamão at the head of Lagoa dos Patos; in 1773, Porto dos Cazaes, renamed Porto Alegre , became the capital. These historic acts were planned and directed by Manuel Sepúlveda, who used the pseudonym José Marcelino de Figueiredo, to hide his identity. In 1801, news of war between Spain and Portugal led to

8280-881: The Provincial President (appointed by the Regency on behalf of the Emperor, who was a minor). Rebellion broke out in the province on September 20, 1835; giving up hope of redress of the situation by the Imperial Government, the gaúchos proclaimed independence of the Riograndense Republic on September 11, 1836. The ensuing Farroupilha Revolution (known locally as Guerra dos Farrapos ) lasted ten years. The rebels stormed Porto Alegre, but were driven out from there in June 1836. From then on,

8418-628: The Serra do Mar is occupied by the Araucaria moist forests , a subtropical forests characterized by evergreen, laurel-leaved forests interspersed with emergent Brazilian Pines (Araucaria angustifolia) . The Alto Paraná Atlantic forests lie on the lower slopes of the plateau south and east of the Araucaria forests, including much of the lower basin of the Jacuí and its tributaries. These forests are semi-deciduous, with many trees losing their leaves in

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8556-402: The South") is a state in the southern region of Brazil . It is the fifth-most populous state and the ninth-largest by area . Located in the southernmost part of the country, Rio Grande do Sul is bordered clockwise by Santa Catarina to the north and northeast, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the Uruguayan departments of Rocha , Treinta y Tres , Cerro Largo , Rivera , and Artigas to

8694-690: The São Paulo coffee industry. The south-eastern part of the state was settled as a result of migration from Rio Grande do Sul . Paraná is bounded on the north by São Paulo state , on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by Santa Catarina state and the Misiones Province of Argentina, and on the west by Mato Grosso do Sul and the republic of Paraguay, with the Paraná River as its western boundary line. The state can be separated into five main topographic areas, from east to west:

8832-421: The Uruguay, the largest are the Ijuí of the plateau region, the Ibicuí , which has its source near Santa Maria in the central part of the state and flows westward to the Uruguay a short distance above Uruguaiana , and the Quaraí River which forms part of the boundary line with Uruguay. The Uruguay River itself is formed by the confluence of the Canoas and Pelotas rivers. The Pelotas, which has its source in

8970-401: The Vargas dictatorship in 1937 and the period known as the Estado Novo . What is now the Rio Grande do Sul Military Brigade fought on the side of the state leadership and, as a result, was never reformed. In fact, the Brigade remains the only state militia in Brazil. (The Military Police is the federal force that polices in the other states.) A poignant example of the Brigade's quasi-autonomy

9108-508: The beginning of the 19th century, wheat was the main export product of Rio Grande do Sul. However, the introduction of charqueadas in the Southern coast, following the 1777 drought in Ceará , opened new opportunities to husbandry, as from them on, instead of moving herds by land to São Paulo, cattle could be sold in the relatively nearby region of Pelotas, to be slaughtered and processed there, and further transported by sea to Santos, Rio de Janeiro, and other Brazilian harbours. The cheap jerky

9246-449: The border with Paraguay, the largest dam in the world was built, the Hidroelétrica de Itaipu ( Itaipu Hydroelectric Dam ). The crime rate is considered low by Brazilian standards and the state is one of the most developed ones in the nation, ranking 4th in gross domestic product , only behind the states of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Minas Gerais. Before the discovery of the region by European explorers, indigenous populations inhabited

9384-517: The capture of the Sete Povos and some frontier posts. In 1777, the Santo Ildefonso Treaty granted the coastal region to Portugal, and the Missões to Spain; but, in practice, both regions were populated by Portuguese and Brazilian settlers. In 1801, the Badajoz treaty handed the Misiones (Missões) to the Portuguese; only the borders between modern Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul remained in dispute. The districts of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande had been separated in 1760 for military convenience, and in 1807

