Misplaced Pages

#258741

74-828: The EOS D60 sits in the prosumer (professional-consumer) line of digital SLR cameras. It succeeded the three megapixel EOS D30 and was replaced by the improved, six megapixel EOS 10D . In America, its initial pricing was US$ 1,999 for the basic body, or US$ 2,199 including battery, charger, and DC kit. The EOS D60 features: [REDACTED] Media related to Canon EOS D60 at Wikimedia Commons PROCESSOR : Non-DIGIC | DIGIC | DIGIC II | DIGIC III | DIGIC 4 / 4+ | DIGIC 5 / 5+ | DIGIC 6 / 6+ | DIGIC 7 | DIGIC 8 | DIGIC X VIDEO: 720p | 1080p | Uncompressed 1080p | 4K | 5.5K | 8K   ⋅   SCREEN : Flip (tilt) , Articulating , Touchscreen   ⋅   BODY FEATURE: Weather Sealed SPECIALTY MODELS: Astrophotography

148-786: A | Cinema EOS C | high resolution camera S | no AA filter effect R   ⋅   FIRMWARE ADD-ON: x Magic Lantern Support See also: Canon EOS film cameras , Canon EOS mirrorless cameras prosumer#Etymology 2 A prosumer is an individual who both consumes and produces . The term is a portmanteau of the words producer and consumer . Research has identified six types of prosumers: DIY prosumers, self-service prosumers, customizing prosumers, collaborative prosumers, monetised prosumers, and economic prosumers. The terms prosumer and prosumption were coined in 1980 by Alvin Toffler , an American futurist , and were widely used by many technology writers of

222-536: A misnomer for actual commercial exchanges. Arnould and Rose proposed to replace the misleading term "sharing" with "mutuality". In an article in Harvard Business Review , authors Giana M. Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi argue that "sharing economy" is a misnomer, and that the correct term for this activity is access economy. The authors say, "When 'sharing' is market-mediated—when a company is an intermediary between consumers who don't know each other—it

296-423: A 2015 study by George Mason University economists, said the sharing economy "allows people to take idle capital and turn them into revenue sources". He has stated, "People are taking spare bedroom[s], cars, tools they are not using and becoming their own entrepreneurs." Arun Sundararajan , a New York University economist who studies the sharing economy, told a congressional hearing that "this transition will have

370-486: A Platform Operator which using technology provides aggregation and interactivity to create a legal environment by setting the terms and conditions for all the actors; (2) a User who consumes the good or service on the terms and conditions set by the Platform Operator; and (3) a Provider who provides a good or service also abiding by the Platform Operator's terms and conditions." While the term "sharing economy"

444-583: A broad variety of new goods and services as well as new industries. First, customer behavior for many goods and services changes from ownership to sharing. Second, online social networks and electronic markets more easily link consumers. And third, mobile devices and electronic services make the use of shared goods and services more convenient. According to a report by the United States Department of Commerce in June 2016, quantitative research on

518-491: A certain project or for a short period of time. With freelance workers offering their services in the sharing economy, firms are able to save money on long-term labor costs and increase marginal revenue from their operations. The sharing economy allows workers to set their own hours of work. An Uber driver explains, "the flexibility extends far beyond the hours you choose to work on any given week. Since you don’t have to make any sort of commitment, you can easily take time off for

592-414: A drop-off point. Mobile apps have been written that help a driver be aware of and manage such costs has been introduced. Ridesharing companies have affected traffic congestion and Airbnb has affected housing availability. According to transportation analyst Charles Komanoff, "Uber-caused congestion has reduced traffic speeds in downtown Manhattan by around 8 percent". Depending on the structure of

666-429: A government court punishes the offender to make the legal victim (the government) whole, but any civilian victim does not necessarily receive restitution from the state. In civil law cases, it is the direct victim party, not the state, who receives the compensatory restitution, fees, or fines. While it is possible for both kinds of law to apply to a case, the additional contracts created in sharing economy agreements creates

