Misplaced Pages

#618381

60-714: The E-410 body and lens mount conform to the Four Thirds System standard, providing compatibility with other lenses for that system. (Four Thirds System lenses are smaller and lighter than lenses with similar specifications from other DSLR systems.) Like the E-400, the E-410 is notable for its small size, omitting the hand grip and exploiting the smaller sensor of the Four Thirds System. It weighs only 375g and approaches manual focus film SLR sizes, reminiscent of

120-562: A dot matrix display device . In most digital display devices , pixels are the smallest element that can be manipulated through software. Each pixel is a sample of an original image; more samples typically provide more accurate representations of the original. The intensity of each pixel is variable. In color imaging systems, a color is typically represented by three or four component intensities such as red, green, and blue , or cyan, magenta, yellow, and black . In some contexts (such as descriptions of camera sensors ), pixel refers to

180-412: A native resolution , and it should (ideally) be matched to the video card resolution. Each pixel is made up of triads , with the number of these triads determining the native resolution. On older, historically available, CRT monitors the resolution was possibly adjustable (still lower than what modern monitor achieve), while on some such monitors (or TV sets) the beam sweep rate was fixed, resulting in

240-597: A non-disclosure agreement . Unlike older single-lens reflex (SLR) systems, Four Thirds was designed from the start for digital cameras. Many lenses are extensively computerised, to the point that Olympus offers firmware updates for many of them. Lens design has been tailored to the requirements of digital sensors, most notably through telecentric designs. The image sensor format , between those of larger SLRs using "full-frame" and APS-C sensors, and smaller point-and-shoot compact digital cameras, yields intermediate levels of cost, performance, and convenience. The size of

300-545: A regular two-dimensional grid . By using this arrangement, many common operations can be implemented by uniformly applying the same operation to each pixel independently. Other arrangements of pixels are possible, with some sampling patterns even changing the shape (or kernel ) of each pixel across the image. For this reason, care must be taken when acquiring an image on one device and displaying it on another, or when converting image data from one pixel format to another. For example: Computer monitors (and TV sets) generally have

360-551: A "pixel" may refer to a fixed length rather than a true pixel on the screen to accommodate different pixel densities . A typical definition, such as in CSS , is that a "physical" pixel is 1 ⁄ 96 inch (0.26 mm). Doing so makes sure a given element will display as the same size no matter what screen resolution views it. There may, however, be some further adjustments between a "physical" pixel and an on-screen logical pixel. As screens are viewed at difference distances (consider

420-420: A 1200 dpi inkjet printer. Even higher dpi numbers, such as the 4800 dpi quoted by printer manufacturers since 2002, do not mean much in terms of achievable resolution . The more pixels used to represent an image, the closer the result can resemble the original. The number of pixels in an image is sometimes called the resolution, though resolution has a more specific definition. Pixel counts can be expressed as

480-465: A Four Thirds sensor is equal to that of a video camera tube of 4/3 inch diameter. The usual size of the sensor is 18 mm × 13.5 mm (22.5 mm diagonal), with an imaging area of 17.3 mm × 13.0 mm, giving a diagonal of 21.64 mm. The sensor's area is about 30–40% smaller than APS-C sensors used in most other DSLRs, but still around 9 times larger than the 1/2.5" sensors typically used in compact digital cameras . Incidentally,

540-466: A distance. In some displays, such as LCD, LED, and plasma displays, these single-color regions are separately addressable elements, which have come to be known as subpixels , mostly RGB colors. For example, LCDs typically divide each pixel vertically into three subpixels. When the square pixel is divided into three subpixels, each subpixel is necessarily rectangular. In display industry terminology, subpixels are often referred to as pixels , as they are

600-450: A fixed native resolution . What it is depends on the monitor, and size. See below for historical exceptions. Computers can use pixels to display an image, often an abstract image that represents a GUI . The resolution of this image is called the display resolution and is determined by the video card of the computer. Flat-panel monitors (and TV sets), e.g. OLED or LCD monitors, or E-ink , also use pixels to display an image, and have