9522-577: The city more liveable; pedestrianised the downtown area; built a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), a bus system that works similarly to a light rail system; and started a massive recycling scheme that included giving people bus tokens in return for waste. Religion in Curitiba (2010) According to the 2022 census , 1,773,718 people resided in the city of Curitiba. The census revealed 1,320,252 White people (74.4%), 355,834 Pardo ( Multiracial ) people (20.1%), 71,948 Afro-Brazilian people (4.1%), 23,635 Asian people (1.3%), 1,976 Amerindian people (0.1%). Curitiba

9660-407: The city were German . The Memorial of Polish Immigration was inaugurated on 13 December 1980, after the visit of Pope John Paul II in June. Its area is 46,000 m (500,000 sq ft) and was part of the former Candles plant. The seven wooden log houses are parts of this memorial area, as a memento of the Polish immigrants' struggles and faith. Objects like an old wagon, pipe of cabbage and

9798-538: The city's watershed are: Atuba River, Belém River, Barigüi River, Passaúna River, Ribeirão dos Padilhas and the Iguaçu River , all with characteristics of dendritic drainage . Curitiba has been working since the 1970s on alternatives to minimize the negative impacts of urbanization on rivers. An example is the construction of parks along the rivers with artificial lakes, which absorb and retain water for longer periods of time, minimizing floods. After many studies of local water flows, most rivers were found to be subject to

9936-405: The coastline, northeast and southwest, and is about 214 kilometres (133 mi) long exclusive of the two arms at its northern end, 40 58 km long respectively, and of its outlet, the Rio Grande, about 39 km long. Its width varies from 35 to 58 km. The lake is comparatively shallow and filled with sand banks, making its navigable channels tortuous and difficult. The Lagoa Mirim occupies

10074-487: The coldest days. Daytime temperatures in winter are usually pleasant, around 19 °C (66 °F). However, during cold snaps, daytime temperatures might not rise above 10 °C (50 °F), and on rare occasions, above 5 °C (41 °F). During summertime, the average temperature is around 25 °C (77 °F) at daytime, but it can get above 30 °C (86 °F) on the hottest days. However, temperatures above 21 °C (70 °F) at night are rare. Snowfall

10212-492: The commerce and service sectors 65.84%. Cidade Industrial de Curitiba, the industrial district, is home to many multinational industries, such as Nissan , Renault , Volkswagen , Philip Morris , Audi , Volvo , HSBC , Siemens , ExxonMobil , Electrolux and Kraft Foods , as well as many well-known national industries, such as Sadia , O Boticário and Positivo Informática. Curitiba's infrastructure makes bus travel fast and convenient, effectively creating demand for bus use in

10350-597: The country. Brazil has two large electro-electronic production hubs, located in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas , in the State of São Paulo, and in Free Economic Zone of Manaus , in the State of Amazonas. There are large internationally renowned technology companies, as well as part of the industries that participate in its supply chain. The country also has other smaller centers, and one of them

10488-425: The course of the River Plate and its tributaries, especially the Paraná and Uruguay rivers, largely ignoring the Rio Grande do Sul area. The Spanish introduced livestock which escaped into the plains and attracted gauchos to the area. The first Spanish to settle in the region that is now Paraguay , northwestern Argentina ( Corrientes , Misiones ), and Rio Grande do Sul were Jesuit missionary priests who came with

10626-451: The eighth in the production of paper. The city that most produced these woods in Brazil was Telêmaco Borba (PR), and the 5th largest was Ortigueira (PR). In 2016, the top five states producing logs for paper and cellulose (mainly eucalyptus ) were: Paraná (15.9 million m ), São Paulo (14.7 million m ), Bahia (13.6 million m ), Mato Grosso do Sul (9.9 million m ) and Minas Gerais (7.8 million m ). Together, they correspond to 72.7% of

10764-452: The elevated plateau extending southward from São Paulo across the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina, and is much broken by low mountain ranges whose general direction across the trend of the slope gives them the appearance of escarpments. A range of low mountains extends southward from the Serra do Mar of Santa Catarina and crosses the state into Uruguay. West of this range is a vast grassy plain devoted principally to stock-raising –