740-581: A modality of economic production , written in 2004. There are a wide range of actors who participate in the sharing economy. This includes individual users, for-profit enterprises, social enterprise or cooperatives, digital platform companies, local communities, non-profit enterprises and the public sector or the government. Individual users are the actors engaged in sharing goods and resources through "peer-to-peer (P2P) or business-to-peer (B2P) transactions". The for-profit enterprises are those actors who are profit-seekers who buy, sell, lend, rent or trade with

814-536: A modest subscription) or by commercial entities, in which a company provides a service to customers for profit. It relies on the will of the users to share and the overcoming of stranger danger . It provides benefits, for example can lower the GHG emissions of products by 77%-85%. Dariusz Jemielniak and Aleksandra Przegalinska credit Marcus Felson and Joe L. Spaeth's academic article " Community Structure and Collaborative Consumption " published in 1978 with coining

SECTION 10

#1732798780259

888-437: A national (or local) distribution network; whilst at other times (when their fuel or energy requirements outstrip their own production of it) they consume that same fuel or energy from that grid. This is widely done by households by means of PV panels on their roofs generating electricity. Such households may additionally make use of battery storage to increase their share of self-consumed PV electricity, referred to as prosumage in

962-463: A person using commons-based peer production . In the digital and online world, prosumer is used to describe 21st-century online buyers because not only are they consumers of products, but they are able to produce their own products such as, customised handbags, jewellery with initials, jumpers with team logos, etc. In the field of renewable energy, prosumers are households or organisations which at times produce surplus fuel or energy and feed it into

1036-408: A personal car to transport passengers or deliveries requires payment, or sufferance, of costs for fees deducted by the dispatching company, fuel, wear and tear, depreciation, interest, taxes, as well as adequate insurance. The driver is typically not paid for driving to an area where fares might be found in the volume necessary for high earnings, or driving to the location of a pickup or returning from

1110-463: A positive impact on economic growth and welfare, by stimulating new consumption, by raising productivity, and by catalyzing individual innovation and entrepreneurship". An independent data study conducted by Busbud in 2016 compared the average price of hotel rooms with the average price of Airbnb listings in thirteen major cities in the United States. The research concluded that in nine of

1184-476: A report from State Information Center of China , in 2022 sharing economy is still growing and reached about 3.83 trillion yuan (US$ 555 billion). The report also includes an overview of 7 main sectors of China's sharing economy: domestic services, production capacity, knowledge, and skills, shared transportation, shared healthcare, co-working space, and shared accommodation. In most sharing-economy platforms in China

1258-424: Is concerned with whether users are focused on non-profit sharing or maximizing their own profit . Sharing is a model that is adapting to the abundance of resource, whereas for-profit platform capitalism is a model that persists in areas where there is still a scarcity of resources. Yochai Benkler , one of the earliest proponents of open source software, who studied the tragedy of the commons , which refers to

1332-488: Is no longer sharing at all. Rather, consumers are paying to access someone else's goods or services." The article states that companies (such as Uber ) that understand this, and whose marketing highlights the financial benefits to participants, are successful, while companies (such as Lyft ) whose marketing highlights the social benefits of the service are less successful. According to George Ritzer , this trend towards increased consumer input in commercial exchanges refers to

1406-442: Is often associated with the production of tailored goods or services on a large scale production. This increase in participation has flourished following the increasing popularity of Web 2.0 technologies, such as Instagram, Facebook, Twitter and Flickr. In July 2020, an academic description reported on the nature and rise of the "robot prosumer", derived from modern-day technology and related participatory culture , that, in turn,

1480-418: Is often used ambiguously and can imply different characteristics. Survey respondents who had heard of the term had divergent views on what it meant, with many thinking it concerned "sharing" in the traditional sense of the term. To this end, the terms “sharing economy” and “collaborative consumption” have often been used interchangeably. Collaborative consumption refers to the activities and behaviors that drive

