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70-477: Although the 9 kilometres-long stretch of coast belonging to Neum effectively makes the southern part of the county an exclave (disconnecting it from mainland Croatia) it is still connected with the rest of the country via the Pelješac Bridge. Road traffic going to and from Dubrovnik through Neum is usually less subject to customs controls in order to reduce the traffic congestion. The road connecting Dubrovnik to

140-598: A casino in Kleinwalsertal. Kleinwalsertal has had its own rescue station since December 1995, which moved from the Hirschegg district to a new station in Riezlern in spring 2011. Walser Rettung has an ambulance manned around the clock, an ambulance in winter and an on-call ambulance all year round. In order to guarantee the fastest possible care, the ambulance should be manned around the clock. The rescue service

210-416: A discontinuity on land, such as in the case of Point Roberts. Along rivers that change course, pene-enclaves can be observed as complexes comprising many small pene-enclaves. A pene-enclave can also exist entirely on land, such as when intervening mountains render a territory, although geographically attached, inaccessible from other parts of a country except through alien territory. A commonly cited example

280-421: A key). Originally, it was a term of property law that denoted the situation of a land or parcel of land surrounded by land owned by a different owner, and that could not be reached for its exploitation in a practical and sufficient manner without crossing the surrounding land. In law, this created a servitude of passage for the benefit of the owner of the surrounded land. The first diplomatic document to contain

350-590: A little higher. The bike tours have been set up by the municipality along scenic or historic routes. Typical for the Kleinwalsertal is the "small border traffic" route across the German-Austrian border. This route leads along a panoramic path to Oberstdorf and along the Breitach river back to Kleinwalsertal. There are also popular via ferratas in the region - the Mindelheim via ferrata (B-C) leads over

420-990: A narrow, patchy belt between the Flysch and the Eastern Alps. It contains the greatest variety of rocks and stretches from the Üntschenjoch, along the Bärenkopf across the Gemstel and Wildental valleys to below the Kanzelwand . Lias rocks on the Elfer and rocks of the Ultrahelvetic mélange in the Mittelalp area can also be found in Kleinwalsertal. The main European watershed between the Rhine/North Sea and

490-652: A new replacement site. The same possible curtailments and alterations never apply to proper exclaves. Kleinwalsertal Kleinwalsertal is a valley in the Austrian province of Vorarlberg and part of the Bregenz district . It includes the municipality of Mittelberg and consists of three villages along the River Breitach . Due to the geographic location in the Allgäu Alps with its alpine terrain,

560-685: A part of a sovereign state (like the Kaliningrad Oblast ). A pene-exclave is a part of the territory of one country that can be conveniently approached – in particular, by wheeled traffic – only through the territory of another country. Pene-exclaves are also called functional exclaves or practical exclaves. Many pene-exclaves partially border their own territorial waters (i.e., they are not surrounded by other nations' territorial waters), such as Point Roberts, Washington , and Minnesota's Northwest Angle . A pene-exclave can also exist entirely on land, such as when intervening mountains render

630-527: A quantitative principle applies: the land boundary must be longer than the coastline. Thus a state is classified as a sovereign semi-enclave if it borders on just one state, and its land boundary is longer than its sea coastline. (Since Vinokurov's writing in 2007, Canada and the Kingdom of Denmark have each gained a second bordering state — each other — with the 2022 division of Hans Island .) Vinokurov affirms that "no similar quantitative criterion

700-525: A second with the German postal code. The German postal codes (87567 Riezlern, 87568 Hirschegg, 87569 Mittelberg) were actually supposed to be abolished on December 31, 2006, but were retained after protests (the Austrian ones are 6991, 6992 and 6993 respectively). The German telephone area code 08329, on the other hand, was discontinued on July 1, 2003; only the Austrian area code 05517 (from Germany: 0043 5517)

770-927: A seriously injured person, the Christophorus 8 rescue helicopter from Nenzing , the Gallus 1 from the Wucher company in Zürs or the Libelle police helicopter from the Austrian air police are alerted from the Hohenems air base. There is also a police station of the Austrian Federal Police in Hirschegg, the Kleinwalsertal police station, which is subordinate to the Vorarlberg state police directorate. All rescue organizations and emergency doctors (with

