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Drawehn

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The Drawehn is a partly wooded and partly agricultural region of hills in the northeastern part of the German state of Lower Saxony , lying between the districts of Lüneburg and Uelzen in the west and Lüchow-Dannenberg in the east.

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33-813: It is named after the Slavic tribe of the Drevani . In the German federal system of natural geographic regions, the Drawehn forms the eastern end of the Lüneburg Heath (D28), the Ostheide , bordering the neighbouring area of Wendland and Altmark (D29). From a cultural perspective the Drawehn is, however, largely oriented towards Wendland. Its precise boundary is not clear: the name is often used synonymously for

66-401: A few attestations of collective numerals exist: The endings for -cte / -cti and -dist 11-19 originates from to Proto-Slavic * desęte (prepositional of desętе “ten”). The multiple endings are the result of different placements of stress within the numeral, which is motivated by Polabian processes of stress movement. The numeral thirty is attested only by the construction pöl ťüpĕ , (“half

99-713: A fortress built at Höhbeck . The lands where the Drevani lived is today also known as the Wendland , named after the Wends . The local Slavic language ( Polabian ) died out in the mid-18th century. The name Drevani means "people of woods/trees" in Polabian (from drevo "tree"). It has survived in the name of the Drawehn hills. Polabian language The Polabian language , also known as Drevanian–Polabian language , Drevanian language , and Lüneburg Wendish language ,

132-494: A handful of manuscripts, dictionaries and various writings from the 17th and 18th centuries. About 2800 Polabian words are known; of prose writings, only a few prayers, one wedding song and a few folktales survive. Immediately before the language became extinct, several people started to collect phrases and compile wordlists, and were engaged with folklore of the Polabian Slavs , but only one of them appears to have been

165-567: A native speaker of Polabian (himself leaving only 13 pages of linguistically relevant material from a 310-page manuscript). The last native speaker of Polabian, a woman, died in 1756, and the last person who spoke limited Polabian died in 1825. The most important monument of the language is the so-called Vocabularium Venedicum (1679–1719) by Christian Hennig. The language left many traces to this day in toponymy; for example, Wustrow (literally 'island', Polabian: Våstrüv ), Lüchow (Polabian: Ljauchüw ), Sagard , Gartow , Krakow etc. It

198-465: A number of archaic features, such as the presence of nasal vowels , a lack of metathesis of Proto-Slavic *TorT ; the presence of an aorist and imperfect verb tenses, traces of the dual number , and some prosodic features, as well as by some innovations, including diphthongization of closed vowels, a shift of the vowels o to ö, ü and a to o; a softening of the consonants g, k in some positions to d', t', an occasional reduction of final vowels, and

231-468: A pile”), and sixty is attested only as ťüpă (“pile”). The original word for hundred (Proto-Slavic * sъto ) was not preserved; instead it was replaced by disą(t)diśǫt , literally, “ten tens,” or pąt stíďə , where stíďə is a borrowing from the Middle German stige (“twenty, two tens”). The remaining terms for hundreds are unattested. The original term for thousand (Proto-Slavic * tysǫti )

264-708: A tribe of Polabian Slavs settling on the Elbe river in the area of the present-day Lüchow-Dannenberg district of Lower Saxony , Germany . They were a constituent tribe of the Obodrite confederacy . In the course of the 9th century their territory was conquered by the Carolingian Empire and incorporated into the Duchy of Saxony . According to the Royal Frankish Annals , Emperor Charlemagne had

297-697: Is a West Slavic language that was spoken by the Polabian Slavs ( German : Wenden ) in present-day northeastern Germany around the Elbe , from which the term Polabian comes from. It was spoken approximately until the rise to power of Prussia in the mid-18th century – when it was superseded by Low German – in the areas of Pomoré (Mecklenburg-West Pomerania) , central ( Mittelmark ) part of Branibor (Brandenburg) and eastern Saxony-Anhalt ( Wittenberg originally part of Béla Serbia ), as well as in eastern parts of Wendland ( Lower Saxony ) and Dravänia (Schleswig-Holstein) , Ostholstein and Lauenburg ). Polabian

330-612: Is also a likely origin of the name Berlin , from the Polabian stem berl- / birl- ('swamp'). Though unorganized language revitalization for the Polabian language is occurring in small groups. As of 2023, the language has few limited speakers, but is growing due to more resources being accessible to learn the language. Polabian retains some archaic features from Proto-Slavic: Polabian also has many innovations, in part due to neighboring German and in part due to being more remote: The Proto-Slavic vowels developed thusly: The Proto-Slavic consonants developed thusly: For Polabian

363-428: Is formed by adding the past participle form with * -lъ from the main verb and the present tense form of the verb “to be”: ją plokol (“cried”), ją våi̯ai̯dål (“went out”). Not many such complex perfect forms are attested, and were replaced by forms formed by combining participial forms with their corresponding personal pronouns: joz plokol (“I cried”), joz sijol (“I sat down”), vån jedål (“he ate”). The perfect II