1554-433: Is sometimes understood exclusively as a peer-to-peer phenomenon while at times, it has been framed as a business-to-customer phenomenon. Additionally, the sharing economy can be understood to encompass transactions with a permanent transfer of ownership of a resource, such as a sale, while other times, transactions with a transfer of ownership are considered beyond the boundaries of the sharing economy. One definition of

SECTION 20

#1732798780259

1628-538: Is that when information about goods is shared (typically via an online marketplace ), the value of those goods may increase for the business, for individuals, for the community and for society in general. Many state, local and federal governments are engaged in open data initiatives and projects such as data.gov . The theory of open or "transparent" access to information enables greater innovation, and makes for more efficient use of products and services, and thus supporting resilient communities. Unused value refers to

1702-439: Is the mass production of highly customized products. However, to reach a high degree of customization, consumers would have to take part in the production process especially in specifying design requirements. In a sense, this is merely an extension or broadening of the kind of relationship that many affluent clients have had with professionals like architects for many decades. However, in many cases architectural clients are not

1776-501: Is the second ranked bestseller of all time in China, just behind a work by Mao Zedong . Don Tapscott reintroduced the concept in his 1995 book The Digital Economy. , and his 2006 book Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything with Anthony D. Williams. George Ritzer and Nathan Jurgenson, in a widely cited article, claimed that prosumption had become a salient characteristic of Web 2.0 . Prosumers create value for companies without receiving wages. Toffler's Prosumption

1850-449: Is the term most often used, the sharing economy is also referred to as the access economy, crowd-based capitalism, collaborative economy, community-based economy , gig economy , peer economy, peer-to-peer (P2P) economy, platform economy , renting economy and on-demand economy, though at times some of those terms have been defined as separate if related topics. The notion of "sharing economy" has often been considered an oxymoron , and

1924-475: Is very sufficient and the regulations ban from operating private car-sharing services and taxi apps are much more popular. According to The Japan Times (2024) it is possible that car-sharing services will be available in the future, however only in certain areas when taxis are deemed in short supply. The impacts of the access economy in terms of costs, wages and employment are not easily measured and appear to be growing. Various estimates indicate that 30-40% of

1998-457: The 'sharing economy' encompass a wide range of structures including mostly for-profit, and, to a lesser extent, co-operative structures. The sharing economy provides expanded access to products, services and talent beyond one-to-one or singular ownership, which is sometimes referred to as " disownership ". Individuals actively participate as users, providers, lenders or borrowers in varied and evolving peer-to-peer exchange schemes. The usage of

2072-417: The U.S. workforce is self-employed, part-time, temporary or freelancers. However, the exact percentage of those performing short-term tasks or projects found via technology platforms was not effectively measured as of 2015 by government sources. In the U.S., one private industry survey placed the number of "full-time independent workers" at 17.8 million in 2015, roughly the same as 2014. Another survey estimated

2146-643: The US, sharing economy growth may have peaked. A February 2018 study ordered by the European Commission and the Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs indicated the level of collaborative economy development between the EU-28 countries across the transport, accommodation, finance and online skills sectors. The size of the collaborative economy relative to

2220-432: The United States, the sharing economy restructures how legal disputes are resolved and who is considered the victims of potential crime. In the United States's civil law, the dispute is between two individuals, determining which individual (if any) is the victim of the other party. U.S. criminal law considers the actions of a criminal who "victimizes" the state or federal law(s) by breaking said law(s). In criminal law cases,

2294-473: The appeal to this type of work can be seen from a 2015 survey conducted by the Freelancers Union , which showed that around 34% of the U.S. population was involved in freelance work. Freelance work can also be beneficial for small businesses. During their early developmental stages, many small companies can't afford or aren't in need of full-time departments, but rather require specialized work for