10902-566: The end of the conflict. In 1923, civil war again exploded between supporters of State President Borges de Medeiros and opposition linked to the Partido Libertador and Assis Brasil . In 1930, State President Getúlio Vargas , after unsuccessfully running in the presidential elections against the candidate of São Paulo, Júlio Prestes, led a revolt against the Federal government, and succeeded in overthrowing it. This eventually led to

11040-502: The fall, in 1843, of important rebel strongholds, Caçapava do Sul , Bagé , and Alegrete . Economically exhausted and militarily defeated, the rebels accepted Caxias' terms of surrender. A general amnesty was declared, the rebellious officials were incorporated into the Imperial Army, slaves enrolled in the rebel Army were freed. Additionally, the Empire imposed a 25% tax on foreign jerky imports. The province suffered greatly in

11178-436: The fifth largest producer of cane, third of sugar and fifth of alcohol in the country. It harvested about 46 million tons of cane this year. The state's sugar and alcohol sector has 25 plants and employs around 55,000 people. The regions of Umuarama, Paranavaí, Maringá and Jacarezinho concentrate production. Brazil is the largest world producer, with 672.8 million tons harvested in 2018. In cassava production, Brazil produced

11316-473: The first people to establish building regulations. This included limiting the number of trees cut and requiring homes to have tile and not wood roofs. By 1960 Curitiba’s population had increased to 430,000 and Alfred Agache's plan for the city had not considered the future influx of immigrants. A group of young planners and architects led by Jamie Lerner from the Federal University of Paraná answered

11454-470: The following day. But if the territory of Rio Grande do Sul was spared most action, its dwellers provided a very significant part of the Brazilian troops: about 34,000 soldiers, more than 25% of the Brazilian army. This military characteristic of Rio Grande do Sul lasted long after the Paraguayan War: In 1879, of a standing army of less than 15,000, more than 5,000 were in Rio Grande do Sul. On

11592-465: The fourth richest city in the country, after only São Paulo , Rio de Janeiro and the capital Brasília . Curitiba is the second pole of technological innovation in Brazil, according to IPEA (Applied Economic Research Institute). It is Brazil's second best, and South America's fifth best, city for business, according to America Economia Magazine/2005 and 2006. The best destination for business, according to Veja Magazine of 2007. The third position among

11730-519: The historical knowledge about the region. In fact, there was always some Spanish colonial presence there, however in practice restricted to Jesuit religious initiatives towards the Amerindian populations, which had limited genetic impact in the demographic composition of aboriginal populations. On the other hand, it is broadly accepted that it is northern Uruguay that always has had an important Luso-Brazilian influence, which in fact impacts to this day

11868-549: The idea of converting the indigenous population to Catholic Christianity . To that end, they founded missionary villages known in Spanish as misiones or reducciones , populated by Guarani Indians . In the early 17th century, the Jesuits founded missions to the east of the Uruguay river, and in the northwest of modern Rio Grande do Sul. The missions were destroyed and their Guarani inhabitants were enslaved in large raids by bandeirantes between 1636 and 1638; however, in 1687,

12006-424: The interior of the state of Paraná, such as Maringá and Londrina, have an even higher rate. Some estimates suggest that more than 40,000 Japanese-Brazilians live in Curitiba. According to the 2010 Brazilian Census, most of the population (62.36%) is Roman Catholic , other religious groups include Protestants or evangelicals (24.03%), Spiritists (2.8%), Nones 6.71%, and people with other religions (3.69). Since it

12144-473: The latter was elevated to the category of a "capitania-geral", with the designation of "Sao Pedro do Rio Grande", independent of Rio de Janeiro, and with Santa Catarina as a dependency. In 1812 Rio Grande and Santa Catarina were organized into two distinct comarcas , the latter becoming an independent province in 1822 when the Empire of Brazil was organized. In 1816, the Portuguese captured Uruguay, which became