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396-508: Is not found in any of the surviving texts. The imperative may be formed with a null morpheme or with -ai̯ , which may be followed by an enclitic: ai̯plot (“pay”), püd (“go”), ricai̯-mĕ (“tell him”), jimai̯ jĕg (“catch him”), ai̯plotai̯- mĕ (“pay me”). The passive voice form is formed mainly with the help of the auxiliary verb vardot , borrowed from German werden (become): kǫsonĕ vardol ("was bitten"), vårdă zazonă ("was lit"). There are several examples of forms formed by combining

429-492: The prepositional ; the vocative case in Polabian was lost, being replaced by the nominative. Nouns were used mainly only in combination with prepositions, not only in the prepositional case, as in most Slavic languages, but also in the instrumental. Within the inflectional endings, two paradigms exist, one of a masculine-neuter type, the other a feminine type; neither inflectional types are homogeneous. Masculine and neuter nouns are divided into two groups: those ending in -ă in

462-591: The course of four great glacial advances of the Scandinavian ice sheet 350,000 to 130,000 years ago – one during the Elster glaciation and three during the Saale glaciation . The glacier of the most recent, Weichselian glaciation only reached the northeastern edge of the present Elbe valley depression, so that the existing terminal moraines beyond that point there were only affected periglacially , for example in

495-523: The following segments are reconstructable: The nature of the Polabian accent remains a controversial issue. There are three theories: Due to the poor attestation of Polabian, it is difficult to reconstruct a full morphology. Presented here is a general overview. As in all Slavic languages, Polabian has three grammatical genders : masculine, feminine and neuter. Polabian nouns may also be animate or inanimate, and decline for six cases : nominative , genitive , dative , accusative , instrumental and

528-457: The formation of complex tenses, many which are associated with the influence of the German language . Polabian also has a large number of Middle Low German borrowings. By the 18th century, Lechitic Polabian was in some respects markedly different from other Slavic languages , most notably in having a strong German influence. It was close to Pomeranian and Kashubian , and is attested only in

561-404: The future tense could also be formed with the auxiliary verb met (“to have”): joz mom sijot (“I will sew”), K. Polyansky considered the verb met in these cases is a modal verb - “I must sew.” The use of the imperfect joz tех (“I wanted”), mes (“had”), ni-băs (“I wasn’t”) and the aorist ( sådĕ (“went”), våzą (“took”), påci (“fell”)) attested by a few examples. The perfect I tense

594-422: The nominative singular those ending in anything else. Nouns ending in -ă probably took a feminine declension in the singular, as in other Slavic languages, but this is difficult to assert due to the fact that such nouns are known in the documents only in the nominative singular form. The second group of nouns is divided into a number of subtypes. The dual forms of masculine and neuter nouns are not attested. Within

627-448: The passive participle with the verb båi̯t (“to be”), perhaps also being forms of the passive voice. Also, forms of the passive voice are formed using reflexive verbs with the particle să ,: vinai̯ biją-să (“they are being hit”). In Polabian, forms such as the infinitive , the active present participle , the passive participle and the gerund are attested. T. Lehr-Spławiński, based on the fact that most infinitive forms have stress on

660-401: The penultimate syllable, with the exception of verbs with enclitics, in which the stress goes to the last syllable. This type of stress explains the presence of conjugations formed with -ĕ- || -i- (from * -e- ) and with -o- || -ă- (from * -a(je)- ). The alternation in the verbs of these conjugations of full vowels and reduced vowels depends both on the presence or absence of enclitics, and on

693-536: The prefix nĕ -/ ni - , which phonetically cannot continue the Proto-Slavic * ni -, which would have developed as * nai -. K. Polański believed that nai - was supplanted by ni - under the influence of the negative particle ni (“not”). As with other inflections, complete verb paradigms cannot be reconstructed due to a lack of attestation. Below is a general overview. Verbs may be either perfective or imperfective in aspect , expressed by different structures of

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726-445: The presence of consonants or whole syllables after the vowel. The differences in the types of conjugations concern only the forms of the 1st person singular. The future tense is formed by adding the auxiliary verb cą (“I want”) to the infinitive of the main verb of the present tense form: ci sneg ai̯t (“it will snow”), vån ci-să sḿot (“he will laugh”). According to T. Lehr-Spławiński, A. E. Suprun and some other scholars, forms of

759-725: The ridge known as the East Hanoverian End Moraine ( Osthannoverschen Endmoräne ). Then again it may refer only to its southern portion - the northern part being referred to as the Göhrde . Sources from the 14th to the 16th century counted the entire upper and lower geest west of the Jeetze plain and east of the Uelzen-Bevensen Bowl as well as the Dahlenburg Basin as the Drawehn. In this sense