Canon EOS D60 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2368-570: The big moments in your life as well, such as vacations, a wedding, the birth of a child, and more." Workers are able to accept or reject additional work based on their needs while using the commodities they already possess to make money. It provides increased flexibility of work hours and wages for independent contractors of the sharing economy Depending on their schedules and resources, workers can provide services in more than one area with different companies. This allows workers to relocate and continue earning income. Also, by working for such companies,

2442-520: The country's legal system, companies involved in the sharing economy may shift legal realm where cases involving sharers is disputed. Technology (such as algorithmic controls) which connects sharers also allows for the development of policies and standards of service. Companies can act as 'guardians' of their customer base by monitoring their employee's behavior. For example, Uber and Lyft can monitor their employees' driving behavior, location, and provide emergency assistance. Several studies have shown that In

2516-547: The creation, production, distribution, trade and consumption of goods, and services. These systems take a variety of forms, often leveraging information technology and the Internet , particularly digital platforms, to facilitate the distribution, sharing and reuse of excess capacity in goods and services. It can be facilitated by nonprofit organizations , usually based on the concept of book-lending libraries, in which goods and services are provided for free (or sometimes for

2590-412: The economy sector. Companies that try to focus on fairness and sharing, instead of just profit motive , are much less common, and have been contrastingly described as platform cooperatives (or cooperativist platforms vs capitalist platforms). In turn, projects like Misplaced Pages , which rely on unpaid labor of volunteers, can be classified as commons-based peer-production initiatives. A related dimension

2664-412: The economy. Classical economics argues that innovation that lowers the cost of goods and services represents a net economic benefit overall. However, like many new technologies and business innovations, this trend is disruptive to existing business models and presents challenges for governments and regulators. For example, should the companies providing the technology platform be liable for the actions of

2738-509: The idea that when people all act solely in our self-interest, they deplete the shared resources they need for their own quality of life, posited that network technology could mitigate this issue through what he called " commons-based peer production ", a concept first articulated in 2002. Benkler then extended that analysis to "shareable goods" in Sharing Nicely: On Shareable Goods and the emergence of sharing as

2812-485: The largest sharing economy platforms, which facilitate and handle contracting and payments on behalf of their subscribers, further underlines an emphasis on access and transaction rather than on sharing. Sharing of resources has been known in business-to-business (B2B) like heavy machinery in agriculture and forestry as well as in business-to-consumer (B2C) like self-service laundry . But three major drivers enable consumer-to-consumer (C2C) sharing of resources for

2886-423: The legal change shifts incentives of consumers towards action. Suggested benefits of the sharing economy include: Freelance work entails better opportunities for employment, as well as more flexibility for workers, since people have the ability to pick and choose the time and place of their work. As freelance workers, people can plan around their existing schedules and maintain multiple jobs if needed. Evidence of

2960-425: The literature. It is also done by businesses which produce biogas and feed it into a gas network while using gas from the same network at other times or in other places. The European Union's Nobel Grid project, which is part of their Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, uses the term in this way, for example. The sharing economy is another context where individuals can act as prosumers. For example, in

3034-448: The local initiatives, especially when it comes to specific niches, are doing even better than global corporations. In China, the sharing economy doubled in 2016, reaching 3.45 trillion yuan ($ 500 billion) in transaction volume, and was expected to grow by 40% per year on average over the next few years, according to the country's State Information Center. In 2017, an estimated 700 million people used sharing economy platforms. According to

Canon EOS D60 - Misplaced Pages Continue

3108-449: The many facets of Internet -based sharing leading to discussions regarding the boundaries and the scope of the sharing economy and regarding the definition of the sharing economy. Arun Sundararajan noted in 2016 that he is "unaware of any consensus on a definition of the sharing economy". As of 2015, according to a Pew Research Center survey, only 27% of Americans had heard of the term "sharing economy". The term "sharing economy"

3182-514: The market in Austin, Texas hotels were required to lower prices by 6 percent to keep up with Airbnb's lower prices. The sharing economy lowers consumer costs via borrowing and recycling items. The sharing economy reduces negative environmental impacts by decreasing the amount of goods needed to be produced, cutting down on industry pollution (such as reducing the carbon footprint and overall consumption of resources) The sharing economy allows

