71-863: Durham Museum may refer to Durham Museum, Durham in the United Kingdom Durham University Museum of Archaeology in the United Kingdom Durham Museum, Omaha, Nebraska in the United States See also [ edit ] List of museums in County Durham Category:Museums in Durham, North Carolina Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
142-418: A bell cast by Dalton of York in 1759. The church boasts intricate wood carvings. The altar rails and wood screen are very historic, dating from 1705 and 1707 respectively. In 1731, the wainscoting was installed. Ten years later, in 1741, the west gallery and vestry were built. However, after a closure in 1968, many of the fittings were removed. Although much of the building has origins from medieval times, much of
213-545: A good hand, but it is the illustrations, done in an insular style containing a fusion of Celtic, Germanic and Roman elements, that are considered to be of the most value. According to Aldred, Eadfrith's successor Æthelwald was responsible for pressing and binding the book, before it was covered with a fine metal case made by a hermit known as Billfrith. The Lindisfarne Gospels reside in the British Library in London,
284-600: A location which has caused controversy amongst some Northumbrians. In 1971, professor Suzanne Kaufman of Rockford, Illinois presented a facsimile copy of the Gospels to the clergy of the island. In 793, a Viking raid on Lindisfarne caused consternation throughout the Christian west, and is often taken as the beginning of the Viking Age . There had been other Viking raids, but according to English Heritage this one
355-463: A pre-existing Brittonic name. There is also a supposition that the nearby Farne Islands are fern-like in shape and the name may have come from there. The island of Lindisfarne is located along the northeast coast of England, close to the border with Scotland. It measures 3.0 miles (4.8 km) from east to west and 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from north to south, and comprises approximately 1,000 acres (400 hectares) at high tide . The nearest point to
426-554: A priory following the Norman Conquest of England. Other notable sites built on the island are St Mary the Virgin parish church (originally built AD 635 and restored in 1860), Lindisfarne Castle , several lighthouses and other navigational markers, and a complex network of lime kilns. In the present day, the island is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and a hotspot for historical tourism and bird watching. As of February 2020,
497-401: A scholarly description of the priory. Clarke surmised that this Norman priory was unique in that the centre aisle had a vault of stone. Of the six arches, Clarke stated "as if the architect had not previously calculated the space to be occupied by his arcade. The effect here has been to produce a horseshoe instead of a semicircular arch, from its being of the same height, but lesser span, than
568-508: A secret of the family which produces it. It is possible to see old wooden boats turned upside down on the land, used as sheds. It is possible that this type of settlement was used by seafaring Vikings that exploited their ships as protection while away from home. These upturned boats near the foreshore provided the inspiration for Spanish architect Enric Miralles ' Scottish Parliament Building in Edinburgh . The parish church stands on
639-518: A team of illuminators and calligraphers (monks of Lindisfarne Abbey) worked on the text, but if so, their identities are unknown. In the second half of the 10th century, a monk named Aldred added an Old English gloss to the Latin text, producing the earliest surviving Old English/Northumbrian copies of the Gospels . Aldred attributed the original to Eadfrith (bishop 698–721). The Gospels were written with
710-562: A variety of objects, models, pictures and audio-visual displays. These exhibitions provide the visitor with an overview of life, labour and leisure in this ancient fortified city, centre of pilgrimage and capital of the Prince Bishops of Durham. Many of the museum's displays involve the industry and trade that Durham is known for, including the manufacture of organs , which still continues. As well as these permanent displays, there are also periodic exhibitions and events that highlight
781-602: Is 8 June; Michael Swanton writes: " vi id Ianr , presumably [is] an error for vi id Iun (8 June) which is the date given by the Annals of Lindisfarne (p. 505), when better sailing weather would favour coastal raids." Alcuin , a Northumbrian scholar in Charlemagne 's court at the time, wrote: "Never before has such terror appeared in Britain as we have now suffered from a pagan race ... The heathens poured out
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#1732793942462852-554: Is a tidal island off the northeast coast of England, which constitutes the civil parish of Holy Island in Northumberland . Holy Island has a recorded history from the 6th century AD; it was an important centre of Celtic Christianity under Saints Aidan , Cuthbert , Eadfrith , and Eadberht of Lindisfarne . The island was originally home to a monastery, which was destroyed during the Viking invasions but re-established as
