67.9 mm (2.67 in) W 8.4 mm (0.33 in) D
66-543: 6 MP (3264×1840 px in widescreen mode to fit screen aspect ratio) 16:9 aspect ratio widescreen Super AMOLED capacitive, multi-touch touchscreen 720x1280 pixels (312 ppi ) Standby Time: Up to 11.9 days (15.5 days for Maxx variant) Damage-resistance: Corning Gorilla Glass screen, DuPont Kevlar backing, Water-repellent nanocoating Media sharing: DLNA Compatibility The Droid Razr HD and Droid Razr Maxx HD are Android -based, 4G LTE -capable smartphones designed by Motorola as
132-412: A native resolution , and it should (ideally) be matched to the video card resolution. Each pixel is made up of triads , with the number of these triads determining the native resolution. On older, historically available, CRT monitors the resolution was possibly adjustable (still lower than what modern monitor achieve), while on some such monitors (or TV sets) the beam sweep rate was fixed, resulting in
198-545: A regular two-dimensional grid . By using this arrangement, many common operations can be implemented by uniformly applying the same operation to each pixel independently. Other arrangements of pixels are possible, with some sampling patterns even changing the shape (or kernel ) of each pixel across the image. For this reason, care must be taken when acquiring an image on one device and displaying it on another, or when converting image data from one pixel format to another. For example: Computer monitors (and TV sets) generally have
264-551: A "pixel" may refer to a fixed length rather than a true pixel on the screen to accommodate different pixel densities . A typical definition, such as in CSS , is that a "physical" pixel is 1 ⁄ 96 inch (0.26 mm). Doing so makes sure a given element will display as the same size no matter what screen resolution views it. There may, however, be some further adjustments between a "physical" pixel and an on-screen logical pixel. As screens are viewed at difference distances (consider
330-420: A 1200 dpi inkjet printer. Even higher dpi numbers, such as the 4800 dpi quoted by printer manufacturers since 2002, do not mean much in terms of achievable resolution . The more pixels used to represent an image, the closer the result can resemble the original. The number of pixels in an image is sometimes called the resolution, though resolution has a more specific definition. Pixel counts can be expressed as
396-631: A basic shell (as in GNU GRUB), or even games (see List of PC booter games ). Some boot loaders can also load other boot loaders; for example, GRUB loads BOOTMGR instead of loading Windows directly. Usually, a default choice is preselected with a time delay during which a user can press a key to change the choice; after this delay, the default choice is automatically run so normal booting can occur without interaction. They may also handle compression, cryptographic verification, and chain-loading of other bootloaders. The boot process can be considered complete when
462-507: A boot loader reaching over two physical sectors, using 386 instructions for size reasons. At the same time, other vendors managed to squeeze much more functionality into a single boot sector without relaxing the original constraints on only minimal available memory (32 KiB) and processor support (8088/8086). For example, DR-DOS boot sectors are able to locate the boot file in the FAT12, FAT16 and FAT32 file systems, and load it into memory as
528-466: A distance. In some displays, such as LCD, LED, and plasma displays, these single-color regions are separately addressable elements, which have come to be known as subpixels , mostly RGB colors. For example, LCDs typically divide each pixel vertically into three subpixels. When the square pixel is divided into three subpixels, each subpixel is necessarily rectangular. In display industry terminology, subpixels are often referred to as pixels , as they are
594-450: A fixed native resolution . What it is depends on the monitor, and size. See below for historical exceptions. Computers can use pixels to display an image, often an abstract image that represents a GUI . The resolution of this image is called the display resolution and is determined by the video card of the computer. Flat-panel monitors (and TV sets), e.g. OLED or LCD monitors, or E-ink , also use pixels to display an image, and have
660-426: A fixed native resolution. Most CRT monitors do not have a fixed beam sweep rate, meaning they do not have a native resolution at all – instead they have a set of resolutions that are equally well supported. To produce the sharpest images possible on an flat-panel, e.g. OLED or LCD, the user must ensure the display resolution of the computer matches the native resolution of the monitor. The pixel scale used in astronomy
726-547: A higher battery capacity and larger internal storage capacity. The Razr Maxx HD is equipped with a 3300 mAh Li-ion battery, a 30% increase in capacity over the 2530 mAh battery in the standard Razr HD. Due to the battery's larger physical size, the Razr Maxx HD's overall thickness increases by 0.9 mm over the standard variant at a total thickness of 9.3 mm. Additionally, the Droid Razr Maxx HD