3256-475: The notion of prosumption , which, as such, is not new. Jemielniak and Przegalinska note that the term sharing economy is often used to discuss aspects of the society that do not predominantly relate to the economy, and propose a broader term collaborative society for such phenomena. The term " platform capitalism " has been proposed by some scholars as more correct than "sharing economy" in discussion of activities of for-profit companies like Uber and Airbnb in

3330-778: The number of workers who do at least some freelance work at 53.7 million in 2015, roughly 34% of the workforce and up slightly from 2014. Economists Lawrence F. Katz and Alan B. Krueger wrote in March 2016 that there is a trend towards more workers in alternative (part-time or contract) work arrangements rather than full-time; the percentage of workers in such arrangements rose from 10.1% in 2005 to 15.8% in late 2015. Katz and Krueger defined alternative work arrangements as "temporary help agency workers, on-call workers, contract company workers, and independent contractors or free-lancers". They also estimated that approximately 0.5% of all workers identify customers through an online intermediary; this

3404-663: The only or even primary end-consumers. Toffler has extended these and many other ideas well into the 21st century. Along with more recently published works such as Revolutionary Wealth (2006), one can recognize and assess both the concept and fact of the prosumer as it is seen and felt on a worldwide scale. That these concepts are having a global impact and reach, however, can be measured in part by noting in particular, Toffler's popularity in China . Discussing some of these issues with Newt Gingrich on C-SPAN 's After Words program in June 2006, Toffler mentioned that The Third Wave

3478-440: The opportunity for more cases to be classified as civil law disputes. When the sharing economy is directly involved, the victim is the individual rather than the state. This means the civilian victim of a crime is more likely to receive compensation under a civil law case in the sharing economy than in the criminal law precedent. The introduction of civil law cases has the potential to increase victims' ability to be made whole, since

3552-410: The players at the local level with varied structures and sharing models where most activities are non-monetized and often carried out to further develop the community. The non-profit enterprises have a purpose of "advancing a mission or purpose" for a greater cause and this is their primary motivation which is genuine sharing of resources. In addition, the public sector or the government can participate in

3626-422: The power of crowds connected by information technology. Many people have unused capacity in the course of their day. With social media and information technology, such people can donate small slivers of time to take care of simple tasks that others need doing. Examples of these crowdsourcing solutions include the for-profit Amazon Mechanical Turk and the non-profit Ushahidi . Christopher Koopman, an author of

3700-464: The provision of goods (partial transfer of the property bundle of rights) or services (ad hoc or casual services) in exchange for monetary payment through an online platform operated by a third party (Platform Operator) with an active role in the definition and development of the legal conditions upon which the goods and services are provided." Under this definition, the "Sharing Economy" is a triangular legal structure with three different legal actors: "1)

3774-489: The roles of consumers and producers has its origins in the cooperative self-help movements that sprang up during various economic crises, e.g. the Great Depression of the 1930s. Marshall McLuhan and Barrington Nevitt suggested in their 1972 book Take Today , (p. 4) that with electric technology, the consumer would become a producer. In the 1980 book, The Third Wave , futurologist Alvin Toffler coined

SECTION 50

#1732798780259

3848-505: The sharing economy by "using public infrastructures to support or forge partnerships with other actors and to promote innovative forms of sharing". Lizzie Richardson noted that sharing economy "constitutes an apparent paradox, framed as both part of the capitalist economy and as an alternative". A distinction can be made between free sharing, such as genuine sharing, and for-profit sharing, often associated with companies such as Uber , Airbnb , and TaskRabbit . Commercial co-options of

3922-562: The sharing economy in Japan in 2021 was 2.4 trillion yen. It is expected to expand up to 14.2799 trillion yen in FY2030. Overall the Japanese environment is not well suited for the development of a sharing economy. Industries do not seek new revolutionary solutions and some services are banned. For example, for ride-hailing services, Uber is not very popular in Japan as the public transport