792-536: The ridge, up to 70 metres high, which slopes steeply down to the glacial valley of the River Elbe between Hitzacker and Neu Darchau . And Göhrde refers to the more or less wooded terrain of the Göhrde State Forest (rather than the administrative area) which is located on a rolling area of high ground on the northwest part of the ridge. The old moraine landscape of Lower Saxony emerged in

825-957: The shape of solifluction over the frozen ground, by meltwater erosion and sediments or through wind-blown deposits of sand. The last two Saale glaciation advances in particular, the Drenthe II and the Warthe stadia, unfolded the East Hanonerian Terminal Moraine. It is therefore geomorphologically younger than the geest in western and central Lower Saxony, but clearly older than the young moraine landscapes in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Ostholstein (=  Baltic Uplands ). 53°02′39″N 10°54′34″E  /  53.0442°N 10.9094°E  / 53.0442; 10.9094 Drevani The Drevani ( German : Draväno-Polaben or Drevanen ) were

858-453: The singular, the following can be seen: Within the plural, the following can be seen: There are three types of declension of feminine nouns. The first includes nouns with endings -o or -ă in the nominative singular case: bobo (“woman”), zenă (“wife”, “woman”). The second ends in -åi̯ , -ĕ , or -ai̯ : motai̯ (“mother”), bant'åi̯ (“bench”). The third has a zero ending: vås (“louse”), t’üst (“bone”), vas (“village”). Within

891-459: The singular, the following can be seen: Within the plural, the following can be seen: Within the dual, the following can be seen: Adjectives agree in gender, case and number. A few instances of short adjectives are attested. Adjectives can also inflect for the comparative and superlative. The following adjectival inflections are attested: Short forms of adjectives are formed from the stems of full adjectives and by adding gender endings in

924-543: The singular. These forms agrees with the noun to which it refers in case as well: Among the surviving masculine and neuter forms, the instrumental case ( tai̯xåm (“quiet”)) and the locative case ( cai̯ste (“pure”); dübre (“good”)) are attested. The comparative of adjectives is formed with -i̯sĕ , -sĕ , and -ésĕ , and the superlative is formed from the comparative by adding na- : navoi̯sĕ (“highest”), lepsĕ (“better”), zai̯mnésǎ (“colder”), nastăresĕ (“eldest”). Polabian has both cardinal and ordinal numerals, and

957-463: The term is defined as the main ridge of the East Hanoverian End Moraine including its foothills as well as the flatter eastern slopes to the fluviatile Lüchow plain. The northern end of the East Hanoverian End Moraine can be further subdivided into the Göhrde and Klötzie regions – with no clear cut transition or boundary. The Klötzie (also the Elbhöhen or "Elbe Heights") is the northern edge of

990-458: The verb stem: zarăt (imperfective) and vizrăt (perfective) (“look, see”); dvai̯zĕ (imperfective) and dvai̯gnǫt (perfective) (“to move”); våzdet-să (imperfective) and våzdevot-să (perfective) (“to dress”). Polabian verbs may inflect for present tense , future tense and three forms of the past tense: imperfect , aorist , as well as two perfect tenses, called perfect I and perfect II. The stress in present tense verbs always falls on

1023-516: Was also relatively long (until the 16th century) spoken in and around the cities of Bukovéc (Lübeck) , Starigard (Oldenburg) and Trava (Hamburg) . The very poorly attested Slavic dialects of Rügen seemed to have had more in common with Polabian than with Pomeranian varieties. In the south, it bordered on the Sorbian language area in Lusatia . Polabian is characterized by the preservation of

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1056-470: Was probably formed under the influence of the perfect of the German language (formed using the verbs haben (“to have”) or sein (“to be”): ich habe geschrieben (“I wrote”)), as in Polabian it is also formed by the combination of the auxiliary verbs met (“to have”) and båi̯t (“to be”) and the passive participle: vån mo nodenă (“he found”), ją våpodenă (“fell”), ją ai̯ḿartĕ (“died”). The indicative and imperative moods are attested. The subjunctive mood

1089-903: Was replaced by the construction disąt pątstiďə . The following personal and reflexive pronouns are attested: The pronoun jai̯ was borrowed from Middle Low German jī . There were two demonstrative pronouns in Polabian: sǫ , so , sü (“this”) and tǫ , to , tü (“that”). The attested possessive pronouns are: müj , müjă , müji (“mine”); tüj , tüjă , tüji (“yours (singular)”); süji ("one's own (reflexive possesive pronoun"); nos ("our"); vosă (“yours” (plural)). The interrogative pronouns are: kåtü (“who”); cü (“what”); koťĕ (“which”, “what”, “what kind”). The determinative pronouns are: vis (“all”), visoťă (“anything”), kozdümĕ (“everyone” (dative)). The negative pronouns are: nĕkătü (“nobody”), nic (“nothing”), nijadån (“not one, no”), niťidĕ (“nowhere”); all were formed using

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