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51-682: The Djadochta formation (sometimes transcribed and also known as Djadokhta , Djadokata , or Dzhadokhtskaya ) is a highly fossiliferous geological formation in Central Asia, Gobi Desert , dating from the Late Cretaceous period, about 75 million to 71 million years ago. The type locality is the Bayn Dzak locality, famously known as the Flaming Cliffs . Reptile (including dinosaur) and mammal remains are among

102-587: A court hearing such as a criminal trial (by a court reporter ) or a physician 's recorded voice notes ( medical transcription ). This article focuses on transcription in linguistics. There are two main types of linguistic transcription. Phonetic transcription focuses on phonetic and phonological properties of spoken language. Systems for phonetic transcription thus furnish rules for mapping individual sounds or phones to written symbols. Systems for orthographic transcription , by contrast, consist of rules for mapping spoken words onto written forms as prescribed by

153-563: A common occurrence in Tugriken Shireh. Some of the most notable excavations made at Tugriken Shireh include the Fighting Dinosaurs ( Protoceratops and Velociraptor locked in combat), and abundant articulated, in situ (in the original pose), and sometimes complete skeletons of Protoceratops . During the 1980s a joint Soviet -Mongolian paleontological expedition discovered several Mesozoic fossil-rich localities in

204-531: A morphological and a lexical component alongside the phonetic component (which aspect is represented to which degree depends on the language and orthography in question). This form of transcription is thus more convenient wherever semantic aspects of spoken language are transcribed. Phonetic transcription is more systematic in a scientific sense, but it is also more difficult to learn, more time-consuming to carry out and less widely applicable than orthographic transcription. Mapping spoken language onto written symbols

255-606: A muddy dune). Among fossils, Protoceratops is extremely common in Djadochta localities. Bayn Dzak is reported as one of the localities with the highest concentration of Protoceratops fossils and has been noted as the " Protoceratops fauna". Adjacent to Bayn Dzak, at Tugriken Shireh, Protoceratops is also abundant. Other common dinosaur components of the paleofauna include Pinacosaurus and Velociraptor . Small vertebrates like lizards and mammals are rather abundant and diverse, with Adamisaurus and Kryptobaatar being

306-484: A number of distinct approaches to transcription and sets of transcription conventions. These include, among others, Jefferson Notation. To analyze conversation, recorded data is typically transcribed into a written form that is agreeable to analysts. There are two common approaches. The first, called narrow transcription, captures the details of conversational interaction such as which particular words are stressed, which words are spoken with increased loudness, points at which

357-454: A short distance then settling again). If the upwards velocity is higher than the settling velocity, the sediment will be transported high in the flow as wash load . As there are generally a range of different particle sizes in the flow, it is common for material of different sizes to move through all areas of the flow for given stream conditions. Sediment motion can create self-organized structures such as ripples , dunes , or antidunes on

408-604: A warm semi-arid climate. Fluvial sedimentation at the Ukhaa Tolgod locality indicates the presence of short-lived water bodies during the times of the formation, which also contributed to its deposition. A vast majority of articulated specimens from the Djadochta Formation are found in unstructured sandstones, indicating burial in situ by high-energy sand-bearing events. Some buried Protoceratops individuals are preserved in distinctive postures involving

459-519: Is a set of symbols, developed by Gail Jefferson , which is used for transcribing talk. Having had some previous experience in transcribing when she was hired in 1963 as a clerk typist at the UCLA Department of Public Health to transcribe sensitivity-training sessions for prison guards, Jefferson began transcribing some of the recordings that served as the materials out of which Harvey Sacks' earliest lectures were developed. Over four decades, for

510-406: Is done on computers. Recordings are usually digital audio files or video files , and transcriptions are electronic documents . Specialized computer software exists to assist the transcriber in efficiently creating a digital transcription from a digital recording. Two types of transcription software can be used to assist the process of transcription: one that facilitates manual transcription and