12282-703: The lower part of Los Colorados Formation . All three genera confirm the Late Triassic age of the deposits, older than the upper section of Los Colorados Formation. During the Brazilian Colonial period, the province of South Rio Grande was the scene of small wars and border skirmishes between Portugal and Spain for the region, the Sacramento Colony , and the Guarani Missions . It was also a focal point for internal rebellions in

12420-480: The maintenance of another 350,000 seedlings. Curitiba's green area itself matches the size of other large Brazilian cities. The vegetation of Curitiba encompasses a large population of purple and yellow ipês ( tabebuias ), who flower at the end of winter. The yellow ipê is one of the city's most common tree. The catchment area of Curitiba consists of rivers and streams that cross the city in different directions, grouped in six river basins. The main rivers that form

12558-554: The mixed Spanish-Portuguese language of northern Uruguay along the border with Brazil (borderlands). People of German descent predominate in the Sinos Valley ( Novo Hamburgo , São Leopoldo , Nova Hartz, Dois Irmãos, Morro Reuter, etc.) and in the center-eastern part of the State ( Santa Cruz do Sul ). People of Italian descent predominate in the mountains ( Serra Gaúcha : Caxias do Sul , Bento Gonçalves , Farroupilha , Garibaldi , etc.). The Northern and Northwestern parts of

12696-433: The national production of 85.1 million m . The ten largest producing municipalities had 22.9% of the country's production. They were the cities of Telêmaco Borba (PR), Três Lagoas (MS), Caravelas (BA), Mucuri (BA), Ortigueira (PR), São Mateus (ES), Dom Eliseu (PR), Nova Viçosa (BA), Water Clara (MS) and Ribas do Rio Pardo (MS). Paraná is the largest producer of oil shale in Brazil. In the city of São Mateus do Sul , there

12834-626: The ninth most populous metropolitan area in the country. The city sits on a plateau at 932 m (3,058 ft) above sea level . It is located west of the seaport of Paranaguá and is served by the Afonso Pena International and Bacacheri airports. Curitiba is an important cultural, political, and economic center in Latin America and hosts the Federal University of Paraná , established in 1912. In

12972-564: The north, mostly of Portuguese, but also of African and Amerindian origin, and another from southern Brazil to the southwest and west, mostly of Portuguese, Italian, and German origins. Most populous cities in Parana Religion in Paraná (2010) According to the 2010 Brazilian Census, most of the population (69.6%) is Roman Catholic , other religious groups include Protestants or evangelicals (22.2%), Spiritists (1.0%), None 4.6%, and people with other religions (2.6%). In 2013,

13110-548: The north. The northern part of the state is the convergence point between the Tropical Atlantic and Equatorial Continental air masses. The annual mean air temperature ranges between 15 and 24°, with the highest temperatures found in the northwest and the lowest around Palmas , which is considered the coldest city of Paraná by the meteorological body Simepar. In the coastal plain minimum average temperatures range between 16–18 °C (61–64 °F). Precipitation

13248-452: The northern and most elevated part being suitable in pasturage and climate for sheep, and the southern for cattle. East of it is a wide coastal zone only slightly elevated above the sea; within it are two great estuarine lagoons, the Lagoa dos Patos and Lagoa Mirim , which are separated from the ocean by two sandy, partially barren peninsulas. The coast is one great sand beach, broken only by

13386-505: The other hand, during the late Empire, more Brazilian generals were from Rio Grande do Sul than from any other province. In 1889, of 25 generals born in Brazil, four were from Rio Grande do Sul; and of the three born abroad, two were born in Uruguay but made their careers in Rio Grande do Sul. Political agitation was frequent in Rio Grande do Sul, but no important revolution occurred after the Ponche Verde Treaty in 1845 until

13524-598: The outlet of the two lakes, called the Rio Grande, which affords an entrance to navigable inland waters and several ports. There are two distinct river systems in Rio Grande do Sul – that of the eastern slope draining to the lagoons, and that of the Río de la Plata basin draining westward to the Uruguay River . The larger rivers of the eastern group are the Jacuí , Sinos , Caí , Gravataí and Camaquã , which flow into

