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140-681: From 1963 to 1971, Polish - Mongolian paleontological expeditions were carried out in the Gobi Desert with the objective of fossil -finding. The expedition of 1971 visited several localities of the Djadokhta and Nemegt formations, discovering the lower beds of the latter. In that year on August 3, during the fieldwork of a team composed of paleontologists Tomasz Jerzykiewicz , Maciej Kuczyński , Teresa Maryańska , Edward Miranowski , Altangerel Perle and Wojciech Skarżyński , several fossils of Protoceratops and Velociraptor were found at

280-455: A mutation (the deletion of two nucleotides ) that inactives it. These changes are explained by the fact that its prey does not need to be subdued. Several groups of predatory fish have the ability to detect, track, and sometimes, as in the electric ray , to incapacitate their prey by sensing and generating electric fields . The electric organ is derived from modified nerve or muscle tissue. Physiological adaptations to predation include

420-418: A better choice. If it chooses pursuit, its physical capabilities determine the mode of pursuit (e.g., ambush or chase). Having captured the prey, it may also need to expend energy handling it (e.g., killing it, removing any shell or spines, and ingesting it). Predators have a choice of search modes ranging from sit-and-wait to active or widely foraging . The sit-and-wait method is most suitable if

560-464: A breaking of the pectoral girdle , and the right forelimb and scapulocoracoid are torn off to the left and backwards, relative to its torso . He concluded that the prominent displacement of pectoral elements and right forelimb was caused by an external force that tried to tear them out. Barsbold suggested that scavengers were the most likely authors of these anomalies since the Protoceratops

700-851: A broad range of taxa including arthropods. They are common among insects, including mantids, dragonflies , lacewings and scorpionflies . In some species such as the alderfly , only the larvae are predatory (the adults do not eat). Spiders are predatory, as well as other terrestrial invertebrates such as scorpions ; centipedes ; some mites , snails and slugs ; nematodes ; and planarian worms . In marine environments, most cnidarians (e.g., jellyfish , hydroids ), ctenophora (comb jellies), echinoderms (e.g., sea stars , sea urchins , sand dollars , and sea cucumbers ) and flatworms are predatory. Among crustaceans , lobsters , crabs , shrimps and barnacles are predators, and in turn crustaceans are preyed on by nearly all cephalopods (including octopuses , squid and cuttlefish ). Seed predation

840-639: A communist party rule to a Western-style liberal democratic political system . The last post-Soviet troops left Poland on 18 September 1993. After ten years of democratic consolidation , Poland joined OECD in 1996, NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004. The government and politics of the Polish People's Republic were dominated by the Polish United Workers' Party ( Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza, PZPR ). Despite

980-886: A fair level in the aftermath of the Holocaust . In 1947, Poland voted in favour of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine , which led to Israel's recognition by Poland on 19 May 1948. However, by the Six-Day War , it severed diplomatic relations with Israel in June 1967 and supported the Palestine Liberation Organization which recognized the State of Palestine on 14 December 1988. In 1989, Poland restored relations with Israel. The Polish People's Republic participated as

1120-582: A food trap, mechanical stimulation, and electrical impulses to eventually catch and consume its prey. Some carnivorous fungi catch nematodes using either active traps in the form of constricting rings, or passive traps with adhesive structures. Many species of protozoa ( eukaryotes ) and bacteria ( prokaryotes ) prey on other microorganisms; the feeding mode is evidently ancient, and evolved many times in both groups. Among freshwater and marine zooplankton , whether single-celled or multi-cellular, predatory grazing on phytoplankton and smaller zooplankton

1260-477: A huge gulp of water and filtering it through their feathery baleen plates. Pursuit predators may be social , like the lion and wolf that hunt in groups, or solitary. Once the predator has captured the prey, it has to handle it: very carefully if the prey is dangerous to eat, such as if it possesses sharp or poisonous spines, as in many prey fish. Some catfish such as the Ictaluridae have spines on

1400-725: A kill, and the coyote can be either solitary or social. Other solitary predators include the northern pike, wolf spiders and all the thousands of species of solitary wasps among arthropods, and many microorganisms and zooplankton . Under the pressure of natural selection , predators have evolved a variety of physical adaptations for detecting, catching, killing, and digesting prey. These include speed, agility, stealth, sharp senses, claws, teeth, filters, and suitable digestive systems. For detecting prey , predators have well-developed vision , smell , or hearing . Predators as diverse as owls and jumping spiders have forward-facing eyes, providing accurate binocular vision over

1540-539: A long distance, sometimes for hours at a time. The method is used by human hunter-gatherers and by canids such as African wild dogs and domestic hounds. The African wild dog is an extreme persistence predator, tiring out individual prey by following them for many miles at relatively low speed. A specialised form of pursuit predation is the lunge feeding of baleen whales . These very large marine predators feed on plankton , especially krill , diving and actively swimming into concentrations of plankton, and then taking

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1680-959: A member of the United Nations (as a founding member), the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade , the Warsaw Pact , Comecon , the International Energy Agency , the Council of Europe , the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe , the International Atomic Energy Agency and Interkosmos . Poland suffered tremendous economic losses during World War II. In 1939, Poland had 35.1 million inhabitants, but

1820-445: A patch and decide whether to spend time searching for prey in it. This may involve some knowledge of the preferences of the prey; for example, ladybirds can choose a patch of vegetation suitable for their aphid prey. To capture prey, predators have a spectrum of pursuit modes that range from overt chase ( pursuit predation ) to a sudden strike on nearby prey ( ambush predation ). Another strategy in between ambush and pursuit

1960-466: A population of approximately 37.9 million near the end of its existence, it was the second most-populous communist and Eastern Bloc country in Europe, and one of the main signatories of the Warsaw Pact alliance. The largest city and official capital since 1947 was Warsaw , followed by the industrial city of Łódź and cultural city of Kraków . The country was bordered by the Baltic Sea to

2100-425: A powerful selective effect on prey, and the prey develop antipredator adaptations such as warning coloration , alarm calls and other signals , camouflage , mimicry of well-defended species, and defensive spines and chemicals. Sometimes predator and prey find themselves in an evolutionary arms race , a cycle of adaptations and counter-adaptations. Predation has been a major driver of evolution since at least

2240-785: A predator, while small prey might prove hard to find and in any case provide less of a reward. This has led to a correlation between the size of predators and their prey. Size may also act as a refuge for large prey. For example, adult elephants are relatively safe from predation by lions, but juveniles are vulnerable. Members of the cat family such as the snow leopard (treeless highlands), tiger (grassy plains, reed swamps), ocelot (forest), fishing cat (waterside thickets), and lion (open plains) are camouflaged with coloration and disruptive patterns suiting their habitats. In aggressive mimicry , certain predators, including insects and fishes, make use of coloration and behaviour to attract prey. Female Photuris fireflies , for example, copy