660-426: A fixed native resolution. Most CRT monitors do not have a fixed beam sweep rate, meaning they do not have a native resolution at all – instead they have a set of resolutions that are equally well supported. To produce the sharpest images possible on an flat-panel, e.g. OLED or LCD, the user must ensure the display resolution of the computer matches the native resolution of the monitor. The pixel scale used in astronomy

SECTION 10

#1732797246619

720-457: A measured intensity level. In most digital cameras, the sensor array is covered with a patterned color filter mosaic having red, green, and blue regions in the Bayer filter arrangement so that each sensor element can record the intensity of a single primary color of light. The camera interpolates the color information of neighboring sensor elements, through a process called demosaicing , to create

780-504: A new format, Micro Four Thirds . The new system uses the same sensor, but removes the mirror box from the camera design. A live preview is shown on either the camera's main liquid-crystal display or via an electronic viewfinder , as in digital compact cameras. Autofocus may be accomplished via a contrast detection process using the main imager, again similar to digital compact cameras. Some Olympus and Panasonic manufactured camera bodies also feature phase detection auto focus built into

840-474: A phone, a computer display, and a TV), the desired length (a "reference pixel") is scaled relative to a reference viewing distance (28 inches (71 cm) in CSS). In addition, as true screen pixel densities are rarely multiples of 96 dpi, some rounding is often applied so that a logical pixel is an integer amount of actual pixels. Doing so avoids render artifacts. The final "pixel" obtained after these two steps becomes

900-419: A single number, as in a "three-megapixel" digital camera, which has a nominal three million pixels, or as a pair of numbers, as in a "640 by 480 display", which has 640 pixels from side to side and 480 from top to bottom (as in a VGA display) and therefore has a total number of 640 × 480 = 307,200 pixels, or 0.3 megapixels. The pixels, or color samples, that form a digitized image (such as a JPEG file used on

960-403: A single scalar element of a multi-component representation (called a photosite in the camera sensor context, although sensel ' sensor element ' is sometimes used), while in yet other contexts (like MRI) it may refer to a set of component intensities for a spatial position. Software on early consumer computers was necessarily rendered at a low resolution, with large pixels visible to

1020-645: A tentative schedule to announce the camera at the 2002 Photo Marketing Association exposition; Olympus confirmed they were developing a "concept camera" with that sensor size. The Four Thirds System was announced jointly by Olympus and Kodak at photokina in September 2002. The first camera was the Olympus E-1 , announced on June 24, 2003, and aimed at the professional market, with shipments to commence in September. In February 2004, Olympus announced that Panasonic , Sanyo , and Sigma Corporation had joined

1080-426: A unit of measure such as: 2400 pixels per inch, 640 pixels per line, or spaced 10 pixels apart. The measures " dots per inch " (dpi) and " pixels per inch " (ppi) are sometimes used interchangeably, but have distinct meanings, especially for printer devices, where dpi is a measure of the printer's density of dot (e.g. ink droplet) placement. For example, a high-quality photographic image may be printed with 600 ppi on

1140-432: A web page) may or may not be in one-to-one correspondence with screen pixels, depending on how a computer displays an image. In computing, an image composed of pixels is known as a bitmapped image or a raster image . The word raster originates from television scanning patterns, and has been widely used to describe similar halftone printing and storage techniques. For convenience, pixels are normally arranged in

1200-403: Is available: this means that each 24-bit pixel has an extra 8 bits to describe its opacity (for purposes of combining with another image). Many display and image-acquisition systems are not capable of displaying or sensing the different color channels at the same site. Therefore, the pixel grid is divided into single-color regions that contribute to the displayed or sensed color when viewed at

1260-485: Is generally thought of as the smallest single component of a digital image . However, the definition is highly context-sensitive. For example, there can be " printed pixels " in a page, or pixels carried by electronic signals, or represented by digital values, or pixels on a display device, or pixels in a digital camera (photosensor elements). This list is not exhaustive and, depending on context, synonyms include pel, sample, byte, bit, dot, and spot. Pixels can be used as