13662-400: The population there was a result from the mixture of Spanish and Portuguese men with Amerindian women with a possible predominant Spanish ancestry and also a significant African contribution, resulting in a population that is 81.20% White. These theoretical speculations about Spanish predominance among the population of Southwestern Rio Grande do Sul are widely presumed, but they contradict

13800-466: The population to grow from some hundreds of thousands to more than a million people. Curitiba's economy is based on industry and services and is the fourth largest in Brazil . Economic growth occurred in parallel to a substantial inward flow of Brazilians from other parts of the country, as approximately half of the city's population was not born in Curitiba. Curitiba is one of the few Brazilian cities with

13938-452: The presidency at Rio de Janeiro of General Floriano Peixoto , whose ill-considered interference with state governments led to the revolt of 1892–94, under Gumercindo Saraiva . After the Paraguayan War , Rio Grande do Sul underwent important changes in its economy. Railways connected the countryside to Porto Alegre and Rio Grande. Together with the introduction of steam ships, this reduced the costs and duration of transportation, facilitating

14076-401: The province's exports. New cattle breeds were introduced, and barbed wire was used to demarcate properties. As a consequence, the population of the province doubled between 1872 and 1890, from 434,813 inhabitants to 897,455. This was partly due to immigration: about 60,000 immigrants, mostly from Italy, and, in lesser numbers, from Germany, came to Rio Grande do Sul during this period. Most of

14214-736: The provincial legislature, the National Guard in Rio Grande do Sul, and most of the municipal governments. Before the War of the Triple Alliance, the Conservative and Liberal parties had alternated in local power, following the national tendency. But, from 1872 on, the Liberals, under the leadership of Gaspar da Silveira Martins , were able to retain provincial power, even when the Conservatives won at national level. In this struggle

14352-538: The region came definitely into Portuguese hegemony. In 1738, the territory (which included the present state of Santa Catarina) became the Capitania d'el Rei and was made a dependency of Rio de Janeiro. Territorial disputes between Spain and Portugal led to the occupation by the Spaniards of the town of Rio Grande (then the capital of the capitania) and neighboring districts from 1763 to 1776, when they reverted to

14490-627: The region for thousands of years. This included the Carijó in the lands closer to the sea, from the Tupi group, and the Caingangues in the interior, who belonged to the Jê group. Colonisation of the state by settlers started in the 16th century, but was mainly confined to the coasts. Being a region mostly abandoned by the Portuguese, the region was explored by other European countries, who searched primarily for Pau brasil . The most noteworthy presence

14628-576: The region prior to its founding. Another version, also using words from the Tupi language, is that it originates in the combination of kurit 'pine tree' and yba 'large amount'. The Portuguese, who founded a settlement on the site in 1693, named it Vila da Nossa Senhora da Luz dos Pinhais 'Village of Our Lady of the Light of the Pines'. The name was changed to Curitiba in 1721. Curitiba officially became

14766-721: The regional elites soon started to demand customs protection for the gaúcho jerky against the product of the Rio de la Plata; on the failure of the Imperial government to address those concerns, political demands of greater autonomy, and ideas of a federal relationship towards the rest of Brazil were put forth. These escalated into full rebellion in 1835. In 1834, the Imperial government issued an " Ato Adicional ", allowing for elected Provincial legislative assemblies. The first gaúcha Legislative Assembly, inaugurated in April 1835, quickly confronted

14904-466: The remains of an ancient depression in the coastline shut in by sand beaches built up by the combined action of wind and current. They are of the same level as the ocean, but their waters are affected by the tides and are brackish only a short distance above the Rio Grande outlet. Fully one-third of the state belongs to the Río de la Plata drainage basin. Of the many streams flowing northward and westward to

15042-406: The revolutionaries occupied Santa Catarina and Paraná, capturing Curitiba , but were eventually overthrown through their inability to obtain munitions of war. An incident in this struggle was the death of Admiral Saldanha da Gama , one of the most brilliant officers of the Brazilian navy and one of the chiefs of the naval revolt of 1893–94, who was killed in a skirmish on the Uruguayan border towards