3996-497: The sharing economy, developed to integrate existing understandings and definitions, based on a systematic review is: "the sharing economy is an IT-facilitated peer-to-peer model for commercial or non-commercial sharing of underutilized goods and service capacity through an intermediary without transfer of ownership" The phenomenon has been defined from a legal perspective as "a for-profit, triangular legal structure where two parties (Providers and Users) enter into binding contracts for

4070-654: The sharing economy, individuals can be providers (e.g., Airbnb hosts, Uber drivers) and consumers (e.g., Airbnb guests, and Uber passengers). Prosumers are one avenue to grow the sharing economy. Scholars have connected prosumer culture to the concept of McDonaldization , as advanced by sociologist George Ritzer . Referring to the business model of McDonald's , which has emphasized efficiency for management while getting customers to invest more effort and time themselves (such as by cleaning up after themselves in restaurants), McDonaldization gets prosumers to perform more work without paying them for their labor. The blurring of

4144-492: The sharing economy, making the two concepts closely interrelated. A definition published in the Journal of Consumer Behavior in 2015 emphasizes these synergies: “Collaborative consumption takes place in organized systems or networks, in which participants conduct sharing activities in the form of renting, lending, trading, bartering, and swapping of goods, services, transportation solutions, space, or money.” The sharing economy

4218-486: The size and growth of the sharing economy remains sparse. Growth estimates can be challenging to evaluate due to different and sometimes unspecified definitions about what sort of activity counts as sharing economy transactions. The report noted a 2014 study by PricewaterhouseCoopers , which looked at five components of the sharing economy: travel, car sharing, finance, staffing and streaming. It found that global spending in these sectors totaled about $ 15 billion in 2014, which

4292-411: The space is rented, not shared. Airbnb listings additionally are often owned by property management corporations. This has led to a number of legal challenges, with some jurisdiction ruling, for example, that ride sharing through for-profit services like Uber de facto makes the drivers indistinguishable from regular employees of ride sharing companies. The escrow -like model practiced by several of

4366-431: The suppliers in their network? Should persons in their network be treated as employees, receiving benefits such as healthcare and retirement plans? If consumers tend to be higher income persons while the suppliers are lower-income persons, will the lower cost of the services (and therefore lower compensation of the suppliers) worsen income inequality? These are among the many questions the on-demand economy presents. Using

4440-482: The term economy of sharing . The term "sharing economy" began to appear around the time of the Great Recession , enabling social technologies, and an increasing sense of urgency around global population growth and resource depletion . Lawrence Lessig was possibly first to use the term in 2008, though others claim the origin of the term is unknown. There is a conceptual and semantic confusion caused by

4514-417: The term "prosumer" when he predicted that the role of producers and consumers would begin to blur and merge (even though he described it in his book Future Shock from 1970). Toffler envisioned a highly saturated marketplace as mass production of standardized products began to satisfy basic consumer demands. To continue growing profit , businesses would initiate a process of mass customization , that

SECTION 60

#1732798780259

4588-415: The term sharing by for-profit companies has been described as "abuse" and "misuse" of the term, or more precisely, its commodification . In commercial applications, the sharing economy can be considered a marketing strategy more than an actual 'sharing economy' ethos; for example, Airbnb has sometimes been described as a platform for individuals to 'share' extra space in their homes, but in some cases,

4662-463: The thirteen cities, Airbnb rates were lower than hotel rates by an average price of $ 34.56. A further study conducted by Busbud compared the average hotel rate with the average Airbnb rate in eight major European cities. The research concluded that the Airbnb rates were lower than the hotel rates in six of the eight cities by a factor of $ 72. Data from a separate study shows that with Airbnb's entry into