SECTION 20

#1732797246619

1320-630: Is the angular distance between two objects on the sky that fall one pixel apart on the detector (CCD or infrared chip). The scale s measured in radians is the ratio of the pixel spacing p and focal length f of the preceding optics, s = p / f . (The focal length is the product of the focal ratio by the diameter of the associated lens or mirror.) Because s is usually expressed in units of arcseconds per pixel, because 1 radian equals (180/π) × 3600 ≈ 206,265 arcseconds, and because focal lengths are often given in millimeters and pixel sizes in micrometers which yields another factor of 1,000,

1380-464: The Olympus OM system . It is accompanied by two new small zoom lenses, a 14–42 mm (28–84 mm 135 film format equivalent) f/3.5–5.6 standard zoom weighing 190g and a 40–150 mm (80–300 mm equivalent) f/4.0–5.6 long zoom weighing 220g. The E-410 uses Olympus' patented Supersonic Wave Filter dust reduction system to shake dust from the sensor during startup and when requested by

1440-579: The Sigma 35 mm f/1.4 DG HSM lens mounted on a Nikon D800 has the highest measured P-MPix. However, with a value of 23 MP, it still wipes off more than one-third of the D800's 36.3 MP sensor. In August 2019, Xiaomi released the Redmi Note 8 Pro as the world's first smartphone with 64 MP camera. On December 12, 2019 Samsung released Samsung A71 that also has a 64 MP camera. In late 2019, Xiaomi announced

1500-539: The Zuiko Digital lenses for Four Thirds in 2017. The standard for the lens mount is described in US Patent 6,910,814. The name of the system stems from the size of the image sensor used in the cameras, which is commonly referred to as a 4/3" type or 4/3 type sensor. The common inch-based sizing system is derived from vacuum image-sensing video camera tubes , which are now obsolete. The imaging area of

1560-494: The original PC . Pixilation , spelled with a second i , is an unrelated filmmaking technique that dates to the beginnings of cinema, in which live actors are posed frame by frame and photographed to create stop-motion animation. An archaic British word meaning "possession by spirits ( pixies )", the term has been used to describe the animation process since the early 1950s; various animators, including Norman McLaren and Grant Munro , are credited with popularizing it. A pixel

1620-410: The "anchor" to which all other absolute measurements (e.g. the "centimeter") are based on. Worked example, with a 30-inch (76 cm) 2160p TV placed 56 inches (140 cm) away from the viewer: A browser will then choose to use the 1.721× pixel size, or round to a 2× ratio. A megapixel ( MP ) is a million pixels; the term is used not only for the number of pixels in an image but also to express

1680-436: The "total" pixel count. The number of pixels is sometimes quoted as the "resolution" of a photo. This measure of resolution can be calculated by multiplying the width and height of a sensor in pixels. Digital cameras use photosensitive electronics, either charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors, consisting of a large number of single sensor elements, each of which records

1740-541: The 1888 German patent of Paul Nipkow . According to various etymologies, the earliest publication of the term picture element itself was in Wireless World magazine in 1927, though it had been used earlier in various U.S. patents filed as early as 1911. Some authors explain pixel as picture cell, as early as 1972. In graphics and in image and video processing, pel is often used instead of pixel . For example, IBM used it in their Technical Reference for

1800-565: The 2006 Photo Marketing Association Annual Convention and Trade Show, the Four Thirds consortium consisted of the following companies: This does not imply a commitment to end user products by each company. Historically, only Leica, Olympus, and Panasonic have produced bodies. Olympus and Leica/Panasonic have made dedicated Four Thirds lenses, and Sigma makes adapted versions of their "DC" lenses for APS-C format DSLRs. Kodak once sold sensors to Olympus for use in their Four Thirds bodies, but

1860-468: The 4:3 aspect ratio. In an interview John Knaur, a Senior Product Manager at Olympus, stated that "The FourThirds refers to both the size of the imager and the aspect ratio of the sensor". He also pointed out the similarities between 4:3 and the standard printing size of 8×10 as well as medium format 6×4.5 and 6×7 cameras, thus helping explain Olympus' rationale on choosing 4:3 rather than 3:2. As of