15180-406: The same way that the infrastructure of traditional cities creates demand for private motor vehicles. In July 2001, Curitiba became Brazil's first city to receive the prize "Pole of Information Technology", granted by InfoExame magazine. According to the magazine, the companies of "Technology and Information Technology" based in Curitiba in 2001 achieved US$ 1.2 billion in revenues, representing

15318-418: The south and southwest, and the Argentine provinces of Corrientes and Misiones to the west and northwest. The capital and largest city is Porto Alegre . The state has the highest life expectancy in Brazil, and the crime rate is relatively low compared to the Brazilian national average. The state has 5.4% of the Brazilian population and it is responsible for 6.6% of the Brazilian GDP. The state shares

15456-628: The start of the southern winds and the start of rain. Curitiba's weather is also influenced by the dry air masses that dominate Brazil's midwest most of the year, bringing hot and dry weather, sometimes even in winter. Curitiba is located in the area of the Ombrophilous Mixed Forest (also known as Araucaria moist forests ), a sub-type of the Atlantic Forest . In Curitiba it is possible to find steppes, forests and other formations. The local vegetation consists of remnants of

15594-410: The state of São Paulo , turning Curitiba into an important intermediate trading post. The Paranaguá –Curitiba railroad was opened in 1885. Around the beginning of the 20th century, Curitiba benefited from the wealth of the yerba mate mills. The owners (known as "barões da erva-mate" ) built mansions in the capital. These have mostly been preserved in the districts of Batel and Alto da Glória. In

15732-437: The state ranks 2nd in Brazil, with 9,6% of national production. In fish farming , western Paraná, in municipalities close to Toledo and Cascavel , has become the largest fish-producing region in the country, with tilapia as the main cultivated species. The west represents 69% of all production in Paraná, the largest national producer, with 112 thousand tons. Of this amount, 91% refer to tilapia breeding. The South region

15870-428: The state's cattle herd was 9.3 million head, 10th place in the country. In 2018, Paraná produced a total of 4.4 billion liters of milk , making it the 2nd largest producer in the country. The city of Castro was the largest producer in the country in 2018, with 292 million liters of milk. In pork , the 3 southern states are the largest producers in the country. Brazil had 41.1 million head in 2017. Paraná (17.2%)

16008-613: The state's industry. In Brazil, the automotive sector represents close to 22% of industrial GDP. In 2019 the state came 2nd in national vehicle production, with a share of 15%. The state has Volkswagen , Renault , Audi , Volvo and DAF plants. In the paper and cellulose sector, Brazilian pulp production was 19.691 million tons in 2019. The country exported US$ 7.48 billion in pulp this year, US$ 3.25 billion only to China. Brazilian forest-based industry exports totaled US$ 9.7 billion (US$ 7.48 billion in cellulose, US$ 2 billion in paper and US$ 265 million in wood panels). Paper production

16146-483: The state. A variation of German known as Paraná-Wolga-Deutsch originated in the area. Initially settled by the Guarani and Kaingang Amerindians , until the 17th century, virtually no European presence existed in Paraná. The number of settlers grew around 1750 and the population was composed of Amerindians, Portuguese, and some Spaniards. African slaves from Angola and Mozambique were also present, but in fewer numbers than in other Brazilian areas, because Paraná

16284-874: The struggle, but recovered quickly, not only due to the import tax protection, but mainly due to renewed instability in Argentina and Uruguay: Rosas' government in Argentina continually interfered in Uruguayan affairs until 1851, and Buenos Aires was blockaded by the French and the English from 1845 to 1848. At mid-19th century, Rio Grande do Sul was repeatedly involved in war between Brazil and its neighbours. Those included war against Argentina and Uruguay (deposal of Juan Manuel Rosas , Argentinian dictator, and Manuel Ceferino Oribe y Viana , Uruguayan president, 1852) and intervention in Uruguay (deposal of Atanasio Cruz Aguirre , 1864). This, in turn, led to Paraguayan intervention, and