2380-421: A preferred target is scarce. When prey have a clumped (uneven) distribution, the optimal strategy for the predator is predicted to be more specialized as the prey are more conspicuous and can be found more quickly; this appears to be correct for predators of immobile prey, but is doubtful with mobile prey. In size-selective predation, predators select prey of a certain size. Large prey may prove troublesome for

2520-555: A propaganda tool to control the masses. Transmitted daily at 07:30 p.m CET since 1965, it was infamous for its manipulative techniques and emotive language as well as the controversial content. For instance, the Dziennik provided more information on world news, particularly bad events, war, corruption or scandals in the West. This method was intentionally used to minimize the effects of the issues that were occurring in communist Poland at

2660-820: A relatively narrow field of view, whereas prey animals often have less acute all-round vision. Animals such as foxes can smell their prey even when it is concealed under 2 feet (60 cm) of snow or earth. Many predators have acute hearing, and some such as echolocating bats hunt exclusively by active or passive use of sound. Predators including big cats , birds of prey , and ants share powerful jaws, sharp teeth, or claws which they use to seize and kill their prey. Some predators such as snakes and fish-eating birds like herons and cormorants swallow their prey whole; some snakes can unhinge their jaws to allow them to swallow large prey, while fish-eating birds have long spear-like beaks that they use to stab and grip fast-moving and slippery prey. Fish and other predators have developed

2800-647: A result of these actions, Poland lost 77,035 km (29,743 sq mi) of land compared to its pre-WWII territory . These were confirmed, pending a final peace conference with Germany, at the Tripartite Conference of Berlin, otherwise known as the Potsdam Conference in August 1945 after the end of the war in Europe. The Potsdam Agreement also sanctioned the transfer of the German population out of

2940-639: A result, Poland had a high imprisonment rate but one of the lowest crime rates in the world. During its existence, the Polish People's Republic maintained relations not only with the Soviet Union , but several communist states around the world. It also had friendly relations with the United States , United Kingdom , France , and the Western Bloc as well as the People's Republic of China . At

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3080-459: A semi-erect stance and its skull is horizontally oriented, which would have not been possible if the animal was already dead. The Velociraptor has its right hand trapped within the jaws of the Protoceratops and the left one scratching the Protoceratops skull. As it lies on the floor with its feet directed to the prey's abdomen and throat areas, it is unlikely that the Velociraptor

3220-478: A significant amount of energy, to locate each food patch. For example, the black-browed albatross regularly makes foraging flights to a range of around 700 kilometres (430 miles), up to a maximum foraging range of 3,000 kilometres (1,860 miles) for breeding birds gathering food for their young. With static prey, some predators can learn suitable patch locations and return to them at intervals to feed. The optimal foraging strategy for search has been modelled using

3360-406: A small animal, gulping the prey in an extremely rapid movement when it is within range. Many smaller predators such as the box jellyfish use venom to subdue their prey, and venom can also aid in digestion (as is the case for rattlesnakes and some spiders ). The marbled sea snake that has adapted to egg predation has atrophied venom glands, and the gene for its three finger toxin contains

3500-523: A smaller area. For example, when mixed flocks of birds forage, the birds in front flush out insects that are caught by the birds behind. Spinner dolphins form a circle around a school of fish and move inwards, concentrating the fish by a factor of 200. By hunting socially chimpanzees can catch colobus monkeys that would readily escape an individual hunter, while cooperating Harris hawks can trap rabbits. Predators of different species sometimes cooperate to catch prey. In coral reefs , when fish such as

3640-440: A variety of defences including the ability to hear the echolocation calls. Many pursuit predators that run on land, such as wolves, have evolved long limbs in response to the increased speed of their prey. Their adaptations have been characterized as an evolutionary arms race , an example of the coevolution of two species. In a gene centered view of evolution , the genes of predator and prey can be thought of as competing for

3780-477: Is ballistic interception , where a predator observes and predicts a prey's motion and then launches its attack accordingly. Ambush or sit-and-wait predators are carnivorous animals that capture prey by stealth or surprise. In animals, ambush predation is characterized by the predator's scanning the environment from a concealed position until a prey is spotted, and then rapidly executing a fixed surprise attack. Vertebrate ambush predators include frogs, fish such as

3920-494: Is common, and found in many species of nanoflagellates , dinoflagellates , ciliates , rotifers , a diverse range of meroplankton animal larvae, and two groups of crustaceans, namely copepods and cladocerans . To feed, a predator must search for, pursue and kill its prey. These actions form a foraging cycle. The predator must decide where to look for prey based on its geographical distribution; and once it has located prey, it must assess whether to pursue it or to wait for

4060-629: Is detected, the predator assesses whether to attack it. This may involve ambush or pursuit predation , sometimes after stalking the prey. If the attack is successful, the predator kills the prey, removes any inedible parts like the shell or spines, and eats it. Predators are adapted and often highly specialized for hunting, with acute senses such as vision , hearing , or smell . Many predatory animals , both vertebrate and invertebrate , have sharp claws or jaws to grip, kill, and cut up their prey. Other adaptations include stealth and aggressive mimicry that improve hunting efficiency. Predation has

4200-469: Is missing other body elements and this event likely occurred after the death of both animals or during a point where movement was not possible. Because Protoceratops is considered to have lived in herds , another hypothesis is that members of a herd tried to pull out the already buried Protoceratops , causing the dislocation of its limbs. However, Barsbold pointed out that there are no related traces to support this latter interpretation. Lastly, he restored

4340-518: Is restricted to mammals, birds, and insects but is found in almost all terrestrial ecosystems. Egg predation includes both specialist egg predators such as some colubrid snakes and generalists such as foxes and badgers that opportunistically take eggs when they find them. Some plants, like the pitcher plant , the Venus fly trap and the sundew , are carnivorous and consume insects . Methods of predation by plants varies greatly but often involves

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4480-430: Is size. Prey that is too small may not be worth the trouble for the amount of energy it provides. Too large, and it may be too difficult to capture. For example, a mantid captures prey with its forelegs and they are optimized for grabbing prey of a certain size. Mantids are reluctant to attack prey that is far from that size. There is a positive correlation between the size of a predator and its prey. A predator may assess