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#1732798496335792-457: A measured intensity level. In most digital cameras, the sensor array is covered with a patterned color filter mosaic having red, green, and blue regions in the Bayer filter arrangement so that each sensor element can record the intensity of a single primary color of light. The camera interpolates the color information of neighboring sensor elements, through a process called demosaicing , to create
858-400: A mere process within that system, and then irrevocably transfer control to the operating system. The boot loader then terminates normally as any other process would. Most computers are also capable of booting over a computer network . In this scenario, the operating system is stored on the disk of a server , and certain parts of it are transferred to the client using a simple protocol such as
924-474: A phone, a computer display, and a TV), the desired length (a "reference pixel") is scaled relative to a reference viewing distance (28 inches (71 cm) in CSS). In addition, as true screen pixel densities are rarely multiples of 96 dpi, some rounding is often applied so that a logical pixel is an integer amount of actual pixels. Doing so avoids render artifacts. The final "pixel" obtained after these two steps becomes
990-419: A single number, as in a "three-megapixel" digital camera, which has a nominal three million pixels, or as a pair of numbers, as in a "640 by 480 display", which has 640 pixels from side to side and 480 from top to bottom (as in a VGA display) and therefore has a total number of 640 × 480 = 307,200 pixels, or 0.3 megapixels. The pixels, or color samples, that form a digitized image (such as a JPEG file used on
1056-403: A single scalar element of a multi-component representation (called a photosite in the camera sensor context, although sensel ' sensor element ' is sometimes used), while in yet other contexts (like MRI) it may refer to a set of component intensities for a spatial position. Software on early consumer computers was necessarily rendered at a low resolution, with large pixels visible to
1122-426: A unit of measure such as: 2400 pixels per inch, 640 pixels per line, or spaced 10 pixels apart. The measures " dots per inch " (dpi) and " pixels per inch " (ppi) are sometimes used interchangeably, but have distinct meanings, especially for printer devices, where dpi is a measure of the printer's density of dot (e.g. ink droplet) placement. For example, a high-quality photographic image may be printed with 600 ppi on
1188-432: A web page) may or may not be in one-to-one correspondence with screen pixels, depending on how a computer displays an image. In computing, an image composed of pixels is known as a bitmapped image or a raster image . The word raster originates from television scanning patterns, and has been widely used to describe similar halftone printing and storage techniques. For convenience, pixels are normally arranged in
1254-430: A whole via CHS or LBA, even if the file is not stored in a fixed location and in consecutive sectors. BIOS and UEFI can not only load multiple operating systems from a non-volatile device, they can also initialize system hardware for the loaded operating systems. Examples of first-stage bootloaders include BIOS , UEFI , coreboot , Libreboot , and Das U-Boot . Second-stage bootloaders operate without
1320-523: Is a compact 512-byte program that resides in the master boot record (MBR) and executes when a computer starts. Running in 16-bit real mode at address 0x7C00, it performs minimal hardware initialization , sets up a basic execution environment , and locates the second-stage bootloader. Its primary challenge lies in accomplishing these tasks within strict size constraints while handling potential hardware failures. The bootloader must navigate disk structures, often implementing FAT file system support, and manage
1386-403: Is available: this means that each 24-bit pixel has an extra 8 bits to describe its opacity (for purposes of combining with another image). Many display and image-acquisition systems are not capable of displaying or sensing the different color channels at the same site. Therefore, the pixel grid is divided into single-color regions that contribute to the displayed or sensed color when viewed at
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#17327984963351452-485: Is generally thought of as the smallest single component of a digital image . However, the definition is highly context-sensitive. For example, there can be " printed pixels " in a page, or pixels carried by electronic signals, or represented by digital values, or pixels on a display device, or pixels in a digital camera (photosensor elements). This list is not exhaustive and, depending on context, synonyms include pel, sample, byte, bit, dot, and spot. Pixels can be used as
1518-458: Is necessary, because the loading can be precomputed and stored on the ROM when the device is made. Large and complex systems may have boot procedures that proceed in multiple phases until finally the operating system and other programs are loaded and ready to execute. Because operating systems are designed as if they never start or stop, a boot loader might load the operating system, configure itself as