16422-453: The temperature rises to 37 °C (99 °F), and heat related injuries are not uncommon. Several ecoregions cover portions of the state. In the northeastern corner of the state, between the Serra do Mar /Serra Geral and the Atlantic, lies the southern extension of the Serra do Mar coastal forests , a belt of evergreen tropical moist forests that extend north along the coastal strip as far as Rio de Janeiro state . The high plateau behind

16560-479: The town of Jaguarão . In addition to the Lagoa dos Patos and Lagoa Mirim there are a number of small lakes on the sandy, swampy peninsulas that lie between the coast and these two, and there are others of a similar character along the northern coast. The largest lake is the Lagoa dos Patos (Lake of the Patos ;– an Indian tribe inhabiting its shores at the time of European discovery), which lies parallel with

16698-645: The turnover of industries in Brazil reached R $ 153.0 billion in 2019, about 3% of the national GDP. The number of employees in the sector was 234.5 thousand people. Exports were US$ 5.6 billion, and the country's imports were US$ 32.0 billion. Brazil, despite its efforts over the decades to get rid of the dependence on technology imports, has not yet managed to reach this level. Imports are concentrated in expensive components, such as processors, microcontrollers, memories, under-mounted magnetic disks, lasers, LED and LCD. Cables for telecommunication and electricity distribution, wires, optical fibers and connectors are manufactured in

16836-458: The vast majority of which were small. These companies employed more than 1,600,000 workers, making the food and beverage industry the largest employer in the manufacturing industry. There are around 570 large companies in Brazil, which concentrate a good part of the total industry revenue. Paraná created food companies of national importance such as Frimesa , C.Vale , Nutrimental , Copacol, Coopavel and Matte Leão . In Electronics industry ,

16974-467: The west, Rio Pardo was also founded. Towards the middle of the century, Brazilians and Portuguese arrived to the west of the region, clashing with the Jesuits and the Guaranis. Up to 1756, the Guaranis fought back, under the leadership of Sepé Tiaraju , who was popularly canonized as São Sepé (Saint Sepé). However, the Portuguese and Brazilians eventually crushed the resistance, destroyed the missions, and

17112-567: The winter dry season. The Atlantic Coast restingas , distinctive forests which grow on nutrient-poor coastal dunes, extend along the coast, as far as the Uruguayan border. The southeastern portion of the state is covered by the Pampas , which extends south into Uruguay , in a plateau named Serras de Sudeste (Southeastern Mountain Ranges). The Caturrita Formation , rich in Triassic fossils,

17250-408: Was 10.535 million tons in 2019. The country exported 2.163 million tons. In 2016, the paper and cellulose industry in the South of the country represented 33% of the national total. This year, Paraná was the national leader in the production of roundwood (mainly eucalyptus ) for the pulp and paper industry (15.9 million m ); Brazil was the second country that produced the most cellulose in the world and

17388-672: Was adopted and became the Curitiba Master Plan. Jamie Lerner went on to create the city's first urban planning department in order to facilitate further redevelopment efforts. Curitiba, the capital of the Paraná state of southern Brazil , is located near the Atlantic margin of the Brazilian Highlands and the headwaters of the Iguaçu River. It is around 3,050 feet (930 meters) above sea level. Curitiba has

17526-454: Was an unexplored region that did not need much slave manpower. As part of the province of São Paulo, immigration grew in the mid-19th century, mostly composed of Italian, German, Polish, Ukrainian, and Japanese peoples. While large numbers of Poles and Ukrainians are present in Paraná, their presence in the rest of Brazil is relatively small, especially Ukrainians. In the early 20th century, two waves of migration to Paraná occurred: one coming from

17664-410: Was close to 800 thousand tons, being almost all carried out in the South (Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul). About orange , Paraná was the 3rd largest producer in Brazil in 2018, with a total of 834 thousand tons. Although not a large production, Paraná is the Brazilian leader in the production of barley . The state harvested 219.2 thousand tons in 2019, 60% of the national production. However, Brazil