4620-471: The 1947 Polish parliamentary election . The Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR) became the dominant political faction in a one-party state but the country had more liberal policies than other socialist states due to its strategic location in the Cold War and internal opposition. The state's official name was the "Republic of Poland" ( Rzeczpospolita Polska ) between 1947 and 1952 in accordance with

4760-458: The Archbishop of Kraków , Cardinal Karol Wojtyła, was elected Pope , taking the name John Paul II . The election of a Polish Pope had an electrifying effect on what had been, even under communist rule, one of the most devoutly Catholic nations in Europe. Gierek is alleged to have said to his cabinet, "O God, what are we going to do now?" or, as occasionally reported, "Jesus and Mary, this is

4900-456: The Cambrian period. At the most basic level, predators kill and eat other organisms. However, the concept of predation is broad, defined differently in different contexts, and includes a wide variety of feeding methods; moreover, some relationships that result in the prey's death are not necessarily called predation. A parasitoid , such as an ichneumon wasp , lays its eggs in or on its host;

5040-687: The Catholic Church to members of the anti-Stalinist left. By the end of 1981, Solidarity had nine million members—a quarter of Poland's population and three times as many as the PUWP had. Kania resigned under Soviet pressure in October and was succeeded by Wojciech Jaruzelski , who had been Defence minister since 1968 and Premier since February. On 13 December 1981, Jaruzelski proclaimed martial law , suspended Solidarity, and temporarily imprisoned most of its leaders. This sudden crackdown on Solidarity

5180-479: The Holocaust were taboo topics, avoided and downplayed when possible. In most cases, producers and directors were encouraged to portray the Soviet Red Army as a friendly and victorious force which entirely liberated Poland from Nazism , Imperialism or Capitalism . The goal was to strengthen the artificial Polish-Soviet friendship and eliminate any knowledge of the crimes or acts of terror committed by

5320-534: The Middle Ages remained as Poland's national emblem; the only feature removed by the communists from the pre-war design was the crown, which was seen as imperialistic and monarchist . The Polish People's Republic maintained a large standing army and hosted Soviet troops in its territory, as Poland was a Warsaw Pact signatory. The UB and succeeding SB were the chief intelligence agencies that acted as secret police. The official police organization, which

5460-595: The Protoceratops on the sediments , which eventually led to the excavation. It was soon nicknamed the Fighting Dinosaurs. The P. andrewsi individual is cataloged under the specimen number MPC-D 100/512 and the V. mongoliensis as MPC-D 100/25 ( Mongolian Paleontological Center ; originally GIN or GI SPS). In 2000 the American Museum of Natural History organized the traveling exhibit Fighting Dinosaurs: New Discoveries from Mongolia which

5600-672: The Sejm , the Parliament's lower house, and all but one seat in the elected Senate . Solidarity persuaded the communists' longtime allied parties, the United People's Party and Democratic Party, to switch their support to Solidarity. This all but forced Jaruzelski, who had been named president in July, to appoint a Solidarity member as prime minister. Finally, he appointed a Solidarity-led coalition government with Tadeusz Mazowiecki as

5740-876: The Soviet Union , and from the Soviet Union to the Soviet-imposed puppet satellite government , Poland's new economic system was forcibly imposed and began moving towards a radical, communist centrally planned economy. One of the first major steps in that direction involved the agricultural reform issued by the Polish Committee of National Liberation government on 6 September 1944. All estates over 0.5 km in pre-war Polish territories and all over 1 km in former German territories were nationalised without compensation. In total, 31,000 km of land were nationalised in Poland and 5 million in

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5880-430: The Velociraptor is relatively complete, Carpenter suggested that it may have been completely or partially buried by sand. He concluded that the Fighting Dinosaurs is among the specimens that provide direct evidence for non-avian theropods as active predators and not strict scavengers. In 2016 Barsbold reported several anomalies within the Protoceratops individual: both coracoids have small bone fragments indicative of

6020-465: The angel shark , the northern pike and the eastern frogfish . Among the many invertebrate ambush predators are trapdoor spiders and Australian Crab spiders on land and mantis shrimps in the sea. Ambush predators often construct a burrow in which to hide, improving concealment at the cost of reducing their field of vision. Some ambush predators also use lures to attract prey within striking range. The capturing movement has to be rapid to trap

6160-455: The common garter snake has developed a resistance to the toxin in the skin of the rough-skinned newt . Predators affect their ecosystems not only directly by eating their own prey, but by indirect means such as reducing predation by other species, or altering the foraging behaviour of a herbivore, as with the biodiversity effect of wolves on riverside vegetation or sea otters on kelp forests. This may explain population dynamics effects such as

6300-475: The grouper and coral trout spot prey that is inaccessible to them, they signal to giant moray eels , Napoleon wrasses or octopuses . These predators are able to access small crevices and flush out the prey. Killer whales have been known to help whalers hunt baleen whales . Social hunting allows predators to tackle a wider range of prey, but at the risk of competition for the captured food. Solitary predators have more chance of eating what they catch, at

6440-465: The marginal value theorem . Search patterns often appear random. One such is the Lévy walk , that tends to involve clusters of short steps with occasional long steps. It is a good fit to the behaviour of a wide variety of organisms including bacteria, honeybees, sharks and human hunter-gatherers. Having found prey, a predator must decide whether to pursue it or keep searching. The decision depends on

6580-527: The predator , kills and eats another organism, its prey . It is one of a family of common feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation (which usually do not kill the host ) and parasitoidism (which always does, eventually). It is distinct from scavenging on dead prey, though many predators also scavenge ; it overlaps with herbivory , as seed predators and destructive frugivores are predators. Predators may actively search for or pursue prey or wait for it, often concealed. When prey

6720-565: The Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War and was viewed as an illegitimate state by Poland's government. The seizure of the cargo ships Praca and Prezydent Gottwald in 1953 and 1954, respectively, particularly inflamed tensions between the two countries. Under pressure from the Soviet Union, Poland participated in the invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968. The Polish People's Republic's relations with Israel were on

6860-491: The Council of State). This did not prevent Solidarity from gaining more support and power. Eventually, it eroded the dominance of the PUWP, which in 1981 lost approximately 85,000 of its 3 million members. Throughout the mid-1980s, Solidarity persisted solely as an underground organization, but by the late 1980s was sufficiently strong to frustrate Jaruzelski's attempts at reform, and nationwide strikes in 1988 were one of

7000-555: The PZPR in power, especially after the Cold War intensified, included the harsh treatment of protesters, arrest of opposition leaders and in extreme cases, executions, with an estimated 22,000 people killed or disappeared from 1947 to 1989. Despite the numerous economic hardships, some achievements were established during this period, including improved living conditions, rapid industrialization, and urbanization . Access to universal health care and free education were made available, and