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840-529: A territory comprises both land territory and territorial waters. In the case of enclaves in territorial waters, they are called maritime (those surrounded by territorial sea) or lacustrine (if in a lake) enclaves. Most of the true national-level enclaves now existing are in Asia and Europe. While subnational enclaves are numerous the world over, there are only a few national-level true enclaves in Africa, Australia and

910-472: A territory inaccessible from other parts of a country except through alien territory. A commonly cited example is the Kleinwalsertal , a valley part of Vorarlberg , Austria, that is accessible only from Germany to the north. The word enclave is French and first appeared in the mid-15th century as a derivative of the verb enclaver (1283), from the colloquial Latin inclavare (to close with

980-494: Is a logically extended back-formation of enclave . Enclaves exist for a variety of historical , political and geographical reasons. For example, in the feudal system in Europe, the ownership of feudal domains was often transferred or partitioned, either through purchase and sale or through inheritance, and often such domains were or came to be surrounded by other domains. In particular, this state of affairs persisted into

1050-563: Is a territory that is entirely surrounded by the territory of only one other state or entity . An enclave can be an independent territory or part of a larger one. Enclaves may also exist within territorial waters . Enclave is sometimes used improperly to denote a territory that is only partly surrounded by another state. Enclaves that are not part of a larger territory are not exclaves, for example Vatican City and San Marino (both enclaved by Italy ) and Lesotho (enclaved by South Africa ) are enclaved sovereign states . An exclave

1120-870: Is a portion of a state or district geographically separated from the main part, by some surrounding alien territory. Many exclaves are also enclaves, but an exclave surrounded by the territory of more than one state is not an enclave. The Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan is an example of an exclave that is not an enclave, as it borders Armenia , Turkey and Iran . Semi-enclaves and semi-exclaves are areas that, except for possessing an unsurrounded sea border (a coastline contiguous with international waters ), would otherwise be enclaves or exclaves. Semi-enclaves and enclaves are mutually exclusive. Likewise, semi-exclaves and exclaves are mutually exclusive. Enclaves and semi-enclaves can exist as independent states ( Monaco , The Gambia and Brunei are semi-enclaves), while exclaves and semi-exclaves proper always constitute just

1190-708: Is also the starting or finishing point of the "Great Walser Trail" from Zermatt to Kleinwalsertal or vice versa. In summer, 8 lifts are open in Oberstdorf to make the ascent and descent easier. Kleinwalsertal is also the venue for trail running competitions and training camps. Three different altitudes between 1,100 and 2,500 m allow for training in different altitude and ground conditions. The trails are also divided into several levels of difficulty, allowing you to adapt them to your own ability level. Numerous bike tours and trails have been added relatively recently. e-mountainbikes in particular are often used by visitors to climb

1260-521: Is always an intra-Community delivery of goods and is therefore exempt from VAT , provided that an entrepreneur delivers to an entrepreneur. A valid VAT number is sufficient to confirm this. As in Jungholz, the applicable rate for full VAT is 19% (rest of Austria 20%) and is therefore based on the rate applicable in Germany. At the only remaining petrol station in Kleinwalsertal, fuel is still subject to

1330-407: Is both an exclave of A and an enclave from the viewpoint of B. The singular territory D, although an enclave, is not an exclave. An enclave is a part of the territory of a state that is enclosed within the territory of another state. To distinguish the parts of a state entirely enclosed in a single other state, they are called true enclaves . A true enclave cannot be reached without passing through

1400-521: Is correspondingly wide and well signposted. Mobility in the valley without a car is guaranteed with the closely timed Walserbus, which is available free of charge to tourists who pay visitor's tax and are holders of the Walser Card. The good transport links to the north have also contributed to the strong development of tourism. It only takes around two and a half hours to travel from Stuttgart to Kleinwalsertal. In 2003, there were 243 businesses in