923-618: Is a museum in Durham , England. It details the history of the City of Durham from medieval times to the present day. The museum is located in the redundant church of St Mary-le-Bow, close to the World Heritage Site of Durham Cathedral and Durham Castle . It is bounded on the north and east by Hatfield College ; on the south by Bow Lane, and the west by North Bailey . The Museum is mainly run by volunteers. The museum contains
994-458: Is no trace of any intercourse between these bishops [the Mercians] and the see of Canterbury". The Synod of Whitby in 663 changed this, as allegiance switched southwards to Canterbury and then to Rome. Colman departed his see for Iona, and for the next few years Lindisfarne had no bishop. Under a new line of bishops aligned with Canterbury Lindisfarne became the base for Christian evangelism in
1065-419: Is the oldest extant piece of English historical writing. From the "Life of Cuthbert"'s reference to "Aldfrith, who now reigns peacefully", the work is considered to date from between 685 and 704. While bishop and abbot, Cuthbert took it upon himself to align his bishopric with the see of Canterbury, and therefore with Rome, while leaving its Celtic leanings and traditions behind. After his death in 687 Cuthbert
1136-679: The Liber Vitae of Durham began in the abbey. By 866, the Danes were in York, and in 873 the Danish army was moving into Northumberland. With the collapse of the Northumbrian kingdom, the monks of Lindisfarne fled the island in 875 taking with them St Cuthbert's bones (which are now buried at Durham Cathedral), who during his life had been prior and bishop of Lindisfarne; his body was buried on
1207-547: The Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844 . Lindisfarne was mainly a fishing community for many years, with farming and the production of lime also of some importance. Lindisfarne is well known for mead . When monks inhabited the island, it was thought that if the soul was in God's keeping, the body must be fortified with Lindisfarne mead. Lindisfarne Mead is produced at St Aidan's Winery, and sold widely. The mead recipe remains
1278-471: The Holy Island Waggonway , from a quarry on the north side of the island to the lime kilns, where it was burned with coal transported from Dundee on the east coast of Scotland. There are still traces of the jetties by which the coal was imported and the lime exported close by at the foot of the crags. The remains of the waggonway between the quarries and the kilns makes for an easy walk. At
1349-683: The Kingdom of Lindsey in modern Lincolnshire , referring to either regular visitors or settlers. Another possibility is that Lindisfarne is Brittonic in origin, containing the element Lind- meaning stream or pool ( Welsh llyn ), with the nominal morpheme -as(t) and an unknown element identical to that in the Farne Islands . Further suggested is that the name may be a wholly Old Irish formation, from corresponding lind-is- , plus –fearann meaning land, domain, territory. Such an Irish formation, however, could have been based on
1420-475: The National Trust , the priory, the historic church, the nature reserve and the beaches. At certain times of year, numerous migratory birds can be seen. Warning signs urge visitors walking to the island to keep to the marked path, to check tide times and weather carefully, and to seek local advice if in doubt. For drivers, tide tables are prominently displayed at both ends of the causeway and also where
1491-658: The North of England , and also sent a successful mission to Mercia . Monks from the Irish community of Iona settled on the island. Northumbria's patron saint , Cuthbert , was a monk and later abbot of the monastery. St Cuthbert has been described as “possibly the most venerated saint in England”. Cuthbert's miracles and life are recorded by Bede. Cuthbert was Bishop of Lindisfarne from 684 through 686, shortly before his death. An anonymous "Life of Cuthbert" written at Lindisfarne
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#17327939424621562-464: The Pennines . Whithorn covered most of Dumfries and Galloway region west of Dumfries itself. The remainder, Cumbria , northern Northumbria, Lothian and much of the Kingdom of Strathclyde formed the diocese of Lindisfarne. In 737, Ceolwulf of Northumbria abdicated as King of Northumbria and entered the abbey at Lindisfarne. He died in 764 and was buried alongside Cuthbert. In 830, his body
1633-521: The Seahouses RNLI lifeboat. A sea rescue costs approximately £1,900 (quoted in 2009, equivalent to £3,220 in 2023 ), while an air rescue costs more than £4,000 (also quoted in 2009, equivalent to £6,780 in 2023 ). Local people have opposed a causeway barrier, primarily on convenience grounds. One cause of issues is that the causeway may flood before the end of an officially "safe" period due to stormy weather. The north-east of England
1704-496: The University of Durham have been conducting community excavations since 2016 outside the priory. A total of nine consecutive field seasons (including those planned for 2024) have unearthed numerous insights for the site. Artefacts of note recovered included a rare board game piece, copper-alloy rings and Anglo-Saxon coins from both Northumbria and Wessex. The discovery of a cemetery led to finding commemorative markers "unique to