561-693: Is enormous. It has been estimated that the Mississippi River annually carries 406 million tons of sediment to the sea, the Yellow River 796 million tons, and the Po River in Italy 67 million tons. The names of many rivers derive from the color that the transported matter gives the water. For example, the Yellow River (Huang He) in China is named after the hue of the sediment it carries, and

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612-495: Is not as straightforward a process as may seem at first glance. Written language is an idealization, made up of a limited set of clearly distinct and discrete symbols. Spoken language, on the other hand, is a continuous (as opposed to discrete) phenomenon, made up of a potentially unlimited number of components. There is no predetermined system for distinguishing and classifying these components and, consequently, no preset way of mapping these components onto written symbols. Literature

663-453: Is relatively consistent in pointing out the nonneutrality of transcription practices. There is not and cannot be a neutral transcription system. Knowledge of social culture enters directly into the making of a transcript. They are captured in the texture of the transcript (Baker, 2005). Transcription systems are sets of rules which define how spoken language is to be represented in written symbols. Most phonetic transcription systems are based on

714-602: Is set in an arid habitat of sand dunes with little freshwater apart from oases and arroyos , in the Gobi Desert. The dominant lithology of the Djadochta Formation is represented by non-marine, cemented reddish-orange and pale orange to light gray, medium to fine-grained sands and sandstones , which include minor deposits of calcareous concretions and orange-brown silty clay . Less abundant sedimentation comprises conglomerates , siltstones , fluvial (water-deposited) sandstones, and mudstones . The entire thickness of

765-436: Is thought to have occurred when sand dunes became oversaturated with water resulting in their sudden downfall; heavy rainfall events likely acted as the triggering mechanism for this collapse. Examples from the Ukhaa Tolgod preservation include Citipati (brooding adults entombed atop nests and eggs); Khaan (a pair in close proximity likely killed by a single collapse event); and Saichangurvel (individual buried alive by

816-411: Is transported as either bedload (the coarser fragments which move close to the bed) or suspended load (finer fragments carried in the water). There is also a component carried as dissolved material. For each grain size there is a specific flow velocity at which the grains start to move, called entrainment velocity . However the grains will continue to be transported even if the velocity falls below

867-534: The Campanian stage. Magnetostratigraphic datings from the Bayn Dzak and Tugriken Shireh localities suggest that the Djadochta Formation was deposited during a time of rapidly changing polarity at about 75 million to 71 million years ago . The Djadochta formation is separated into a lower Bayn Dzak Member and an upper Turgrugyin Member, which represent very similar depositional environments. Further strata from

918-532: The International Phonetic Alphabet or, especially in speech technology, on its derivative SAMPA . Examples for orthographic transcription systems (all from the field of conversation analysis or related fields) are: Arguably the first system of its kind, originally sketched in (Sacks et al. 1978), later adapted for the use in computer readable corpora as CA-CHAT by (MacWhinney 2000). The field of Conversation Analysis itself includes

969-469: The White Nile is named for the clay it carries. The main kinds of fluvial processes are: The major fluvial (river and stream) depositional environments include: Rivers and streams carry sediment in their flows. This sediment can be in a variety of locations within the flow, depending on the balance between the upwards velocity on the particle (drag and lift forces), and the settling velocity of

1020-504: The mesic (well-watered) settings of the Nemegt Formation allowed the development of giant herbivores, in contrast to the stressed Djadochta Formation. Another indicative of stressed paleoenvironments is the almost non-existent amount of fully aquatic animals . Turtles are rarely recovered, and most are terrestrial such as Zangerlia . It is suggested that most of the fragmented hadrosaur, tyrannosaur and sauropod remains across

1071-414: The orthography of a given language. Phonetic transcription operates with specially defined character sets, usually the International Phonetic Alphabet . The type of transcription chosen depends mostly on the context of usage. Because phonetic transcription strictly foregrounds the phonetic nature of language, it is mostly used for phonetic or phonological analyses. Orthographic transcription, however, has