7140-588: The Polish economy slowed to a crawl. Most visibly, work on most of the major investment projects that had begun in the 1970s was stopped. As a result, most Polish cities acquired at least one infamous example of a large unfinished building languishing in a state of limbo. While some of these, such as the Szkieletor skyscraper in Kraków, were eventually finished decades later, most were never finished at all, wasting

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7280-405: The Soviet Union, which they felt was not yet ready to accept a non-Communist Poland. The origins of Polish television date back to the late 1930s, however, the beginning of World War II interrupted further progress at establishing a regularly televised program. The first prime state television corporation, Telewizja Polska , was founded after the war in 1952 and was hailed as a great success by

7420-479: The Soviet model of a "people's democracy" and a centrally planned socialist economy. The government also embarked on the collectivisation of agriculture, although the pace was slower than in other satellites: Poland remained the only Eastern Bloc country where individual farmers dominated agriculture. Through a careful balance of agreement, compromise and resistance — and having signed an agreement of coexistence with

7560-651: The Soviets during World War II, such as the Katyn massacre . Hence, the Polish audience was more lenient towards a TV series exclusively featuring Polish history from the times of the Kingdom of Poland or the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Being produced in a then-socialist country, the shows did contain a socialist agenda, but with a more informal and comical tone; they concentrated on everyday life which

7700-491: The Tugriken Shire locality (Djadokhta Formation) including a block containing a pair of them. The individuals of this block were identified as a P. andrewsi struggling with a V. mongoliensis . Although the circumstances of their burial were unknown, their pose indicated that they died simultaneously in a death match. The presence of the specimen on field was noted thanks to the overlapping skull fragments of

7840-709: The ability of predatory bacteria to digest the complex peptidoglycan polymer from the cell walls of the bacteria that they prey upon. Carnivorous vertebrates of all five major classes (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals) have lower relative rates of sugar to amino acid transport than either herbivores or omnivores, presumably because they acquire plenty of amino acids from the animal proteins in their diet. To counter predation, prey have evolved defences for use at each stage of an attack. They can try to avoid detection, such as by using camouflage and mimicry . They can detect predators and warn others of their presence. If detected, they can try to avoid being

7980-733: The ability to crush or open the armoured shells of molluscs. Many predators are powerfully built and can catch and kill animals larger than themselves; this applies as much to small predators such as ants and shrews as to big and visibly muscular carnivores like the cougar and lion . Predators are often highly specialized in their diet and hunting behaviour; for example, the Eurasian lynx only hunts small ungulates . Others such as leopards are more opportunistic generalists, preying on at least 100 species. The specialists may be highly adapted to capturing their preferred prey, whereas generalists may be better able to switch to other prey when

8120-637: The abolition of the Senate as a test of strength against the government. Although it supported the other two questions, the Communist-dominated government branded the PSL "traitors". This massive oppression was overseen by Gomułka and the provisional president, Bolesław Bierut . The official results of the election showed the Democratic Bloc with 80.1 percent of the vote. The Democratic Bloc

8260-591: The acquired territories. Stalin was determined that Poland's new communist government would become his tool towards making Poland a satellite state like other countries in Central and Eastern Europe. He had severed relations with the Polish government-in-exile in London in 1943, but to appease Roosevelt and Churchill he agreed at Yalta that a coalition government would be formed. The Provisional Government of National Unity

8400-430: The additional title Marshal of Poland , and in 1952 he became Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers (deputy premier). Over the coming years, private industry was nationalised , the land seized from the pre-war landowners and redistributed to the lower-class farmers, and millions of Poles were transferred from the lost eastern territories to the lands acquired from Germany. Poland was now to be brought into line with

8540-400: The amount that could be exchanged, and so the only practical way to obtain it was from remittances or work outside the country. An entire illegal industry of street-corner money changers emerged as a result. These so-called Cinkciarze gave clients an exchange rate far better than the official one and became wealthy from their opportunism albeit at the risk of punishment, usually diminished by

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8680-584: The assault. When animals eat seeds ( seed predation or granivory ) or eggs ( egg predation ), they are consuming entire living organisms, which by definition makes them predators. Scavengers , organisms that only eat organisms found already dead, are not predators, but many predators such as the jackal and the hyena scavenge when the opportunity arises. Among invertebrates, social wasps such as yellowjackets are both hunters and scavengers of other insects. While examples of predators among mammals and birds are well known, predators can be found in

8820-684: The back (dorsal) and belly (pectoral) which lock in the erect position; as the catfish thrashes about when captured, these could pierce the predator's mouth, possibly fatally. Some fish-eating birds like the osprey avoid the danger of spines by tearing up their prey before eating it. In social predation, a group of predators cooperates to kill prey. This makes it possible to kill creatures larger than those they could overpower singly; for example, hyenas , and wolves collaborate to catch and kill herbivores as large as buffalo, and lions even hunt elephants. It can also make prey more readily available through strategies like flushing of prey and herding it into

8960-540: The buried Protoceratops to the left and backwards, slightly separating the Protoceratops and the Velociraptor . Polish People%E2%80%99s Republic The Polish People's Republic (1952–1989), formerly the Republic of Poland (1947–1952), and also often simply known as Poland , was a country in Central Europe that existed as the predecessor of the modern-day democratic Republic of Poland . With

9100-420: The census of 14 February 1946 showed only 23.9 million inhabitants. The difference was partially the result of the border revision. Losses in national resources and infrastructure amounted to approximately 38%. The implementation of the immense tasks involved with the reconstruction of the country was intertwined with the struggle of the new government for the stabilisation of power, made even more difficult by

9240-717: The committee was replaced by the Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland , all the key posts of which were held by members of the communist Polish Workers' Party . At the Yalta Conference in February 1945, Stalin was able to present his Western allies, Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill , with a fait accompli in Poland. His armed forces were in occupation of the country, and

9380-441: The communist authorities. The foundation date corresponds to the time of the first regularly televised broadcast which occurred at 07:00 p.m CET on 25 October 1952. Initially, the auditions were broadcast to a limited number of viewers and at set dates, often a month apart. On 23 January 1953 regular shows began to appear on the first and only channel, TVP1 . The second channel, TVP2 , was launched in 1970 and coloured television

9520-542: The communist government was illegal, though Poland remained the most liberal of the Eastern Bloc members and censorship eventually lost its authority by the mid-1980s. The majority of the TV shows and serials made during the Polish People's Republic earned a cult status in Poland today, particularly due to their symbolism of a bygone era. Predator Predation is a biological interaction where one organism,