Olympus E-410 - Misplaced Pages Continue

1920-533: The Four Thirds System under their " Zuiko Digital " brand. They are divided into three grades — Standard, High Grade and Super High Grade. High Grade lenses have faster maximum apertures, but are significantly more expensive and larger, and the Super High Grade zooms have constant maximum aperture over the full zoom range; all but the Standard grade are weather-sealed. Lenses within each grade cover

1980-654: The Moon and Mars. Billingsley had learned the word from Keith E. McFarland, at the Link Division of General Precision in Palo Alto , who in turn said he did not know where it originated. McFarland said simply it was "in use at the time" ( c.  1963 ). The concept of a "picture element" dates to the earliest days of television, for example as " Bildpunkt " (the German word for pixel , literally 'picture point') in

2040-678: The allocation of the primary colors (green has twice as many elements as red or blue in the Bayer arrangement). DxO Labs invented the Perceptual MegaPixel (P-MPix) to measure the sharpness that a camera produces when paired to a particular lens – as opposed to the MP a manufacturer states for a camera product, which is based only on the camera's sensor. The new P-MPix claims to be a more accurate and relevant value for photographers to consider when weighing up camera sharpness. As of mid-2013,

2100-529: The basic addressable elements in a viewpoint of hardware, and hence pixel circuits rather than subpixel circuits is used. Most digital camera image sensors use single-color sensor regions, for example using the Bayer filter pattern, and in the camera industry these are known as pixels just like in the display industry, not subpixels . For systems with subpixels, two different approaches can be taken: This latter approach, referred to as subpixel rendering , uses knowledge of pixel geometry to manipulate

2160-530: The consortium. The second Four Thirds DSLR, the Olympus E-300 , was introduced that year, without the typical protrusion on the top deck, as the designers had chosen to use a "porro finder" which had four mirrors instead of a standard pentaprism , similar to the design of the viewfinder used in the Olympus Pen F half-frame film SLR. In 2006, Olympus and Panasonic announced they had collaborated on

2220-521: The depth is normally the sum of the bits allocated to each of the red, green, and blue components. Highcolor , usually meaning 16 bpp, normally has five bits for red and blue each, and six bits for green, as the human eye is more sensitive to errors in green than in the other two primary colors. For applications involving transparency, the 16 bits may be divided into five bits each of red, green, and blue, with one bit left for transparency. A 24-bit depth allows 8 bits per component. On some systems, 32-bit depth

2280-688: The design of a new sensor, branded Live MOS , using a body design similar to that of the E-300; the result was three similar cameras, sold as the Olympus E-330 , Panasonic DMC-L1 , and Leica Digilux 3 . Nearly all of the successive Four Thirds camera models would use sensors from Panasonic, with the sole exception of the Olympus E-400 (2006), which was equipped with a CCD but sold only in Europe. In August 2008, Olympus and Panasonic introduced

2340-632: The fast primes (30 mm f /1.4 and 50 mm f /1.4 ) and extreme telephoto (300–800 mm f / 5.6). As of 2014 all Sigma lenses for the Four Thirds System have been discontinued. Leica has designed four lenses for the Four Thirds System: fast and slow normal zooms and a 14–150 mm super-zoom, all with Panasonic's image stabilization system, and an unstabilized f /1.4 25 mm prime . These are manufactured and sold by Panasonic. An official list of available lenses can be found on Four-Thirds.org web site. As for

2400-484: The final Four Thirds cameras were released in 2010; by that time, approximately 15 Four Thirds camera models had been released by Olympus and Panasonic in total. The Four Thirds system was quietly discontinued in 2017, six years after the final cameras were released. The system provides a standard that permits interoperability of digital cameras and lenses made by different manufacturers. Proponents describe it as an open standard , but companies may use it only under