1775-627: The 1960s. The island is within an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty on the Northumberland Coast . The ruined monastery is in the care of English Heritage , which also runs a museum/visitor centre nearby. The neighbouring parish church is still in use. Holy Island was considered part of the Islandshire unit along with several mainland parishes. This came under the jurisdiction of the County Palatine of Durham until
1846-593: The 21st century the tradition of making pilgrimage to Lindisfarne continues to be observed annually, as can be attested to by the Northern Cross Pilgrimage amongst others. The priory ruins which make for a popular tourist and pilgrimage destination, were built just after the Norman conquest, and date back to nearly 1,000 years ago. The chancel wall of the church dates back even further into Anglo-Saxon times. In 1838 Henry George Charles Clarke wrote
1917-430: The 8th and 9th centuries". The group also found evidence of an early medieval building, "which seems to have been constructed on top of an even earlier industrial oven" which was used to make copper or glass. Monastic records from the 14th to the 16th century provide evidence of an already well-established fishing economy on the island. Both line fishing and net fishing were practised, inshore in shallow waters and in
1988-530: The Holy Island road leaves the A1 Great North Road at Beal . The causeway is generally open from about three hours after high tide until two hours before the next high tide. Tide tables giving safe crossing periods are published by Northumberland County Council . Despite these warnings, about one vehicle each month is stranded on the causeway, requiring rescue by HM Coastguard and / or
2059-609: The accounts. Fish surplus to the needs of the monastery was traded, but subject to a tithe . There is also evidence that the monks operated a lime kiln on the island. In 1462, during the Wars of the Roses , Margaret of Anjou made an abortive attempt to seize the Northumbrian castles. Following a storm at sea 400 troops had to seek shelter on Holy Island, where they surrendered to the Yorkists . After King Henry VIII's dissolution of
2130-542: The bay from Lindisfarne. The conquest was not straightforward, however. The Historia Brittonum recounts how, in the 6th century, Urien , prince of Rheged , with a coalition of North Brittonic kingdoms, besieged Angles led by Theodric of Bernicia on the island for three days and nights, until internal power struggles led to the Britons' defeat. The Lindisfarne Abbey was first established in AD 634. The island served as
2201-486: The blood of saints around the altar, and trampled on the bodies of saints in the temple of God, like dung in the streets." During the attack many of the monks were killed, or captured and enslaved. Biographer Peter Ackroyd writes: "The monasteries of Lindisfarne and Jarrow were not attacked at random; they were chosen as examples of revenge. The onslaught of the Christian Charlemagne on the ‘pagans’ of
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2272-410: The chancel wall of this church. The monastery was described as an abbey by Bede but when it was rebuilt after the Norman Conquest it was described as a (relatively smaller) priory . The monastery of Lindisfarne was founded around 634 by the Irish monk Aidan , who had been sent from Iona off the west coast of Scotland to Northumbria at the request of King Oswald . The abbey was founded before
2343-644: The deep water offshore, using a variety of vessels: contemporary accounts differentiate between small ' cobles ' and larger 'boats', as well as singling out certain specialised vessels (such as a ' herynger ', sold for £2 in 1404). As well as supplying food for the monastic community, the island's fisheries (together with those of nearby Farne) provided the mother house at Durham with fish, on a regular (sometimes weekly) basis. Fish caught included cod , haddock , herring , salmon , porpoise and mullet , among others. Shellfish of various types were also fished for, with lobster nets and oyster dredges being mentioned in
2414-466: The end of 634 and Aidan remained there until his death in 651. The abbey and its church remained the only seat of a bishopric in Northumbria for nearly thirty years. Finan (bishop 651–661) built a timber church "suitable for a bishop's seat ". Bede , however, was critical of the fact that the church was not built of stone but only of hewn oak thatched with reeds. A later bishop, Eadbert, removed
2485-408: The establishment of Durham Museum which the trust continues to run in the old church building. Fenwick Lawson is a local sculptor who has contributed three works of art to Durham Museum, the first being 'Cuthbert of Farne' which he sculpted in 1984 and donated to the museum in 2004. (A bronze cast of this is on display at Lindisfarne abbey .) Gaia (1984), named after the goddess , was presented to