1470-765: Is cut off from the rest of Austria. A traffic connection exists only to the Bavarian town of Oberstdorf . Four geological units meet in Kleinwalsertal. The Helvetic with the karstified Schrattenkalk (Ifen, Gottesackerplateau), the Rhenodanubian or Vorarlberg Flysch (Walmendingerhorn, Heuberg, Güntlispitze, Fellhorn) and the rugged rocks of the Eastern Alps (Northern Limestone Alps) made of main dolomite (the Walser Kerle: Widderstein, Elfer, Schafalpköpfe, Kanzelwand). The Arosa zone forms

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1540-630: Is free of charge on Austrian territory for guests with booked accommodation in Kleinwalsertal. The main line is Line 1, which runs along the Walserstrasse and connects Baad at the very back of the valley with Oberstdorf railway station. All other lines complement line 1 at the junctions Riezlern Post (lines 2, 3, 5) and Mittelberg (line 4). The Literaturfest Kleinwalsertal is a 2017 established literary festival that organises lectures, workshops, poetry slams and exhibitions. It takes place in autumn. The festival intends to bring together authors and

1610-610: Is heavily used by tourists all year round. Since 1891, Kleinwalsertal has been a customs-exclusion zone and thus a German economic area (the treaty was restored after World War I as well as in 1945 between the Republic of Austria and the Federal Republic of Germany). This enabled the Walser population to trade duty-free with the neighboring Bavarian regions and made the exchange of goods much easier, because duty-free trade

1680-609: Is home to the Ifen European nature reserve, the second largest European nature reserve in Vorarlberg. The Hochifen and Gottesackerwände plant conservation area is even larger, with both conservation areas overlapping. Northwest of the Grünhorn - Schwarzwasserbach - Breitach line, the entire Kleinwalsertal is a nature reserve. The adjacent German areas near the Hoher Ifen are also protected. The Gottesacker karst landscape with

1750-483: Is needed to define the scope of non-sovereign semi-enclaves/exclaves." Sometimes, administrative divisions of a country, for historical or practical reasons, caused some areas to belong to one division while being attached to another. The term pene -exclave was defined in Robinson (1959) as "parts of the territory of one country that can be approached conveniently – in particular by wheeled traffic – only through

1820-426: Is now only of marginal importance. As early as 1960, the number of overnight stays reached one million for the first time. In the tourism year 2001/02, there were a total of 1,678,180 overnight stays with a capacity of 12,000 beds. Hiking and excursion tourism - especially for families with small children and senior citizens - is very pronounced. The selection of easy walking paths and moderately difficult hiking trails

1890-401: Is often used as a synonym for enclave (such as "the pockets of Puducherry district"). In British administrative history, subnational enclaves were usually called detachments or detached parts , and national enclaves as detached districts or detached dominions . In British ecclesiastic history, subnational enclaves were known as peculiars (see also royal peculiar ). The word exclave

1960-598: Is operated by the Bavarian Red Cross , Oberallgäu district association. The basis for this responsibility is a cooperation agreement concluded with the Austrian Red Cross. There are three general practitioners in Kleinwalsertal who also act as emergency doctors . In addition, an emergency doctor from neighboring Oberstdorf is always alerted. The general practitioners from Kleinwalsertal provide initial emergency medical care with Walser Rettung until

2030-722: Is still valid. Even today, police in Austria are not allowed to bring German nationals arrested in Vorarlberg to court via Germany. They are flown out with the police helicopter Libelle of the Ministry of the Interior (BMI). However, other nationalities can be transported overland via Germany by conventional means using a patrol car . A delivery to Kleinwalsertal from Germany or from the European Union without Austria (regardless of whether German or Austrian zip codes are used)

2100-480: Is the Kleinwalsertal , a valley part of Vorarlberg , Austria, that is only accessible from Germany to the north, being separated from the rest of Austria by high mountains traversed by no roads. Another example is the Spanish village of Os de Civís , accessible from Andorra. Hence, such areas are enclaves or exclaves for practical purposes , without meeting the strict definition. Many pene-exclaves partially border