9660-472: The communist government — cardinal primate Stefan Wyszyński maintained and even strengthened the Polish church through a series of failed government leaders. He was put under house arrest from 1953 to 1956 for failing to punish priests who participated in anti-government activity. Bierut died in March 1956 and was replaced with Edward Ochab , who held the position for seven months. In June, workers in

9800-575: The communists were in control of its administration. The Soviet Union was in the process of reincorporating the lands to the east of the Curzon Line , which it had invaded and occupied between 1939 and 1941 . In compensation, Poland was granted German-populated territories in Pomerania , Silesia , and Brandenburg east of the Oder–Neisse line , including the southern half of East Prussia . As

9940-408: The communists. In other areas, the ballot boxes were either destroyed or replaced with boxes containing prefilled ballots. The 1947 election marked the beginning of undisguised communist rule in Poland, though it was not officially transformed into the Polish People's Republic until the adoption of the 1952 Constitution . However, Gomułka never supported Stalin's control over the Polish communists and

10080-560: The considerable resources devoted to their construction. Polish investment in economic infrastructure and technological development fell rapidly, ensuring that the country lost whatever ground it had gained relative to Western European economies in the 1970s. To escape the constant economic and political pressures during these years, and the general sense of hopelessness, many family income providers traveled for work in Western Europe, particularly West Germany ( Wyjazd na saksy ). During

10220-416: The costs and benefits involved. A bird foraging for insects spends a lot of time searching but capturing and eating them is quick and easy, so the efficient strategy for the bird is to eat every palatable insect it finds. By contrast, a predator such as a lion or falcon finds its prey easily but capturing it requires a lot of effort. In that case, the predator is more selective. One of the factors to consider

10360-423: The country under a military junta . As a result, several newsreaders had difficulty in finding employment after the fall of communism in 1989. Despite the political agenda of Telewizja Polska, the authorities did emphasize the need to provide entertainment for younger viewers without exposing the children to inappropriate content. Initially created in the 1950s, an evening cartoon block called Dobranocka , which

10500-590: The country's first non-communist prime minister since 1948. On 10 December 1989, the statue of Vladimir Lenin was removed in Warsaw by the Polish authorities. The Parliament amended the Constitution on 29 December 1989 to formally rescind the PUWP's constitutionally-guaranteed power and restore democracy and civil liberties. This began the Third Polish Republic , and served as a prelude to

10640-413: The course of the fight with the Protoceratops powerslamming the Velociraptor , which used its raptorial sickle claws to damage the throat and belly regions and its hand claws to grasp the herbivore's head. Prior to their burial, the fight ended up on the ground with the Velociraptor lying on its back under the Protoceratops . After the burial event, either a Protoceratops herd or scavengers tore off

10780-434: The death struggle a large dune may have collapsed, simultaneously burying both Protoceratops and Velociraptor . Alternatively, the Velociraptor may have been scavenging an already dead Protoceratops and then got buried and eventually killed by an unknown event. In 1995, David M. Unwin and colleagues argued that scavenging was unlikely as there were numerous indications of a simultaneous death. The Protoceratops has

10920-470: The democratic elections of 1991 — the first since 1928 . The PZPR was disbanded on 30 January 1990, and Wałęsa was elected as president eleven months later. The Warsaw Pact was dissolved on 1 July 1991 and the Soviet Union ceased to exist in December 1991. On 27 October 1991, the 1991 Polish parliamentary election , the first democratic election since the 1920s. This completed Poland's transition from

11060-438: The economy at all levels, resulting in a growing black market and the development of a shortage economy . The only way for an individual to buy most Western goods was to use Western currencies, notably the U.S. dollar , which in effect became a parallel currency. However, it could not simply be exchanged at the official banks for zlotys , since the government exchange rate undervalued the dollar and placed heavy restrictions on

11200-993: The eggs hatch into larvae, which eat the host, and it inevitably dies. Zoologists generally call this a form of parasitism , though conventionally parasites are thought not to kill their hosts. A predator can be defined to differ from a parasitoid in that it has many prey, captured over its lifetime, where a parasitoid's larva has just one, or at least has its food supply provisioned for it on just one occasion. There are other difficult and borderline cases. Micropredators are small animals that, like predators, feed entirely on other organisms; they include fleas and mosquitoes that consume blood from living animals, and aphids that consume sap from living plants. However, since they typically do not kill their hosts, they are now often thought of as parasites. Animals that graze on phytoplankton or mats of microbes are predators, as they consume and kill their food organisms, while herbivores that browse leaves are not, as their food plants usually survive

11340-456: The end of the Stalinist era. In 1970, Gomułka's government decided to adopt massive increases in the prices of basic goods, including food. The resulting widespread violent protests in December the same year resulted in a number of deaths. They also forced another major change in the government, as Gomułka was replaced by Edward Gierek as the new First Secretary. Gierek's plan for recovery

11480-571: The end". When John Paul II made his first papal tour of Poland in June 1979, half a million people heard him speak in Warsaw; he did not call for rebellion, but instead encouraged the creation of an "alternative Poland" of social institutions independent of the government, so that when the next economic crisis came, the nation would present a united front. A new wave of labour strikes undermined Gierek's government, and in September Gierek, who

11620-455: The era, hundreds of thousands of Poles left the country permanently and settled in the West, few of them returning to Poland even after the end of socialism in Poland. Tens of thousands of others went to work in countries that could offer them salaries in hard currency, notably Libya and Iraq . After several years of the situation continuing to worsen, during which time the socialist government unsuccessfully tried various expedients to improve

11760-404: The evolution of mimicry. Avoidance is not necessarily an evolutionary response as it is generally learned from bad experiences with prey. However, when the prey is capable of killing the predator (as can a coral snake with its venom), there is no opportunity for learning and avoidance must be inherited. Predators can also respond to dangerous prey with counter-adaptations. In western North America,

11900-463: The fact that a considerable part of society was mistrustful of the communist government. The occupation of Poland by the Red Army and the support the Soviet Union had shown for the Polish communists was decisive in the communists gaining the upper hand in the new Polish government. As control of the Polish territories passed from occupying forces of Nazi Germany to the subsequent occupying forces of

12040-610: The factors that forced the government to open a dialogue with Solidarity. From 6 February to 15 April 1989, talks of 13 working groups in 94 sessions, which became known as the " Roundtable Talks " ( Rozmowy Okrągłego Stołu ) saw the PUWP abandon power and radically altered the shape of the country. In June, shortly after the Tiananmen Square protests in China, the 1989 Polish legislative election took place. Much to its own surprise, Solidarity took all contested (35%) seats in