2556-415: The island and the village, with Lindisfarne listed either as an alternative name for the island or as a name of 'non-Roman antiquity'. "Locally the island is rarely referred to by its Anglo-Saxon name of Lindisfarne" (according to the local community website). More widely, the two names are used somewhat interchangeably. Lindisfarne is invariably used when referring to the pre-conquest monastic settlement,
2627-437: The island at the time, in 793 Cuthbert's body was carried away by the monks, first to where they temporarily re-settled in the nearby village of Chester-le-Street , then to Durham Cathedral c. 995 . Eadberht of Lindisfarne , the next bishop (and later saint), was buried in the place from which Cuthbert's body had been exhumed earlier in the same year (793). In 735, the northern ecclesiastical province of England
2698-419: The island had a population of 180. A February 2020 report provided an update on the island. At the time, three pubs and a hotel were operating; the shop had closed but the post office remained in operation. No professional or medical services were available and residents were driving to Berwick-upon-Tweed for groceries and other supplies. Points of interest for visitors included Lindisfarne Castle operated by
2769-599: The island had three pubs, a hotel and a post office as well as a museum. Both the Parker and Peterborough versions of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 793 record the Old English name Lindisfarena . In the 9th-century Historia Brittonum the island appears under its Old Welsh name Medcaut . The philologist Andrew Breeze , following up on a suggestion by Richard Coates, proposes that
2840-455: The island in the year 698. Prior to the 9th century, Lindisfarne Abbey had, in common with other such establishments, held large tracts of land which were managed directly or leased to farmers with a life interest only. Following the Danish occupation, land was increasingly owned by individuals, and could be bought, sold and inherited. Following the Battle of Corbridge in 914 Ragnald seized
2911-489: The island. The beads became known as St Cuthbert's beads . The large-scale quarrying in the 19th century had a devastating effect on the limestone caves, but eight sea caves remain at Coves Haven. Workings on the lime kilns stopped by the start of the 20th century. The lime kilns on Lindisfarne are among the few being actively preserved in Northumberland. Holy Island Golf Club was founded in 1907 but closed in
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2982-506: The land giving some to his followers Scula and Onlafbal . Once the region had been restored to political and military stability under the government of William the Conqueror , the prospects for the rebuilding of the island's monastery began to improve. The first Norman Bishop of Durham , William of St Calais endowed his new Benedictine monastery at Durham with land and property in Northumberland, including Holy Island and much of
3053-520: The land of the Northumbrians, and the wretched people shook; there were excessive whirlwinds, lightning, and fiery dragons were seen flying in the sky. These signs were followed by great famine, and a little after those, that same year on 6th ides of January, the ravaging of wretched heathen men destroyed God's church at Lindisfarne.") The generally accepted date for the Viking raid on Lindisfarne
3124-408: The lesser known aspects of Durham's social history. The museum also features a centre for making brass rubbings as well as a souvenir shop. The church was rebuilt in the 1670s to replace a church on the same site which collapsed in 1632, incorporating earlier material. The church is a reconstruction of an older building, so it contains elements from different dates. The roof is fifteenth-century and
3195-427: The mainland is about 0.8 miles (1.3 kilometres). It is accessible at low tide by a modern causeway and an ancient pilgrims' path that both run over sand and mudflats and which are covered with water at high tide. Lindisfarne is surrounded by the 8,750 acres (3,540 hectares) Lindisfarne National Nature Reserve , which protects the island's sand dunes and the adjacent intertidal habitats. As of 27 March 2011 ,
3266-416: The monasteries in 1536, Lindisfarne Priory was made to close its doors for the last time. The buildings of the old priory were then repurposed for use as a naval storehouse. As such, one of the economic focal points of the island became the military post which would be staffed by military personnel from time to time, instead of the former activities of the defunct monastery. Over the coming centuries, most of
3337-401: The monastery; and all the priests, deacons, singers and readers and other ecclesiastical grades, together with the bishop himself, keep the monastic rule in all things. Following the death of bishop Finan in 661, Colman became Bishop of Lindisfarne . There were significant liturgical and theological differences with the fledgling Roman party based at Canterbury . According to Stenton: "There
3408-490: The museum in 2011. His latest donation to the museum depicts the biblical story of Jacob wrestling with an angel. 54°46′25″N 1°34′28″W / 54.7736°N 1.5745°W / 54.7736; -1.5745 This article relating to a museum in the United Kingdom is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Lindisfarne#Lindisfarne Abbey Lindisfarne , also known as Holy Island ,