2170-741: The Allgäu Alps and is located in the east of Vorarlberg . The Breitach river runs through the entire valley and is fed by a few side streams, which come from the side valleys of the Kleinwalsertal. The Kleinwalsertal is almost completely surrounded by high mountains of the Allgäu Alps , which are part of the northern eastern Alps . Its highest elevation is the Großer Widderstein at 2,533 metres (8,310 ft). followed by Hoher Ifen 2,230 metres (7,320 ft), Kanzelwand 2,058 metres (6,752 ft), Walmendingerhorn 1,990 metres (6,530 ft), Fellhorn 2,038 metres (6,686 ft), Elfer and Zwölfer (Vorarlberg) The Kleinwalsertal

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2240-827: The Danube / Black Sea runs across the Gottesacker plateau and the Hohe Ifen to the Gerachsattel and on to the Hochalp Pass near the Widderstein. Drinking water originates from five main springs of the valley, namely Kaltes Bächle ("Chalta Bächle") in Mittelberg , Humbachquelle, Walmendingerquellen, Quelle Sattelalp and Quelle Lüchle. As of 2021, the water quality was excellent. The Kleinwalsertal includes

2310-599: The 19th century in the Holy Roman Empire , and these domains (principalities, etc.) exhibited many of the characteristics of sovereign states. Prior to 1866 Prussia alone consisted of more than 270 discontiguous pieces of territory. Residing in an enclave within another country has often involved difficulties in such areas as passage rights, importing goods, currency, provision of utilities and health services, and host nation cooperation. Thus, over time, enclaves have tended to be eliminated. For example, two-thirds of

2380-532: The 2021 census, the county had 115,564 residents. The population density is 65 people per km. As of the 2011 census, the county had 122,568 residents. The population density is 69 people per km. At the 2021 census, ethnic Croats formed the vast majority with 94.2% of the population, followed by Bosniaks at 1,4%, Serbs at 1.2% and 3.2% being other ethnic groups combined. 42°39′13″N 18°05′41″E  /  42.65361°N 18.09472°E  / 42.65361; 18.09472 Exclave An enclave

2450-748: The Americas (each such enclave being surrounded by the territorial waters of another country). A historical example is West Berlin before the reunification of Germany . Since 1945, all of Berlin had been ruled de jure by the four Allied powers. However, the East German government and the Soviet Union treated East Berlin as an integral part of East Germany, so West Berlin was a de facto enclave within East Germany . Also, 12 small West Berlin enclaves, such as Steinstücken , were separated from

2520-468: The Gambia and Brunei . Vinokurov (2007) declares, "Technically, Portugal , Denmark , and Canada also border only one foreign state, but they are not enclosed in the geographical, political, or economic sense. They have vast access to international waters. At the same time, there are states that, although in possession of sea access, are still enclosed by the territories of a foreign state." Therefore,

2590-456: The German mineral oil tax. This means that Kleinwalsertal does not benefit from the generally lower Austrian fuel prices. Due to Austria's rigid banking secrecy, Kleinwalsertal was long regarded as a tax haven . There is one branch of Hypo Vorarlberg Bank and one of Volksbank Vorarlberg in the area, which has a population of around 5,000. The local Walser Privatbank has two branches in Kleinwalsertal. All of these bank branches are also active in

2660-537: The Höllloch cave system, the Schwarzwasserbach stream and the numerous raised bogs in the upper Schwarzwassertal valley are particularly ecologically valuable and worthy of protection. Finds of arrowheads and stone tools prove human settlement during stone age, 7000 years BC. At the Bärenkopf, a small mine for radiolarite was found. This was mined to produce stone tools and arrowheads. The Kleinwalsertal

2730-516: The Kleinwalsertal has no direct traffic connection to the rest of Vorarlberg. It is accessible only via Oberstdorf , Germany , to the north, and thus is an Austrian "practical exclave " or "pene-exclave". The name of the valley derives from the Walsers who moved there from the Valais ( German : Wallis ) in the 13th century (see also " Großwalsertal "). The Kleinwalsertal is a high valley in

2800-663: The Kleinwalsertalstraße (L201), from the German-Bavarian Oberstdorf, which ends in Baad (Kleinwalsertal). The Walserstrasse has no connection to the rest of the Austrian road network, making Kleinwalsertal a functional enclave . Kleinwalsertal has a local transport system, the Walserbus, which offers tourists a local transport service with a total of five bus routes at frequent intervals. Its use