2460-480: The final image. These sensor elements are often called "pixels", even though they only record one channel (only red or green or blue) of the final color image. Thus, two of the three color channels for each sensor must be interpolated and a so-called N-megapixel camera that produces an N-megapixel image provides only one-third of the information that an image of the same size could get from a scanner. Thus, certain color contrasts may look fuzzier than others, depending on

Olympus E-410 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2520-452: The first camera phone with 108 MP 1/1.33-inch across sensor. The sensor is larger than most of bridge camera with 1/2.3-inch across sensor. One new method to add megapixels has been introduced in a Micro Four Thirds System camera, which only uses a 16 MP sensor but can produce a 64 MP RAW (40 MP JPEG) image by making two exposures, shifting the sensor by a half pixel between them. Using a tripod to take level multi-shots within an instance,

2580-427: The formula is often quoted as s = 206 p / f . The number of distinct colors that can be represented by a pixel depends on the number of bits per pixel (bpp). A 1 bpp image uses 1 bit for each pixel, so each pixel can be either on or off. Each additional bit doubles the number of colors available, so a 2 bpp image can have 4 colors, and a 3 bpp image can have 8 colors: For color depths of 15 or more bits per pixel,

2640-780: The functions of the Micro Four Thirds System may not always be available." With the emphasis shifted to the Micro Four Thirds system, member companies began discontinuing manufacturing and support for Four Thirds system products. The final Four Thirds camera, the Olympus E-5 , was released in 2010. In 2013, Olympus released the Olympus E-M1 , which is a Micro Four Thirds camera with enhanced support for legacy Four Thirds lenses using on-chip phase detection autofocus. Olympus discontinued production of

2700-509: The imaging area of a Four Thirds sensor is almost identical to that of 110 film . The emphasis on the 4:3 image aspect ratio sets Four Thirds apart from other DSLR systems, which usually adhere to the 3:2 aspect ratio of the traditional 35mm format . However, the standard only specifies the sensor diagonal, thus Four Thirds cameras using the standard 3:2 aspect ratio would be possible; notably newer Panasonic Micro Four Thirds models even offer shooting at multiple aspect ratios while maintaining

2760-531: The introduction of the mirrorless Micro Four Thirds format. The models that were marketed include: The Four Thirds lens mount is specified to be a bayonet type with a flange focal distance of 38.67 mm. There were 41 lenses made for the Four Thirds System standard, including two that were modified and re-released in approximately 2009 with improved mechanisms but otherwise identical optics. Before announcing that it would stop production of Four Thirds lenses in early 2017, Olympus produced 24 lenses for

2820-506: The manufacture of wide angle lenses. Kodak and Olympus announced in February 2001 they would share digital camera technologies; Olympus committed to purchase high-resolution charge-coupled device (CCD) sensors which would be jointly developed by the two companies and manufactured by Kodak. A few months later, an internal Kodak presentation revealed that Olympus was developing a DSLR using Kodak's KAF-C5100E 5.1 megapixel 4/3" sensor, with

2880-479: The naked eye; graphics made under these limitations may be called pixel art , especially in reference to video games. Modern computers and displays, however, can easily render orders of magnitude more pixels than was previously possible, necessitating the use of large measurements like the megapixel (one million pixels). The word pixel is a combination of pix (from "pictures", shortened to "pics") and el (for " element "); similar formations with ' el' include

2940-422: The newer Olympus Four Thirds cameras used Panasonic sensors. The majority of Four Thirds System cameras and Four Thirds lenses are made by Olympus. Many Four Thirds cameras use "sensor-shift" in-body image stabilization , making the need for image stabilization technology in its lenses unnecessary. All Four Thirds cameras also incorporate an automatic sensor cleaning device, in which a thin glass filter in front of

3000-401: The number of image sensor elements of digital cameras or the number of display elements of digital displays . For example, a camera that makes a 2048 × 1536 pixel image (3,145,728 finished image pixels) typically uses a few extra rows and columns of sensor elements and is commonly said to have "3.2 megapixels" or "3.4 megapixels", depending on whether the number reported is the "effective" or