1584-443: Is only available with 32 GB internal storage, double the internal storage of the standard Razr HD's 16 GB. The Droid Razr Maxx HD is only available with a black colored bezel for the display assembly. To promote the Droid Razr Maxx HD, a Limited Edition was made available to Verizon employees only. The Limited Edition has a few cosmetic differences; these consist of a red colored power button, red and black colored weave for
1650-425: Is only available with a black bezel color in the standard 2530 mAh battery configuration; there is no Droid Razr Maxx HD Developer Edition. Megapixel In digital imaging , a pixel (abbreviated px ), pel , or picture element is the smallest addressable element in a raster image , or the smallest addressable element in a dot matrix display device . In most digital display devices , pixels are
1716-630: Is the angular distance between two objects on the sky that fall one pixel apart on the detector (CCD or infrared chip). The scale s measured in radians is the ratio of the pixel spacing p and focal length f of the preceding optics, s = p / f . (The focal length is the product of the focal ratio by the diameter of the associated lens or mirror.) Because s is usually expressed in units of arcseconds per pixel, because 1 radian equals (180/π) × 3600 ≈ 206,265 arcseconds, and because focal lengths are often given in millimeters and pixel sizes in micrometers which yields another factor of 1,000,
1782-579: The Sigma 35 mm f/1.4 DG HSM lens mounted on a Nikon D800 has the highest measured P-MPix. However, with a value of 23 MP, it still wipes off more than one-third of the D800's 36.3 MP sensor. In August 2019, Xiaomi released the Redmi Note 8 Pro as the world's first smartphone with 64 MP camera. On December 12, 2019 Samsung released Samsung A71 that also has a 64 MP camera. In late 2019, Xiaomi announced
1848-487: The Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP). After these parts have been transferred, the operating system takes over the control of the booting process. As with the second-stage boot loader, network booting begins by using generic network access methods provided by the network interface's boot ROM, which typically contains a Preboot Execution Environment (PXE) image. No drivers are required, but
1914-464: The extended BIOS parameter block on FAT12 and FAT16 volumes since DOS 4.0, whereas the FAT32 EBPB introduced with DOS 7.1 requires even 87 bytes, leaving only 423 bytes for the boot loader when assuming a sector size of 512 bytes. Microsoft boot sectors, therefore, traditionally imposed certain restrictions on the boot process. For example, the boot file had to be located at a fixed position in
1980-530: The kernel . Many implement modular designs supporting loadable modules for additional functionality. These choices can include different operating systems (for dual or multi-booting from different partitions or drives), different versions of the same operating system (in case a new version has unexpected problems), different operating system loading options (e.g., booting into a rescue or safe mode ), and some standalone programs that can function without an operating system, such as memory testers (e.g., memtest86+ ),
2046-494: The original PC . Pixilation , spelled with a second i , is an unrelated filmmaking technique that dates to the beginnings of cinema, in which live actors are posed frame by frame and photographed to create stop-motion animation. An archaic British word meaning "possession by spirits ( pixies )", the term has been used to describe the animation process since the early 1950s; various animators, including Norman McLaren and Grant Munro , are credited with popularizing it. A pixel
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2112-410: The "anchor" to which all other absolute measurements (e.g. the "centimeter") are based on. Worked example, with a 30-inch (76 cm) 2160p TV placed 56 inches (140 cm) away from the viewer: A browser will then choose to use the 1.721× pixel size, or round to a 2× ratio. A megapixel ( MP ) is a million pixels; the term is used not only for the number of pixels in an image but also to express
2178-436: The "total" pixel count. The number of pixels is sometimes quoted as the "resolution" of a photo. This measure of resolution can be calculated by multiplying the width and height of a sensor in pixels. Digital cameras use photosensitive electronics, either charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors, consisting of a large number of single sensor elements, each of which records
2244-541: The 1888 German patent of Paul Nipkow . According to various etymologies, the earliest publication of the term picture element itself was in Wireless World magazine in 1927, though it had been used earlier in various U.S. patents filed as early as 1911. Some authors explain pixel as picture cell, as early as 1972. In graphics and in image and video processing, pel is often used instead of pixel . For example, IBM used it in their Technical Reference for