3479-516: The name derived from Latin Medicata [Insula] (English: Healing [Island]), owing perhaps to the island's reputation for medicinal herbs . The name Holy Island was in use by the 11th century when it appears in Latin as 'Insula Sacra' . The reference was to Saints Aidan and Cuthbert . In the present day, Holy Island is the name of the civil parish and native inhabitants are known as Islanders. The Ordnance Survey uses Holy Island for both
3550-561: The next four centuries until its final dissolution in 1536 as a result of Henry VIII's dissolution of the English church's ties to Rome, and his subsequent closing of the monasteries. Even with the closure of the island's priory in 1536, the tradition of making religious pilgrimages to the island never ceased. In the 20th century ( c. 1980~1990), religious author and cleric David Adam reported that he had ministered to thousands of pilgrims and other visitors as rector of Holy Island. In
3621-671: The north had led to the extirpation of their shrines and sanctuaries. The great king had cut down Jôrmunr, the holy tree of the Norse people. What better form of retaliation than to lay waste the foundations devoted to the Christian God? The Christian missionaries to Norway had in fact set out from Lindisfarne." As the English population became more settled, they seemed to have abandoned seafaring. Many monasteries were established on islands, peninsulas, river mouths and cliffs, as isolated communities were less susceptible to interference and
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#17327939424623692-504: The others. This arch is very rare, even in Norman buildings". The Lindisfarne Priory (ruin) is a Grade I listed building , List Entry Number 1042304. Other parts of the priory are a scheduled monument , List Entry Number 1011650. The latter are described as "the site of the pre-Conquest monastery of Lindisfarne and the Benedictine cell of Durham Cathedral that succeeded it in the 11th century". Archaeologists led by DigVentures and
3763-568: The panelling is eighteenth-century. During the middle ages, an arch connected the tower to the fortifications, which created a 'bow'. However, this later collapsed in 1635. The building lay in ruins until 1685, although efforts were made to preserve the building by the parishioners. The rebuilding only began thanks to the help from the Bishop of Durham, as well as the Dean and Chapter of Durham Cathedral . The present tower dates from 1702, and now contains
3834-493: The peak of the limestone quarrying and processing operations on the island, over 100 men were employed by these operations. Crinoid columnals, a certain type of intricate fossil with a hole in the middle which is sometimes found in limestone, were separated from the quarried stone and then milled smooth into beads. The remaining quarried limestone material would then be processed into lime. These more valuable beads would then be threaded onto necklaces and rosaries and exported from
3905-641: The politics of the heartland. These preliminary raids, despite their brutal nature, were not followed up. The main body of the raiders passed north around Scotland . The 9th-century invasions came not from Norway , but from the Danes from around the entrance to the Baltic. The first Danish raids into England were in the Isle of Sheppey , Kent during 835 and from there their influence spread north. During this period religious art continued to flourish on Lindisfarne, and
3976-485: The present building is from the seventeenth century. The church closed in 1968, and the museum opened in 1972. Established in 1975, the Bow Trust (Durham) Limited is a registered charity (number 513865). The charity was created to maintain the now redundant church of St Mary-Le-Bow, with the goal of turning it into a centre for upholding the history and culture of both the city and county Durham. This culminated in
4047-472: The priory complex buildings gradually fell into ruin. In 1613 ownership of the island (and other land in the area formerly pertaining to Durham Priory) was transferred to the Crown . In the 1860s a Dundee firm built lime kilns on Lindisfarne, and lime was burnt on the island until at least the end of the 19th century. The kilns are among the most complex in Northumberland. Horses carried limestone , along
4118-448: The priory ruins and the castle. The combined phrase "the Holy Island of Lindisfarne" has begun to be used more frequently in recent times, particularly when promoting the island as a destination for tourists and pilgrims alike. The name Lindisfarne has an uncertain origin. The -farne part of the name may be Old English fearena , genitive plural of fara , meaning traveller. The first part, Lindis- , may refer to people from
4189-412: The same dwelling-place of the servants of God holds both; and indeed all are monks. Aidan, who was the first bishop of this place, was a monk and always lived according to monastic rule together with all his followers. Hence all the bishops of that place up to the present time exercise their episcopal functions in such a way that the abbot, who they themselves have chosen by the advice of the brethren, rules