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1122-556: The Alagteeg Formation. The upper or main part of the former locality is considered part of the Djadochta Formation itself, as it shares similar lithology and stratigraphic relationships with Tugriken Shireh. Based on strata and rock facies (such as sandstones and caliche ) of the formation and coeval units ( Bayan Mandahu ) it is currently agreed that sediments of the Djadochta Formation were deposited by wind activity in arid paleoenvironments comprising sand dunes with

1173-466: The Bayn Dzak (formerly Shabarakh Usu) region, which they nicknamed flaming cliffs , given that at sunset the sediments of this locality had a characteristic reddish color. Notable finds included the first known fossils of Oviraptor , Protoceratops , Saurornithoides , and Velociraptor , the first confirmed dinosaur eggs (a partial nest of Oviraptor ), as well as fossil mammals. Some of these were briefly described by Henry Fairfield Osborn during

1224-628: The Bayn Dzak Member includes that of the Ukhaa Tolgod locality, and its overall age is regarded also within the Campanian. Based on the superposition of the members, the Tugrugyin Member overlies the Bayn Dzak Member making it somewhat younger, which indicates that the Bayn Dzak paleofauna lived somewhat earlier than that from Tugriken Shireh. However, it is not yet understood the precise temporal difference: Localities within

1275-692: The CA perspective and is regarded as having become a near-globalized set of instructions for transcription. A system described in (DuBois et al. 1992), used for transcription of the Santa Barbara Corpus of Spoken American English (SBCSAE), later developed further into DT2 . A system described in (Selting et al. 1998), later developed further into GAT2 (Selting et al. 2009), widely used in German speaking countries for prosodically oriented conversation analysis and interactional linguistics. Arguably

1326-438: The Djadochta Formation are considered to represent a sequence of progressively younger sediments and thereby paleofaunas. Ukhaa Tolgod may be younger than both Bayn Dzak and Tugriken Shireh. Based on their fossil record and strata, Udyn Sayr and Zamyn Khondt have been correlated with other Djadokhta localities, though fossils of Udyn Sayr may indicate that this locality is younger than Bayn Dzak and Tugriken Shireh. Examinations on

1377-442: The Djadochta Formation, named Ukhaa Tolgod, which translates to "Brown Hills." This site has yielded a significant number of well-preserved fossils, including those of mammals, dinosaurs, lizards, and eggs. Most specimens are found in near-complete articulation, indicating excellent preservation conditions. Compared to other Mesozoic fossil sites, Ukhaa Tolgod stands out for its high fossil diversity. The modern-day Djadochta Formation

1428-758: The Djadochta suggest that these conditions contributed to stressed paleoenvironments. Most of the fossil occurrences in the formation are occupied by Protoceratops , and small to medium-sized ankylosaurs , oviraptorids , and dromaeosaurids make much of the overall paleofauna . Large-bodied animals are absent or extremely rare in the formation. Comparisons with the Nemegt Formation further reflects stressed paleoenvironments. In contrast to Djadochta, Nemegt has yielded an extensive diversity of large dinosaur taxa, such as Deinocheirus , Nemegtosaurus , Saurolophus , Tarbosaurus , or Therizinosaurus . Most of these taxa are herbivorous, which combined with

1479-554: The Gobi Desert of Mongolia. Among these sites, Udyn Sayr was discovered and examined by the expedition, regarding its age as Late Cretaceous. This new locality was predominantly rich in avimimid fossils, with a lesser abundance of mammal and other dinosaur fossils. In 1993 a collaborative expedition by the Mongolian Academy of Sciences and the American Museum of Natural History discovered a new fossil site within