2310-560: The Droid Razr Maxx HD and Droid Razr HD, respectively. The Droid Razr HD and Razr Maxx HD were announced alongside the more compact Droid Razr M on 5 September 2012. The Razr HD and M models first shipped with Android 4.0.4 (Ice Cream Sandwich) . The Razr HD models were both upgraded to Android 4.1.1 (Jelly Bean) starting December 3, 2012. The Razr and Razr Maxx HD both got upgrades to Android 4.1.2 (update 9.16.6) on March 18, 2013. Included were connectivity and security improvements as well as camera upgrades. Earlier leaked code names include
2376-471: The Intel x86 series , are designed to execute this software after reset without outside help). This software contains rudimentary functionality to search for devices eligible to participate in booting, and load a small program from a special section (most commonly the boot sector ) of the most promising device, typically starting at a fixed entry point such as the start of the sector. A first-stage bootloader
2442-654: The Moon and Mars. Billingsley had learned the word from Keith E. McFarland, at the Link Division of General Precision in Palo Alto , who in turn said he did not know where it originated. McFarland said simply it was "in use at the time" ( c. 1963 ). The concept of a "picture element" dates to the earliest days of television, for example as " Bildpunkt " (the German word for pixel , literally 'picture point') in
2508-606: The Motorola DROID Fighter and Motorola DROID Vanquish. In May 2014, the phone was then again updated at version 4.4.2 KitKat. Motorola Mobility has chosen to differentiate the Droid series from other Android devices primarily by focusing on a superior battery capacity both for the standard and Maxx variants. An often compared competitor, the Samsung Galaxy SIII , has a 2100 mAh battery compared to
2574-465: The Razr HD has a 4.7 inch 1,280×720 resolution Super AMOLED display with a 312 pixels per inch pixel density . The phone has an 8-megapixel rear camera, 1.3-megapixel front-facing camera and a 1.5 GHz dual-core Snapdragon S4 ("Krait") processor with LTE and NFC . The phone has 1 GB of RAM. At the same time of launch, Motorola released a Maxx variant of the standard Droid Razr HD featuring
2640-631: The United States. The Motorola Razr HD (non-Droid branded variants, model number XT925) were available as international or global phones in Europe, Latin America, Australia and Canada as early as October 2, 2012. In the summer of 2013, storyboards surfaced of television commercials that have not yet aired. These commercials will feature the Droid Maxx and Droid Ultra, the apparent successors to
2706-555: The ability to flash custom ROMs onto the phone, and also providing easy root access. This device is marketed primarily to the Verizon Wireless 4G LTE network users in the United States whose bootloaders cannot be unlocked through Motorola's unlocking program, or unlocked with scripts made to unlock them. The international (non-US) Motorola Razr HD UTMS/LTE variant sold in parts of Europe, Latin America, Australia and Canada can be, however. The Droid Razr HD Developer Edition
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2772-678: The allocation of the primary colors (green has twice as many elements as red or blue in the Bayer arrangement). DxO Labs invented the Perceptual MegaPixel (P-MPix) to measure the sharpness that a camera produces when paired to a particular lens – as opposed to the MP a manufacturer states for a camera product, which is based only on the camera's sensor. The new P-MPix claims to be a more accurate and relevant value for photographers to consider when weighing up camera sharpness. As of mid-2013,
2838-445: The backing with the words "LIMITED EDITION" printed on it, and an individually numbered rear camera window. In comparison, the consumer version has a gray colored power button that matches volume rocker color, gray and black colored weave for the backing, and no serial number on the rear camera window. The Droid Razr HD Developer Edition went on sale direct through Motorola on October 18, 2012 featuring an unlocked bootloader allowing
2904-529: The basic addressable elements in a viewpoint of hardware, and hence pixel circuits rather than subpixel circuits is used. Most digital camera image sensors use single-color sensor regions, for example using the Bayer filter pattern, and in the camera industry these are known as pixels just like in the display industry, not subpixels . For systems with subpixels, two different approaches can be taken: This latter approach, referred to as subpixel rendering , uses knowledge of pixel geometry to manipulate
2970-418: The computer is powered on, it typically does not have an operating system or its loader in random-access memory (RAM). The computer first executes a relatively small program stored in read-only memory (ROM, and later EEPROM , NOR flash ) along with some needed data, to initialize RAM (especially on x86 systems), to access the nonvolatile device (usually block device , e.g., NAND flash) or devices from which