12180-468: The financial practices in East Germany running its own ration stamps at the same time. The trend led to an unhealthy state of affairs where the chief determinant of economic status was access to hard currency. This situation was incompatible with any remaining ideals of socialism, which were soon completely abandoned at the community level. In this desperate situation, all development and growth in

12320-460: The form of massive debt are still felt in Poland even today. This Golden Age came to an end after the 1973 energy crisis . The failure of the Gierek government, both economically and politically, soon led to the creation of opposition in the form of trade unions , student groups, clandestine newspapers and publishers, imported books and newspapers, and even a "flying university". On 16 October 1978,

12460-561: The formation of the Solidarity movement. During the Solidarity years and the imposition of martial law , Poland entered a decade of economic crisis, officially acknowledged as such even by the regime. Rationing and queuing became a way of life, with ration cards ( Kartki ) necessary to buy even such basic consumer staples as milk and sugar. Access to Western luxury goods became even more restricted, as Western governments applied economic sanctions to express their dissatisfaction with

12600-518: The former German territories, out of which 12,000 km were redistributed to farmers and the rest remained in the hands of the government (Most of this was eventually used in the collectivization and creation of sovkhoz -like State Agricultural Farms "PGR"). However, the collectivization of Polish farming never reached the same extent as it did in the Soviet Union or other countries of the Eastern Bloc. Nationalisation began in 1944, with

12740-406: The government repression of the opposition, while at the same time, the government had to use most of the foreign currency it could obtain to pay the crushing rates on its foreign debt. In response to this situation, the government, which controlled all official foreign trade, continued to maintain a highly artificial exchange rate with Western currencies. The exchange rate worsened distortions in

12880-475: The height of the Cold War , Poland attempted to remain neutral to the conflict between the Soviets and the Americans. In particular, Edward Gierek sought to establish Poland as a mediator between the two powers in the 1970s. Both the U.S. presidents and the Soviet general secretaries or leaders visited communist Poland. Poland was hostile to the Republic of China , which had retreated to Taiwan following

13020-700: The highest law was the Constitution of the Polish People's Republic , and the Polish Council of State replaced the presidency of Poland . Elections were held on the single lists of the Front of National Unity . Despite these changes, Poland was one of the most liberal communist nations and was the only communist country in the world which did not have any communist symbols ( red star , stars, ears of wheat , or hammer and sickle ) on its flag and coat of arms . The White Eagle founded by Polish monarchs in

13160-529: The industrial city of Poznań went on strike, in what became known as 1956 Poznań protests . Voices began to be raised in the Party and among the intellectuals calling for wider reforms of the Stalinist system. Eventually, power shifted towards Gomułka, who replaced Ochab as party leader. Hardline Stalinists were removed from power and many Soviet officers serving in the Polish Army were dismissed. This marked

13300-431: The larvae of coccinellid beetles (ladybirds) , alternate between actively searching and scanning the environment. Prey distributions are often clumped, and predators respond by looking for patches where prey is dense and then searching within patches. Where food is found in patches, such as rare shoals of fish in a nearly empty ocean, the search stage requires the predator to travel for a substantial time, and to expend

13440-429: The light signals of other species, thereby attracting male fireflies, which they capture and eat. Flower mantises are ambush predators; camouflaged as flowers, such as orchids , they attract prey and seize it when it is close enough. Frogfishes are extremely well camouflaged, and actively lure their prey to approach using an esca , a bait on the end of a rod-like appendage on the head, which they wave gently to mimic

13580-447: The multiple wounds delivered by the Velociraptor on the Protoceratops throat had the latter animal bleeding to death. As a last effort, the Protoceratops bit the right hand of the predator and trapped it under its own weight, causing the death and eventual desiccation of the Velociraptor . The missing limbs of the Protoceratops were later torn off by scavengers. Finally, both animals were buried by sandy sediments. Given that

13720-538: The north, the Soviet Union to the east, Czechoslovakia to the south, and East Germany to the west. The Polish People's Republic was a unitary state with a Marxist–Leninist government established in the country after the Red Army 's takeover of Polish territory from German occupation in World War II. Communist control was strengthened through electoral fraud in the 1946 Polish people's referendum and

13860-466: The opposition side. The government accepted the idea that some kind of a deal with the opposition would be necessary, and repeatedly attempted to find common ground throughout the 1980s. However, at this point, the communists generally still believed that they should retain the reins of power for the near future, and only allowed the opposition limited, advisory participation in the running of the country. They believed that this would be essential to pacifying

14000-434: The other hand, the fitness cost of a given lost dinner is unpredictable, as the predator may quickly find better prey. In addition, most predators are generalists, which reduces the impact of a given prey adaption on a predator. Since specialization is caused by predator-prey coevolution, the rarity of specialists may imply that predator-prey arms races are rare. It is difficult to determine whether given adaptations are truly

14140-510: The performance of the economy—at one point resorting to placing military commissars to direct work in the factories — it grudgingly accepted pressures to liberalize the economy. The government introduced a series of small-scale reforms, such as allowing more small-scale private enterprises to function. However, the government also realized that it lacked the legitimacy to carry out any large-scale reforms, which would inevitably cause large-scale social dislocation and economic difficulties for most of

14280-577: The population almost doubled between 1947 and 1989. Poland also maintained a large standing army, known as the Polish People's Army . In addition, units of the Soviet Armed Forces were also stationed in Poland as in all other Warsaw Pact countries. In the summer of 1944, the Polish Committee of National Liberation was established by Soviet-backed Polish communists to control territory retaken from Nazi Germany . On 1 January 1945

14420-520: The population, accustomed to the extensive social safety net that the socialist system had provided. For example, when the government proposed to close the Gdańsk Shipyard , a decision in some ways justifiable from an economic point of view but also largely political, there was a wave of public outrage and the government was forced to back down. The only way to carry out such changes without social upheaval would be to acquire at least some support from

14560-656: The presence of two minor parties, the United People's Party and the Democratic Party , the country was a one-party state because these two parties were completely subservient to the Communists and had to accept the PZPR's "leading role" as a condition of their existence. It was politically influenced by the Soviet Union to the extent of being its satellite country , along with East Germany , Czechoslovakia and other Eastern Bloc members. From 1952,

14700-538: The prey an opportunity to escape. Some frogs wait until snakes have begun their strike before jumping, reducing the time available to the snake to recalibrate its attack, and maximising the angular adjustment that the snake would need to make to intercept the frog in real time. Ballistic predators include insects such as dragonflies, and vertebrates such as archerfish (attacking with a jet of water), chameleons (attacking with their tongues), and some colubrid snakes . In pursuit predation, predators chase fleeing prey. If