2870-908: The Schafalpköpfe in the Wildental valley. In 2007, the Kleinwalsertal Mountain School set up the challenging 2-country via ferrata (C-D) and the Walsersteig, the adventure route for beginners (B), on the Kanzelwand. The conditions for sport climbing on the Hohe Ifen and Bärenköpfle are among the best in the Alps. However, it is severely restricted or completely prohibited for hunting reasons. These restrictions have been criticized by mountaineering associations as inappropriate and technically unsound, especially in view of

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2940-785: The Schwarzwassertal (bus shuttle from the Parsenn mountain station to the Ifen valley station). The T-bar lifts near the valley are particularly suitable for beginners - in addition to the ski pass for the entire area, there are also beginner passes available. Neighboring ski areas are the Söllereck halfway to Oberstdorf (1 gondola and 4 T-bar lifts, 14 kilometers of slopes) and the Nebelhorn in Oberstdorf (3 gondolas, 2 chairlifts and 2 T-bar lifts, 13 kilometers of slopes). In total,

3010-476: The city, some by only a few meters. True exclave is an extension of the concept of true enclave . In order to access a true exclave from the mainland, a traveller must go through the territory of at least one other state. Semi-enclaves and semi-exclaves are areas that, except for possessing an unsurrounded sea border, would otherwise be enclaves or exclaves. Semi-enclaves can exist as independent states that border only one other state, such as Monaco ,

3080-650: The cross-border Kleinwalsertal-Oberstdorf ski area offers over 130 km of pistes in all levels of difficulty on 48 lifts (7 gondola lifts, 9 chairlifts and 15 T-bar lifts). The first lift in Kleinwalsertal, the Parsenn T-bar lift, was built in 1940 - soon after, in 1945, the Heuberglift was built as a single chairlift. The valley's first mountain lift, the Kanzelwandbahn, was completed in Riezlern in 1955 and renovated in 1989. The Walmendingerhornbahn

3150-528: The domestic tariffs of Austrian Post, those to Germany were to be freed with domestic port of the Federal Post. In 1954, the public drinking water supply of the valley was established through creation of the Kaltes Bächle spring in municipality of Mittelberg. Today, the valley is Austria's third largest tourist destination. For centuries, the most important economic sector was agriculture, which

3220-631: The emergency doctor from Oberstdorf arrives, who then accompanies the patient on the journey if the patient is admitted to hospital . Each village has its own volunteer fire department, all of which belong to the Vorarlberg State Fire Brigade Association. The Kleinwalsertal branch of the Austrian Mountain Rescue Service is divided into two branches: Mittelberg -Hirschegg and Riezlern. If a helicopter has to be called out, e.g. to rescue

3290-476: The enclave and exclave system in Baarle . As both Netherlands and Belgium are members of the European Union and Schengen Area , people, goods and services flow freely with little or no restrictions. For illustration, in the figure (above), A1 is a semi-enclave (attached to C and also bounded by water that only touches C's territorial water). Although A2 is an exclave of A, it cannot be classed as an enclave because it shares borders with B and C. The territory A3

3360-402: The enforced reduction of scope of a foreign embassy has always been a possibility, even to the point of expelling the foreign embassy entirely, usually on a breakdown of relations, in reaction to extreme actions such as espionage , or as another form of sanction. The same seems to be possible in profit-driven moving or drilling under any of the sites below, providing safeguards as the structure or

3430-520: The exception of the European emergency number 112) are alerted via the Vorarlberg rescue and fire department control centre in Feldkirch . After there was no petrol station in the valley for a short time, the municipality of Mittelberg bought a petrol station to supply citizens and tourists with fuel. In addition to this filling station, Energieversorgung Kleinwalsertal (EVK) operates several charging stations for electric cars throughout Kleinwalsertal. Kleinwalsertal can only be reached via one public road,