3060-488: The range from wide-angle to super telephoto. The Zuiko Digital lenses are well regarded for their consistently good optics. The following table lists all Zuiko Digital lenses available at the time Olympus stopped Four Thirds production: Olympus also made 1.4× and 2× teleconverters and an electronically coupled extension tube . Sigma has adapted 13 lenses for the Four Thirds System, ranging from 10 mm to 800 mm, including several for which no equivalent exists:

SECTION 50

#1732797246619

3120-499: The same image diagonal. For instance, the Panasonic GH1 uses a multi-aspect sensor designed to maximize use of the image circle at 4:3, 3:2, and 16:9; each ratio having a diagonal of 22.5 mm. Sensor aspect ratio influences lens design. For example, many lenses designed by Olympus for the Four Thirds System contain internal rectangular baffles or permanently mounted "petal" lens hoods that optimise their operation for

3180-509: The sensor is smaller than most DSLRs and this implies that lenses, especially telephoto lenses, can be smaller. For example, a Four Thirds lens with a 300 mm focal length would cover about the same angle of view as a 600 mm focal length lens for the 35 mm film standard, and is correspondingly more compact. Thus, the Four Thirds System has crop factor (aka focal length multiplier) of about 2, and while this enables longer focal length for greater magnification, it does not necessarily aid

3240-437: The sensor vibrates at 30 kHz, causing dust to fall off and adhere to a piece of sticky material below. Olympus' E-system camera bodies are noted for their inclusion of a wide range of firmware-level features and customization, good JPEG engine, and compact size. Because of the smaller format of Four Thirds, the viewfinders tend to be smaller than on comparable cameras. Manufacture of Four Thirds cameras came to an end after

3300-521: The sensor. The goal of the new system was to allow for even smaller cameras, competing directly with higher-end point-and-shoot compact digital cameras and DSLRs. The smaller flange focal distance allows for more compact normal and wide angle lenses. It also facilitates the use, with an adapter, of lenses based on other mounting systems, including many manual focus lenses from the seventies and eighties. In particular, Four Thirds lenses can be used on Micro Four Thirds bodies with an adapter; however, "all of

3360-545: The size of the image sensor (4/3") as well as the aspect ratio (4:3). The Olympus E-1 was the first Four Thirds DSLR, announced and released in 2003. In 2008, Olympus and Panasonic began publicizing the Micro Four Thirds system , a mirrorless camera system which used the same sensor size; by eliminating the reflex mirror, the Micro Four Thirds cameras were significantly smaller than the Four Thirds cameras. The first Micro Four Thirds cameras were released in 2009 and

3420-484: The system itself, it was silently discontinued in favor of the Micro Four Thirds System . Green background indicates lenses with image stabilization . BODY FEATURE : In-Body Image Stabilization Megapixel In digital imaging , a pixel (abbreviated px ), pel , or picture element is the smallest addressable element in a raster image , or the smallest addressable element in

3480-453: The three colored subpixels separately, producing an increase in the apparent resolution of color displays. While CRT displays use red-green-blue-masked phosphor areas, dictated by a mesh grid called the shadow mask, it would require a difficult calibration step to be aligned with the displayed pixel raster, and so CRTs do not use subpixel rendering. The concept of subpixels is related to samples . In graphic, web design, and user interfaces,

3540-649: The user; this largely eliminates the problem of dust accumulation on the surface of the image sensor. The camera was succeeded by the E-420 . This newer camera's most notable enhancement over the E-410 is a contrast autofocusing system, for faster shooting in Live View mode. BODY FEATURE : In-Body Image Stabilization Four Thirds System The Four Thirds System is a standard created by Olympus and Eastman Kodak for digital single-lens reflex camera (DSLR) design and development. Four Thirds refers to both

3600-513: The words voxel ' volume pixel ' , and texel ' texture pixel ' . The word pix appeared in Variety magazine headlines in 1932, as an abbreviation for the word pictures , in reference to movies. By 1938, "pix" was being used in reference to still pictures by photojournalists. The word "pixel" was first published in 1965 by Frederic C. Billingsley of JPL , to describe the picture elements of scanned images from space probes to

#618381