3036-450: The computer is ready to interact with the user, or the operating system is capable of running system programs or application programs. Many embedded systems must boot immediately. For example, waiting a minute for a digital television or a GPS navigation device to start is generally unacceptable. Therefore, such devices have software systems in ROM or flash memory so the device can begin functioning immediately; little or no loading
3102-616: The delicate transition from the BIOS startup state to a stable environment for the next boot stage. Boot loaders may face peculiar constraints, especially in size; for instance, on the earlier IBM PC and compatibles, a boot sector should typically work with 510 bytes of code (or less) and in only 32 KiB (later relaxed to 64 KiB ) of system memory and only use instructions supported by the original 8088 / 8086 processors. The first stage of PC boot loaders (FSBL, first-stage boot loader) located on fixed disks and removable drives must fit into
3168-521: The depth is normally the sum of the bits allocated to each of the red, green, and blue components. Highcolor , usually meaning 16 bpp, normally has five bits for red and blue each, and six bits for green, as the human eye is more sensitive to errors in green than in the other two primary colors. For applications involving transparency, the 16 bits may be divided into five bits each of red, green, and blue, with one bit left for transparency. A 24-bit depth allows 8 bits per component. On some systems, 32-bit depth
3234-480: The final image. These sensor elements are often called "pixels", even though they only record one channel (only red or green or blue) of the final color image. Thus, two of the three color channels for each sensor must be interpolated and a so-called N-megapixel camera that produces an N-megapixel image provides only one-third of the information that an image of the same size could get from a scanner. Thus, certain color contrasts may look fuzzier than others, depending on
3300-614: The first 446 bytes of the master boot record in order to leave room for the default 64-byte partition table with four partition entries and the two-byte boot signature , which the BIOS requires for a proper boot loader — or even less, when additional features like more than four partition entries (up to 16 with 16 bytes each), a disk signature (6 bytes), a disk timestamp (6 bytes), an Advanced Active Partition (18 bytes) or special multi-boot loaders have to be supported as well in some environments. In floppy and superfloppy volume boot records , up to 59 bytes are occupied for
3366-452: The first camera phone with 108 MP 1/1.33-inch across sensor. The sensor is larger than most of bridge camera with 1/2.3-inch across sensor. One new method to add megapixels has been introduced in a Micro Four Thirds System camera, which only uses a 16 MP sensor but can produce a 64 MP RAW (40 MP JPEG) image by making two exposures, shifting the sensor by a half pixel between them. Using a tripod to take level multi-shots within an instance,
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#17327984963353432-427: The formula is often quoted as s = 206 p / f . The number of distinct colors that can be represented by a pixel depends on the number of bits per pixel (bpp). A 1 bpp image uses 1 bit for each pixel, so each pixel can be either on or off. Each additional bit doubles the number of colors available, so a 2 bpp image can have 4 colors, and a 3 bpp image can have 8 colors: For color depths of 15 or more bits per pixel,
3498-540: The instructions by the CPU. Smaller computers often use less flexible but more automatic boot loader mechanisms to ensure that the computer starts quickly and with a predetermined software configuration. In many desktop computers, for example, the bootstrapping process begins with the CPU executing software contained in ROM (for example, the BIOS of an IBM PC or an IBM PC compatible ) at a predefined address (some CPUs, including
3564-516: The multiple 16 MP images are then generated into a unified 64 MP image. Bootloader A bootloader , also spelled as boot loader or called bootstrap loader , is a computer program that is responsible for booting a computer. If it also provides an interactive menu with multiple boot choices then it's often called a boot manager . When a computer is turned off, its software—including operating systems, application code, and data—remains stored on non-volatile memory . When
3630-479: The naked eye; graphics made under these limitations may be called pixel art , especially in reference to video games. Modern computers and displays, however, can easily render orders of magnitude more pixels than was previously possible, necessitating the use of large measurements like the megapixel (one million pixels). The word pixel is a combination of pix (from "pictures", shortened to "pics") and el (for " element "); similar formations with ' el' include
3696-401: The number of image sensor elements of digital cameras or the number of display elements of digital displays . For example, a camera that makes a 2048 × 1536 pixel image (3,145,728 finished image pixels) typically uses a few extra rows and columns of sensor elements and is commonly said to have "3.2 megapixels" or "3.4 megapixels", depending on whether the number reported is the "effective" or