1530-407: The bed is composed of loose sediment which can be mobilized by such stresses, then the bed will be lowered purely by clearwater flow. In addition, if the river carries significant quantities of sediment , this material can act as tools to enhance wear of the bed ( abrasion ). At the same time the fragments themselves are ground down, becoming smaller and more rounded ( attrition ). Sediment in rivers

1581-571: The body and head arched upwards, suggesting that the animals died in the process of trying to free themselves from the body of sand, where they eventually fossilized. As they were unable to escape burial, the sandy mass prevented carcasses from being scavenged by vertebrates. Most of these "buried" specimens are found with bite traces and large borings (tunnel-like holes made by small invertebrates) on bone joints areas and other surfaces, indicating that after death they were largely scavenged by invertebrates, such as skin beetles . It has been suggested that

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1632-419: The development of floodplains and the occurrence of flash floods . Sediment moved by water can be larger than sediment moved by air because water has both a higher density and viscosity . In typical rivers the largest carried sediment is of sand and gravel size, but larger floods can carry cobbles and even boulders . When the stream or rivers are associated with glaciers , ice sheets , or ice caps ,

1683-486: The dinosaur fauna of Djadochta includes Protoceratops andrewsi and Velociraptor mongoliensis , which Bayan Mandahu yields P. hellenikorhinus and V. osmolskae . Although fossil plants are extremely rare in the Djadochta Formation, the great abundancy of herbivorous Protoceratops at the arid-deposited Tugriken Shireh locality indicates that it had a moderate coverage of bushes or other low-growing plants. The relatively low paleobiodiversity and climate settings of

1734-475: The entrainment velocity due to the reduced (or removed) friction between the grains and the river bed. Eventually the velocity will fall low enough for the grains to be deposited. This is shown by the Hjulström curve . A river is continually picking up and dropping solid particles of rock and soil from its bed throughout its length. Where the river flow is fast, more particles are picked up than dropped. Where

1785-439: The first system of its kind, originally described in (Ehlich and Rehbein 1976) – see (Ehlich 1992) for an English reference - adapted for the use in computer readable corpora as (Rehbein et al. 2004), and widely used in functional pragmatics . Transcription was originally a process carried out manually, i.e. with pencil and paper, using an analogue sound recording stored on, e.g., a Compact Cassette. Nowadays, most transcription

1836-472: The formation in the Ulan Nur Basin is at least 80 m (260 ft). Several aeolian processes (wind works) indicate the presence of large straight-crested dune-like structures, and smaller barchan (crescent-shaped) and parabolic (poorly U-shaped) dunes across the formation. Reddish sandstones are observed in numerous localities. The Djadochta formation occurs in the Late Cretaceous period of

1887-436: The formation likely belong to non- endemic , passing by species. Tyrannosauridae indet. Transcription (linguistics) Transcription should not be confused with translation , which means representing the meaning of text from a source-language in a target language, (e.g. Los Angeles (from source-language Spanish) means The Angels in the target language English); or with transliteration , which means representing

1938-575: The fossils recovered from the formation. The Djadochta formation was first documented and explored—though only a single locality—during paleontological expeditions of the American Museum of Natural History in 1922–1925, which were part of the Central Asiatic expeditions . The expeditions were led by Roy Chapman Andrews , in company of Walter Willis Granger as chief paleontologist and field team. The team did extensive exploration at

1989-411: The majority of which she held no university position and was unsalaried, Jefferson's research into talk-in-interaction has set the standard for what became known as conversation analysis (CA). Her work has greatly influenced the sociological study of interaction, but also disciplines beyond, especially linguistics, communication, and anthropology. This system is employed universally by those working from

2040-483: The most abundant representatives. The paleofauna of the Djadochta Formation is very similar in composition to the nearby and coeval-regarded Bayan Mandahu Formation of Inner Mongolia . The two formations share many of the same genera, but differ in species. For instance, the most common mammal in Djadochta is Kryptobaatar dashzevegi , while in Bayan Mandahu it is the closely related K. mandahuensis . Similarly,