17802-547: Was commonly used as food for the enslaved laborers in other parts of Brazil. Up to 1830, political unrest in Argentina and Uruguay favoured the jerky producers of Pelotas. But with order restored in these countries, competition by Argentinian and Uruguayan jerky producers became a concern. The jerky industry of the Plata was favored by the superior quality of Argentinian and Uruguayan pastures, by their better seaports, and by their use of free labor, instead of slavery. Consequently,

17940-405: Was declared capital of the State of Paraná in 1853, the city has gone through several major urban planning projects to avoid uncontrolled growth and thus has become an international role model in dealing with issues including transportation and the environment. The city is Brazil's second largest car manufacturer . Its economy is based on industry, commerce and services. For that reason, Curitiba

18078-422: Was defiled in 2004. Japanese immigrants began arriving in 1915, with a larger contingent arriving in 1924. Curitiba received a significant Japanese influx. They settled mostly between Paraná and São Paulo state. The city has the second largest Japanese community in Brazil, behind only São Paulo, according to IBGE . Although both cities have around the same proportion of Japanese descendants, other large cities in

18216-461: Was experienced in 1889, 1892, 1912, 1928 (two days), 1942, 1955, 1957, 1962, 1975, 1988, 2013 and 2020. Huge accumulation, however, is rarer. The terrain's flatness hinders water drainage after rain, therefore providing water vapor for the atmosphere. Cold fronts come year round, often from Antarctica and Argentina , bringing tropical storms in summer and cold winds and frost in the winter. They can move very quickly, with no more than one day between

18354-405: Was intermittent until the independence of Uruguay in 1828. The logistics of defending Colônia against the Spanish resulted in a government effort to settle Rio Grande do Sul's coastal region with Brazilian and Portuguese colonists. In 1737, a fortified village (today the city of Rio Grande) was built at the entrance of Lagoa dos Patos. In 1752, a group of Azorean settlers founded Porto Alegre; to

18492-493: Was originally established in the 1870s. Much of the early Jewish congregation has been assimilated. In 1937 with the rise of Nazi Germany, notable German Jewish academics migrated to Brazil, some settling in Curitiba. Physicist César Lattes and former mayors Jaime Lerner and Saul Raiz were Jewish. A Holocaust memorial is present in the city. The community centre , a Jewish school , a Chabad house (Beit Chabad), three synagogues, and two Jewish cemeteries are there, one of which

18630-468: Was that of the Spanish, which brought with them jesuits . Soon, Jesuit reductions were opened in the western and south-western parts of the state, whose territory largely belonged to the Spanish crown. In 1554, Domingo Martínez de Irala founded the town of Ontiveros, one league away from the Guaíra Falls . In the 1940s, the northern part of the state was settled as a result of the expansion of

18768-600: Was the 4th largest producers in the country. In coffee , Paraná is the producer state located further south in the country. It was once the largest producing state in Brazil: in 1962, Paraná accounted for 58% of national production, but in 2017, it had only 2.7% of the total produced in the country. The coffee culture has been replaced by other planting crops, and the state's focus today has been to invest in special, more expensive coffee beans. In 2019, Brazil produced about 900 thousand tons of yerba mate annually, according to

18906-585: Was the main producer of honey in the country in 2017, accounting for 39.7% of the national total. Paraná was the 2nd largest producer in the country, with 14.3%. About industry , Paraná had an industrial GDP of R $ 92.8 billion in 2017, equivalent to 7.8% of the national industry. It employs 763,064 workers in the industry. The main industrial sectors are: Food (19.1%), Industrial Services of Public Utility, such as Electricity and Water (18.5%), Construction (17.3%), Motor Vehicles (8.1%), and Petroleum Derivatives and Biofuels (5.7%). These 5 sectors concentrate 68.7% of

19044-474: Was the predominant economic activity. The Guaranis, under Jesuit rule, had started raising cattle in the Missões. The destruction of the Missões left astray immense herds, which went feral. Thus the newcomers from São Paulo and Santa Catarina settled by re-domesticating these feral herds, called "gado xucro". The Azorean settlers, on the other hand, mainly introduced wheat crops in much smaller properties. Up to

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