3500-409: The extensive development of the surrounding area. The magazine Alpin wrote that "[...] such a restricted area fits in well with the overall concept of the Kleinwalsertal: Hard and noisy tourism with great economic benefits there and a quiet zone here, where there is simply nothing to be gained." On the other hand, the hunting authorities emphasize the need for a quiet zone for game in the valley, which

3570-422: The introduction of the euro, taxes had to be paid to the Austrian tax office in Deutschmarks . Furthermore, a special postal rate applied. Items sent to Austria were charged at the domestic rates of the Austrian postal service, while items sent to Germany had to be franked using the domestic postage rates of the Federal German postal service. All post offices had two postmarks, one with the Austrian postal code and

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3640-498: The municipality of part of Mittelberg and consists of three villages which are situated along the River Breitach : Mittelberg, Hirschegg and Riezlern . The official name of this entire municipality is Mittelberg after the first populated place. On an area of 96.82 square kilometres (37.38 sq mi) live 4,902 inhabitants with primary residence, which results in a population density of almost 51 inhabitants per square kilometre (As of 31 March 2016 ). Kleinwalsertal

3710-416: The next one will happen in 2025. There is a museum called "Skimuesum und Bergschau Hirschegg". It is an interactive indoor experience of the world of mountains, conveying geology, nature and culture of Kleinwalsertal. The ski museum exhibits the history of skiing and its beginning in 1895. As of 2019, the local football club, SV Kleinwalsertal , is one of only a few clubs in Central Europe which play in

3780-472: The offer. The Ifen, Parsenn, Walmendingerhorn and Kanzelwand cable cars as well as the Heuberg and Zaferna chairlifts also transport pedestrians to the summit stations or high-altitude trails. In summer, guests mostly come for hiking. The hiking trails extend over three altitudes between 1,086 and 2,536 m. The trail network consists of 185 km of natural, marked hiking trails. They are flanked by 40 huts, alpine pastures and mountain restaurants. Kleinwalsertal

3850-400: The premises. Most non-embassy lands in such ownership are also not enclaves as they fall legally short of extraterritoriality , they are subject to alike court jurisdiction as before their grant/sale in most matters. Nonetheless, for a person's offence against the property itself, equally valid jurisdiction in criminal matters is more likely than elsewhere, assuming the perpetrator is found in

3920-423: The private banking segment. Even the German Sparkasse Allgäu had a branch in Riezlern until July 2016, which was investigated by the public prosecutor's office in Münster and Augsburg from 2017 onwards. It is estimated that six billion euros of German black money was hidden in Kleinwalsertal. Dornbirn Sparkasse and Bank Austria each operated a branch in Riezlern until 2016. Casinos Austria also operates

3990-568: The prosecuting authority's homeland. Devoid of permanent residents, formally defined new sovereignty is not warranted or asserted in the examples below. Nonetheless, minor laws, especially on flag flying , are sometimes relaxed to accommodate the needs of the accommodated nation's monument. Embassies enjoy many different legal statuses approaching quasi-sovereignty, depending on the agreements reached and in practice upheld from time-to-time by host nations. Subject to hosts adhering to basic due process of international law , including giving warnings,

4060-426: The public. A project within the festival is a virtual storytelling hiking path which is an easy hike of two hours. With the help of texts, it aims at bringing people together along the path, and at blurring the boundaries of writers and readers. Another festival is called Walserherbst, which offers literature, visual art, music, theater, cinema, culinary delights and traditional culture. It takes place every other year,

4130-436: The rest of the country via Neum has one lane per direction and bus lines passing through Neum often make rest stops there so that passengers can take advantage of lower Bosnian taxes and purchase tobacco and alcoholic beverages as they tend to be cheaper there. On the local level, the Dubrovnik-Neretva County is further subdivided into 5 towns ( grad , pl. gradovi ) and 17 municipalities ( općina , pl. općine ). As of

4200-458: The sea or another body of water, which comprises their own territorial waters (i.e., they are not surrounded by other nations' territorial waters). They border their own territorial waters in addition to a land border with another country, and hence they are not true exclaves. Still, one cannot travel to them on land without going through another country. Attribution of a pene-enclave status to a territory can sometimes be disputed, depending on whether