14840-549: The prey are dense and mobile, and the predator has low energy requirements. Wide foraging expends more energy, and is used when prey is sedentary or sparsely distributed. There is a continuum of search modes with intervals between periods of movement ranging from seconds to months. Sharks, sunfish , Insectivorous birds and shrews are almost always moving while web-building spiders, aquatic invertebrates, praying mantises and kestrels rarely move. In between, plovers and other shorebirds , freshwater fish including crappies , and

14980-413: The prey flees in a straight line, capture depends only on the predator's being faster than the prey. If the prey manoeuvres by turning as it flees, the predator must react in real time to calculate and follow a new intercept path, such as by parallel navigation , as it closes on the prey. Many pursuit predators use camouflage to approach the prey as close as possible unobserved ( stalking ) before starting

15120-428: The prey's body. However, the "life-dinner" principle of Dawkins and Krebs predicts that this arms race is asymmetric: if a predator fails to catch its prey, it loses its dinner, while if it succeeds, the prey loses its life. The metaphor of an arms race implies ever-escalating advances in attack and defence. However, these adaptations come with a cost; for instance, longer legs have an increased risk of breaking, while

15260-433: The prey, given that the attack is not modifiable once launched. Ballistic interception is the strategy where a predator observes the movement of a prey, predicts its motion, works out an interception path, and then attacks the prey on that path. This differs from ambush predation in that the predator adjusts its attack according to how the prey is moving. Ballistic interception involves a brief period for planning, giving

15400-509: The price of increased expenditure of energy to catch it, and increased risk that the prey will escape. Ambush predators are often solitary to reduce the risk of becoming prey themselves. Of 245 terrestrial members of the Carnivora (the group that includes the cats, dogs, and bears), 177 are solitary; and 35 of the 37 wild cats are solitary, including the cougar and cheetah. However, the solitary cougar does allow other cougars to share in

15540-607: The pro-Soviet government taking over industries in the newly acquired territories along with the rest of the country. As nationalization was unpopular, the communists delayed the nationalization reform until 1946, when after the 3xTAK referendums they were fairly certain they had total control of the state and could deal a heavy blow to eventual public protests. Some semi-official nationalisation of various private enterprises had begun also in 1944. In 1946, all enterprises with over 50 employees were nationalised, with no compensation to Polish owners. The Allied punishment of Germany for

15680-496: The promise of social and economic reforms. None of these were delivered due to resistance from the hardline communist leadership as it would effectively require abandoning the Marxian economy with central planning , state-owned enterprises and state-controlled prices and trade. After the West refused to grant Poland further loans, the living standards began to fall sharply again as the supply of imported goods dried up, and as Poland

15820-414: The pursuit. Pursuit predators include terrestrial mammals such as humans, African wild dogs, spotted hyenas and wolves; marine predators such as dolphins, orcas and many predatory fishes, such as tuna; predatory birds (raptors) such as falcons; and insects such as dragonflies . An extreme form of pursuit is endurance or persistence hunting , in which the predator tires out the prey by following it over

15960-609: The referendum and the January 1947 general elections , the opposition was subjected to persecution. Only the candidates of the pro-government "Democratic Bloc" (the PPR, Cyrankiewicz' faction of the PPS, and the Democratic Party ) were allowed to campaign completely unmolested. Meanwhile, several opposition candidates were prevented from campaigning at all. Mikołajczyk's Polish People's Party (PSL) in particular suffered persecution; it had opposed

16100-456: The reparations far ahead of schedule as a sign of 'friendship' between the two new communist neighbors and, therefore, now friends. Thus, without the reparations and without the massive Marshall Plan implemented in the West at that time, Poland's postwar recovery was much harder than it could have been. During the Gierek era , Poland borrowed large sums from Western creditors in exchange for

16240-470: The result of coevolution, where a prey adaptation gives rise to a predator adaptation that is countered by further adaptation in the prey. An alternative explanation is escalation , where predators are adapting to competitors, their own predators or dangerous prey. Apparent adaptations to predation may also have arisen for other reasons and then been co-opted for attack or defence. In some of the insects preyed on by bats, hearing evolved before bats appeared and

16380-536: The socialist structure entirely and replacing with a parliamentary system that has remained in place to the present-day. The Ministry of Public Security (UB) and later the Security Service (SB) were the chief intelligence agencies that acted as the secret police. The official police organization, Milicja Obywatelska (MO), along with its ZOMO squads, conducted mass surveillance and violent suppression of protests. The various crimes committed to maintain

16520-403: The socialists should support the communists in carrying through a socialist program while opposing the imposition of one-party rule. Pre-war political hostilities continued to influence events, and Stanisław Mikołajczyk would not agree to form a united front with the socialists. The communists played on these divisions by dismissing Osóbka-Morawski and making Cyrankiewicz Prime Minister. Between

16660-417: The specialized tongue of the chameleon, with its ability to act like a projectile, is useless for lapping water, so the chameleon must drink dew off vegetation. The "life-dinner" principle has been criticized on multiple grounds. The extent of the asymmetry in natural selection depends in part on the heritability of the adaptive traits. Also, if a predator loses enough dinners, it too will lose its life. On

16800-684: The target of an attack, for example, by signalling that they are toxic or unpalatable , by signalling that a chase would be unprofitable, or by forming groups. If they become a target, they can try to fend off the attack with defences such as armour, quills , unpalatability, or mobbing; and they can often escape an attack in progress by startling the predator, playing dead , shedding body parts such as tails, or simply fleeing. Predators and prey are natural enemies, and many of their adaptations seem designed to counter each other. For example, bats have sophisticated echolocation systems to detect insects and other prey, and insects have developed

16940-496: The temporary Small Constitution of 1947 . The name "People's Republic" was introduced and defined by the Constitution of 1952 . The Polish People's Republic was dissolved following the Revolutions of 1989 and the 1990 Polish presidential election , but the post-communist Third Polish Republic retained the 1952 constitution, with amendments , until the introduction of the current constitution on 17 October 1997, abolishing

17080-541: The term also became synonymous with authoritarianism , propaganda, manipulation, lies, deception and disinformation. Under martial law in Poland , from December 1981 Dziennik was presented by officers of the Polish Armed Forces or newsreaders in military uniforms and broadcast 24-hours a day. The running time has also been extended to 60 minutes. The program returned to its original form in 1983. The audience viewed this move as an attempt to militarize