3762-473: The operating system programs and data can be loaded into RAM. Some earlier computer systems, upon receiving a boot signal from a human operator or a peripheral device, may load a very small number of fixed instructions into memory at a specific location, initialize at least one CPU, and then point the CPU to the instructions and start their execution. These instructions typically start an input operation from some peripheral device (which may be switch-selectable by
3828-601: The operating system subsequently initializes itself and may load extra device drivers . The second-stage boot loader does not need drivers for its own operation, but may instead use generic storage access methods provided by system firmware such as the BIOS or Open Firmware , though typically with restricted hardware functionality and lower performance. Second-stage implementations can include interactive user interfaces, allowing boot option selection and parameter modification. They handle kernel loading, including processing of initrd/initramfs images, and can pass boot parameters to
3894-463: The operator). Other systems may send hardware commands directly to peripheral devices or I/O controllers that cause an extremely simple input operation (such as "read sector zero of the system device into memory starting at location 1000") to be carried out, effectively loading a small number of boot loader instructions into memory; a completion signal from the I/O device may then be used to start execution of
3960-480: The root directory of the file system and stored within consecutive sectors, conditions taken care of by the SYS command and slightly relaxed in later versions of DOS. The boot loader was then able to load the first three sectors of the file into memory, which happened to contain another embedded boot loader able to load the remainder of the file into memory. When Microsoft added LBA and FAT32 support, they switched to
4026-482: The smallest element that can be manipulated through software. Each pixel is a sample of an original image; more samples typically provide more accurate representations of the original. The intensity of each pixel is variable. In color imaging systems, a color is typically represented by three or four component intensities such as red, green, and blue , or cyan, magenta, yellow, and black . In some contexts (such as descriptions of camera sensors ), pixel refers to
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#17327984963354092-620: The standard 2530 mAh Razr HD and the 3300 mAh Razr Maxx HD. Motorola claims that this equates to 20% on the Razr HD and 50% longer battery life on the Razr HD Maxx. Other critical reviews have noted the durability and rugged feel when describing the DuPont Kevlar backing. Additional durability is touted with a Corning Gorilla Glass display claiming to minimize scratches and an internal water-repellent nano-coating to resist liquids from affecting components. Additionally,
4158-867: The strict 512-byte limitation of their first-stage counterparts. They execute in a more sophisticated environment, typically ranging from 8KB to several megabytes in size. This expanded space allows implementation of complex features including multiple filesystem support, runtime configuration, and bootloader menu interfaces. Second-stage bootloaders perform comprehensive hardware initialization. They query and configure various system components including memory controllers , interrupt controllers , and essential peripherals. Modern implementations often handle ACPI tables, USB controller initialization, and preliminary graphics setup. Second-stage boot loaders, such as GNU GRUB , rEFInd , BOOTMGR , Syslinux , NTLDR or iBoot , are not themselves operating systems, but are able to load an operating system properly and transfer execution to it;
4224-488: The successor to the Droid Razr series released nearly a year prior. Notable changes from their predecessors include 720p resolution displays and increased display size while maintaining similar overall dimensions. Additionally, the battery capacity on the standard Razr HD is 42% larger than its predecessor. Both go by the model number XT926. These phones were released on October 18, 2012 exclusively on Verizon Wireless in
4290-453: The three colored subpixels separately, producing an increase in the apparent resolution of color displays. While CRT displays use red-green-blue-masked phosphor areas, dictated by a mesh grid called the shadow mask, it would require a difficult calibration step to be aligned with the displayed pixel raster, and so CRTs do not use subpixel rendering. The concept of subpixels is related to samples . In graphic, web design, and user interfaces,
4356-513: The words voxel ' volume pixel ' , and texel ' texture pixel ' . The word pix appeared in Variety magazine headlines in 1932, as an abbreviation for the word pictures , in reference to movies. By 1938, "pix" was being used in reference to still pictures by photojournalists. The word "pixel" was first published in 1965 by Frederic C. Billingsley of JPL , to describe the picture elements of scanned images from space probes to
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