4260-428: The site of a monastery for roughly 900 years. The site, most of which has fallen into a state of ruin, has since become a popular tourist destination and focus of pilgrimage journeys. The church of St Mary the Virgin is the only original building that has been more or less continually maintained and which remains standing within the original monastic compound. Remains from the pre-Norman/Anglo-Saxon era can be found in
4331-489: The site of the pre-Norman abbey. The newly constructed chapel included a cenotaph (an empty tomb) marking the spot where Cuthbert's body was believed to have been buried. Although his body by then had been relocated in Durham Cathedral, the place of his former primary shrine on Lindisfarne was still considered by many to be sacred ground and continued to draw pilgrims. The pre-Norman island bishopric of Lindisfarne
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#17327939424624402-523: The site of the wooden church built by St Aidan in AD 635. When the site was rebuilt by the Normans, the site of the original abbey church was redeveloped in stone as the parish church. It is the oldest building on the island that has been maintained in some fashion, and which has a roof on it. Remains of the Anglo-Saxon church exist as the chancel wall and arch. A Norman apse (subsequently replaced in
4473-442: The surrounding mainland. Durham Priory then re-established a monastery on the island in 1093. The monastery was re-established as a smaller "priory" which was to be administered as a sub-monastery of the Durham priory. Smaller monasteries are often referred to as priories while larger monasteries are more commonly referred to as abbeys. Under Norman rule, by 1150 the island's parish church had also been fully rebuilt over part of
4544-406: The thatch and covered both walls and roof in lead. An abbot, who could be the bishop, was elected by the brethren and led the community. Bede comments on this: And let no one be surprised that, though we have said above that in this island of Lindisfarne, small as it is, there is found the seat of a bishop, now we say also that it is the home of an abbot and monks; for it actually is so. For one and
4615-529: The title Durham Museum . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Durham_Museum&oldid=1176616177 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Durham Museum, Durham Durham Museum (formerly Durham Museum and Heritage Centre )
4686-537: Was established, with the archbishopric at York . There were only three bishops under York: Hexham , Lindisfarne and Whithorn , whereas Canterbury had the twelve envisioned by St Augustine . At that time the Diocese of York roughly encompassed the counties of Yorkshire and Lancashire . Hexham covered County Durham and the southern part of modern Northumberland up to the River Coquet , and eastwards into
4757-478: Was initially buried in Lindisfarne. Due to the claim that Cuthbert's body was untouched by 'corruption', and also due to there being several miracles associated with those who had come to visit Cuthbert's shrine, the island became a major destination for pilgrimages for the next few hundred years. During one of the many evacuations of Lindisfarne by the monks due to the increasing frequency of Viking raids upon
4828-530: Was largely not settled by Roman civilians apart from the Tyne valley and Hadrian's Wall . The area had been little affected during the centuries of nominal Roman occupation. The countryside had been subject to raids from both Scots and Picts and was "not one to attract early Germanic settlement". The Anglian King Ida (reigned from 547) started the sea-borne settlement of the coast, establishing an urbis regia (meaning "royal settlement") at Bamburgh across
4899-469: Was moved to Norham-upon-Tweed , and later his head was translated to Durham Cathedral. In the early 8th century the illuminated manuscript known as the Lindisfarne Gospels , an illustrated Latin copy of the Gospels of Matthew , Mark , Luke and John , was made, probably at Lindisfarne. The artist was possibly Eadfrith , who became Bishop of Lindisfarne. It is also speculated that
4970-409: Was not restored under Norman rule, perhaps because the newer and more centrally located bishopric of Durham was then better able to meet the church's administrative needs in the area. As such, the island's restored but slightly smaller Benedictine monastery (sized as a priory under Norman rule) was then able to continue in relative peace under the new Norman monarchy and its successor royal houses for
5041-836: Was particularly significant, because "it attacked the sacred heart of the Northumbrian kingdom, desecrating 'the very place where the Christian religion began in our nation'". The D and E versions of the West Saxon Anglo-Saxon Chronicle record: Her wæron reðe forebecna cumene ofer Norðhymbra land, ⁊ þæt folc earmlic bregdon, þæt wæron ormete þodenas ⁊ ligrescas, ⁊ fyrenne dracan wæron gesewene on þam lifte fleogende. Þam tacnum sona fyligde mycel hunger, ⁊ litel æfter þam, þæs ilcan geares on .vi. Idus Ianuarii, earmlice hæþenra manna hergunc adilegode Godes cyrican in Lindisfarnaee þurh hreaflac ⁊ mansliht. ("In this year fierce, foreboding omens came over
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