4736-474: The time over which products, services, and talents lay idle. This idle time is wasted value that business models and organizations that are based on sharing can potentially utilize. The classic example is that the average car is unused 95% of the time. This wasted value can be a significant resource, and hence an opportunity, for sharing economy car solutions. There is also significant unused value in "wasted time", as articulated by Clay Shirky in his analysis of

4810-435: The time. Technological breakthroughs and a rise in user participation blurs the line between production and consumption activities, with the consumer becoming a prosumer. Prosumers have been defined as "individuals who consume and produce value, either for self-consumption or consumption by others, and can receive implicit or explicit incentives from organizations involved in the exchange." The term has since come to refer to

4884-600: The total EU economy was estimated to be €26.5 billion in 2016. Some experts predict that shared economy could add between €160 and €572 billion to the EU economy in the upcoming years. According to "The Sharing Economy in Europe" from 2022 the sharing economy is spreading rapidly and widely in today's European societies; however, the sharing economy requires more regulation at European level because of increasing problems related to its functioning. The authors also suggest that sometimes

4958-552: The transaction costs associated with occupational licenses are significantly lowered. For example, in New York City, taxi drivers must have a special driver's license and undergo training and background checks, while Uber contractors can offer "their services for little more than a background check". The percentage of seniors in the work force increased from 20.7% in 2009 to 23.1% in 2015, an increase in part attributed to additional employment as gig workers. A common premise

5032-416: The use of digital platforms as means to collaborate with other actors. The social enterprises, sometimes referred to as cooperatives, are mainly "motivated by social or ecological reasons" and seek to empower actors as means of genuine sharing. Digital platforms are technology firms that facilitate the relationship between transacting parties and make profits by charging commissions. The local communities are

5106-675: The user profiles connected to WeChat or Alipay which require real name and identification, which ensures that service abuse is minimised. This fact contributes to an increase in interest for shared healthcare services. According to TIARCENTER and the Russian Association of Electronic Communications, eight key verticals of Russia's sharing economy (C2C sales, odd jobs, car sharing, carpooling, accommodation rentals, shared offices, crowdfunding, and goods sharing) grew 30% to 511 billion rubles ($ 7.8 billion) in 2018. According to Sharing Economy Association of Japan, The market size of

5180-520: Was consistent with two others studies that estimated the amount at 0.4% and 0.6%. At the individual transaction level, the removal of a higher overhead business intermediary (say a taxi company) with a lower cost technology platform helps reduce the cost of the transaction for the customer while also providing an opportunity for additional suppliers to compete for the business, further reducing costs. Consumers can then spend more on other goods and services, stimulating demand and production in other parts of

5254-440: Was further developed by Tomasz Szymusiak in 2013 and 2015 in two marketing books. Technological breakthrough has fastened the development of prosumption. With the help of additive manufacturing techniques, for example, co-creation takes place at different production stages: design, manufacturing and distribution stages. It also takes place between individual customers, leading to co-design communities. Similarly, mass customisation

5328-455: Was only about 5% of the total spending in those areas. The report also forecasted a possible increase of "sharing economy" spending in these areas to $ 335 billion by 2025, which would be about 50% of the total spending in these five areas. A 2015 PricewaterhouseCoopers study found that nearly one-fifth of American consumers partake in some type of sharing economy activity. A 2017 report by Diana Farrell and Fiona Greig suggested that at least in

5402-437: Was substantially predicted earlier by science fiction writers . Prosumer capitalism has been criticized as promoting "new forms of exploitation through unpaid work gamified as fun". Identifiable trends and movements outside of the mainstream economy which have adopted prosumer terminology and techniques include: Sharing economy The sharing economy is a socio - economic system whereby consumers share in

5476-426: Was well described and expanded in economic terms by Philip Kotler , who saw them as a new challenge for marketers. Kotler anticipated that people will also want to play larger role in designing certain goods and services they consume, furthermore modern computers will permit them to do it. He also described several forces that would lead to more prosumption like activities, and to more sustainable lifestyles, that topic

#258741