2091-752: The ongoing years of the expeditions. In 1927 the formation was formally described and established by Berkey and Morris, with Bayn Dzak as the type locality . In 1963 the Mongolian paleontologist Demberelyin Dashzeveg reported the discovery of a new fossiliferous locality of the Djadochta Formation: Tugriken Shireh. During the 1960s to 1970s, Polish-Mongolian and Russian-Mongolian paleontological expeditions collected new, partial to complete specimens of Protoceratops and Velociraptor at this locality, making these dinosaur species

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2142-432: The other automated transcription. For the former, the work is still very much done by a human transcriber who listens to a recording and types up what is heard in a computer, and this type of software is often a multimedia player with functionality such as playback or changing speed. For the latter, automated transcription is achieved by a speech-to-text engine which converts audio or video files into electronic text. Some of

2193-572: The particle. These relationships are shown in the following table for the Rouse number , which is a ratio of sediment settling velocity (fall velocity) to upwards velocity. Rouse = Settling velocity Upwards velocity from lift and drag = w s κ u ∗ {\displaystyle {\textbf {Rouse}}={\frac {\text{Settling velocity}}{\text{Upwards velocity from lift and drag}}}={\frac {w_{s}}{\kappa u_{*}}}} where If

2244-425: The repeated occurrence of these feeding traces at limb joints may reflect that the responsible scavengers focused on collagen at the joint cartilage of dried dinosaur carcasses as a source of nitrogen, which was very low in the arid Djadochta Formation environments. Examinations at the fossil preservation and sediments of Ukhaa Tolgod indicates that preserved animals were buried alive by catastrophic dune collapses. It

2295-408: The river flow is slow, more particles are dropped than picked up. Areas where more particles are dropped are called alluvial or flood plains, and the dropped particles are called alluvium . Even small streams make alluvial deposits, but it is in floodplains and deltas of large rivers that large, geologically-significant alluvial deposits are found. The amount of matter carried by a large river

2346-425: The software would also include the function of annotation . Fluvial In geography and geology , fluvial sediment processes or fluvial sediment transport are associated with rivers and streams and the deposits and landforms created by sediments . It can result in the formation of ripples and dunes , in fractal -shaped patterns of erosion, in complex patterns of natural river systems, and in

2397-402: The spelling of a text from one script to another. In the academic discipline of linguistics , transcription is an essential part of the methodologies of (among others) phonetics , conversation analysis , dialectology , and sociolinguistics . It also plays an important role for several subfields of speech technology . Common examples for transcriptions outside academia are the proceedings of

2448-555: The strata of the Alag Teg (also spelled Alag Teeg or Alag Teer) locality, once considered part of this formation, indicates that it belongs to a different geological formation: the Alagteeg Formation , which is slightly older than the overlying Djadochta Formation. Based on sediments and stratigraphic relationships, the lower part of the Bayn Dzak locality is correlated with the Alag Teg locality, making both sections part of

2499-407: The term glaciofluvial or fluvioglacial is used, as in periglacial flows and glacial lake outburst floods . Fluvial sediment processes include the motion of sediment and erosion or deposition on the river bed . The movement of water across the stream bed exerts a shear stress directly onto the bed. If the cohesive strength of the substrate is lower than the shear exerted, or

2550-420: The turns-at-talk overlap, how particular words are articulated, and so on. If such detail is less important, perhaps because the analyst is more concerned with the overall gross structure of the conversation or the relative distribution of turns-at-talk amongst the participants, then a second type of transcription known as broad transcription may be sufficient (Williamson, 2009). The Jefferson Transcription System

2601-404: The upwards velocity is approximately equal to the settling velocity, sediment will be transported downstream entirely as suspended load . If the upwards velocity is much less than the settling velocity, but still high enough for the sediment to move (see Initiation of motion ), it will move along the bed as bed load by rolling, sliding, and saltating (jumping up into the flow, being transported

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