17220-522: The time. With its format, the show shared many similarities with the East German Aktuelle Kamera . Throughout the 1970s, Dziennik Telewizyjny was regularly watched by over 11 million viewers, approximately in every third household in the Polish People's Republic. The long legacy of communist television continues to this day; the older generation in contemporary Poland refers to every televised news program as "Dziennik" and

17360-608: The war of destruction was intended to include large-scale reparations to Poland. However, those were truncated into insignificance by the break-up of Germany into East and West and the onset of the Cold War. Poland was then relegated to receive her share from the Soviet-controlled East Germany . However, even this was attenuated, as the Soviets pressured the Polish Government to cease receiving

17500-553: The wide-scale bribery of the Milicja. As Western currency came into the country from emigrant families and foreign workers, the government in turn attempted to gather it up by various means, most visibly by establishing a chain of state-run Pewex and Baltona stores in all Polish cities, where goods could only be bought with hard currency. It even introduced its own ersatz U.S. currency ( bony PeKaO in Polish). This paralleled

17640-410: Was also responsible for peacekeeping and suppression of protests, was renamed Milicja Obywatelska . The Milicja's elite ZOMO squads committed various serious crimes to maintain the communists in power, including the harsh treatment of protesters, arrest of opposition leaders and in some cases, murder. According to Rudolph J. Rummel, at least 22,000 people were killed by the regime during its rule. As

17780-414: Was appealing to ordinary people. These include Czterdziestolatek (1975–1978), Alternatywy 4 (1986–1987) and Zmiennicy (1987–1988). The wide range of topics covered featured petty disputes in the block of flats , work issues, human behaviour and interaction as well as comedy, sarcasm, drama and satire . Every televised show was censored if necessary and political content was erased. Ridiculing

17920-557: Was awarded 394 seats to only 28 for the PSL. Mikołajczyk immediately resigned to protest this so-called 'implausible result' and fled to the United Kingdom in April rather than face arrest. Later, some historians announced that the official results were only obtained through massive fraud. Government officials didn't even count the real votes in many areas and simply filled in the relevant documents in accordance with instructions from

18060-478: Was centered on massive borrowing, mainly from the United States and West Germany , to re-equip and modernize Polish industry, and to import consumer goods to give the workers some incentive to work. While it boosted the Polish economy, and is still remembered as the "Golden Age" of socialist Poland, it left the country vulnerable to global economic fluctuations and Western undermining, and the repercussions in

18200-547: Was established in June 1946 with the communists holding a majority of key posts, and with Soviet support they soon gained almost total control of the country. In June 1946, the " Three Times Yes " referendum was held on a number of issues—abolition of the Senate of Poland , land reform, and making the Oder–Neisse line Poland's western border. The communist-controlled Interior Ministry issued results showing that all three questions passed overwhelmingly. Years later, however, evidence

18340-445: Was forced to export everything it could, particularly food and coal, to service its massive debt, which would reach US$ 23 billion by 1980. In 1981, Poland notified Club de Paris (a group of Western-European central banks) of its insolvency, and a series of negotiations on the repayment of its foreign debt was completed between 1989 and 1991. The party was forced to raise prices, which led to further large-scale social unrest and

18480-510: Was in poor health, was finally removed from office and replaced as Party leader by Stanisław Kania . However, Kania was unable to find an answer for the fast-eroding support of communism in Poland. Labour turmoil led to the formation of the independent trade union Solidarity ( Solidarność ) in September 1980, originally led by Lech Wałęsa . In fact, Solidarity became a broad anti-communist social movement ranging from people associated with

18620-399: Was introduced in 1971. Most reliable sources of information in the 1950s were newspapers, most notably Trybuna Ludu (People's Tribune). The chief newscast under the Polish People's Republic for over 31 years was Dziennik Telewizyjny (Television Journal). Commonly known to the viewers as Dziennik , aired in the years 1958–1989 and was utilized by the Polish United Workers' Party as

18760-471: Was mainly focused on important Mongolian fossils with emphasis on the Fighting Dinosaurs, which is now regarded as a national treasure of Mongolia. In 1974, Mongolian paleontologist Rinchen Barsbold suggested that the quicksand -like bottom of a lake could have kept them together or that both animals fell into a swamp -like waterbody , making the last moments of their fight underwater. In 1993, Polish paleontologist Halszka Osmólska proposed that during

18900-446: Was reportedly out of fear of Soviet intervention (see Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981 ). The government then disallowed Solidarity on 8 October 1982. Martial law was formally lifted in July 1983, though many heightened controls on civil liberties and political life, as well as food rationing, remained in place through the mid-to-late-1980s. Jaruzelski stepped down as prime minister in 1985 and became president (chairman of

19040-577: Was scavenging. Unwin and colleagues also examined the sediments surrounding the specimen and concluded that the pair was buried alive by a sandstorm or sand -bearing event. They interpreted the final interaction with the Protoceratops being grasped and dispatched with kicks delivered by the low-lying Velociraptor . Finally, they suggested that populations of Velociraptor could have been aware of crouching behaviors in Protoceratops during high-energy sandstorms and used it for successful hunts. In 1998, Kenneth Carpenter suggested another scenario in which

19180-518: Was soon replaced as party leader by the more pliable Bierut. In 1948, the communists consolidated their power, merging with Cyrankiewicz' faction of the PPS to form the Polish United Workers' Party (known in Poland as 'the Party'), which would monopolise political power in Poland until 1989. In 1949, Polish-born Soviet Marshal Konstantin Rokossovsky became the Minister of National Defence, with

19320-521: Was targeted at young children, is still broadcast today under a different format. Among the most well-known animations of the 1970s and 1980s in Poland were Reksio , Bolek and Lolek , Krtek (Polish: Krecik) and The Moomins . Countless shows were made relating to Second World War history such as Four Tank-Men and a Dog (1966–1970) and Stakes Larger Than Life with Kapitan Kloss (1967–1968), but were purely fictional and not based on real events. The horrors of war, Soviet invasion and

19460-570: Was uncovered showing that the referendum had been tainted by large-scale fraud, and only the third question actually passed. Władysław Gomułka then took advantage of a split in the Polish Socialist Party . One faction, which included Prime Minister Edward Osóbka-Morawski , wanted to join forces with the Peasant Party and form a united front against the communists. Another faction, led by Józef Cyrankiewicz , argued that

19600-401: Was used to hear signals used for territorial defence and mating. Their hearing evolved in response to bat predation, but the only clear example of reciprocal adaptation in bats is stealth echolocation. A more symmetric arms race may occur when the prey are dangerous, having spines, quills, toxins or venom that can harm the predator. The predator can respond with avoidance, which in turn drives

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