4270-480: The signing of the Schengen Agreement (1997) and the introduction of the Euro (2002), this special status has no longer applied. With EU accession goods from Austria had to be cleared in Germany or the import turnover tax had to be paid while German goods were free of taxes. Taxes were to be paid to the Austrian tax office in D-Mark until the introduction of the Euro . A special tariff was also applied to Swiss Post . Shipments to Austria were calculated according to

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4340-477: The territory is considered to be practically inaccessible from the mainland or not. One or more parcels/holdings of land in most countries is owned by other countries. Most instances are exempt from taxes. In the special case of embassies/consulates these enjoy special privileges driven by international consensus particularly the mutual wish to ensure free diplomatic missions , such as being exempt from major hindrances and host-country arrests in ordinary times on

4410-405: The territory of a single other state that surrounds it. In 2007, Evgeny Vinokurov called this the restrictive definition of "enclave" given by international law, which thus "comprises only so-called 'true enclaves'". Two examples are Büsingen am Hochrhein , a true enclave of Germany, and Campione d'Italia , a true enclave of Italy, both of which are surrounded by Switzerland. The definition of

4480-597: The territory of another country." Thus, a pene-exclave , although having land borders, is not completely surrounded by the other's land or territorial waters. Catudal (1974) and Vinokurov (2007) further elaborate upon examples, including Point Roberts . "Although physical connections by water with Point Roberts are entirely within the sovereignty of the United States, land access is only possible through Canada." Pene-enclaves are also called functional enclaves or practical enclaves. They can exhibit continuity of state territory across territorial waters but, nevertheless,

4550-586: The then-existing national-level enclaves were extinguished on 1 August 2015, when the governments of India and Bangladesh implemented a Land Boundary Agreement that exchanged 162 first-order enclaves (111 Indian and 51 Bangladeshi). This exchange thus effectively removed another two dozen second-order enclaves and one third-order enclave, eliminating 197 of the India–Bangladesh enclaves in all. The residents in these enclaves had complained of being effectively stateless. Only Bangladesh's Dahagram–Angarpota enclave remained. Netherlands and Belgium decided to keep

4620-423: The village with 1573 employees and 144 apprentices; 2518 people were subject to income tax. The importance of tourism is also reflected in the winter sports infrastructure. Embedded in the Kanzelwand/Fellhorn, Ifen, Walmendingerhorn and Heuberg ski mountains, the Kleinwalsertal ski area stretches across the entire valley with 103 kilometers of pistes - only interrupted by the Breitachbrücke (3-minute walk or bus) and

4690-404: The word enclave was the Treaty of Madrid , signed in 1526. Later, the term enclave began to be used also to refer to parcels of countries, counties, fiefs, communes, towns, parishes, etc. that were surrounded by alien territory. This French word eventually entered English and other languages to denote the same concept, although local terms have continued to be used. In India, the word "pocket"

4760-517: Was built in 1966. The Ifenbahn in Schwarzwassertal near the Gottesacker was opened in 1972 and completely renovated in 2016/2017 with 10-seater cabins and a 6-seater chairlift. There is also a fun park and a boarder park. Cross-country skiing is possible on the Schwendel trail with 12 km, the Küren-Wäldele-Egg trail with 14 km and the Steinbock trail with 14.6 km (plus 10 km skating trail) at an altitude of 1044 and 1290 m above sea level. Over 50 km of winter hiking trails complete

4830-427: Was no longer only necessary on foot over mountains and passes. After Austria joined the European Union in 1995, the special status of the Kleinwalsertal lost its significance, as Austria and Germany now belonged to the same economic area. Until Austria joined the EU, goods from Austria had to be cleared through customs in Germany or import sales tax had to be paid, while German goods could be purchased duty-free. Until

4900-432: Was populated by the Walsers in 1270, a group of people who migrated from what is now Switzerland. This Alemannic origin still distinguishes the inhabitants from the inhabitants of the surrounding communities by their dialect. From 1891 until 1995, the Kleinwalsertal enjoyed a customs union with Germany, a free border, and used the German Mark as currency. Since Austria joined the European Union in 1995, followed by

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