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40-543: The Class EF81 is a six-axle Bo-Bo-Bo wheel arrangement multi-voltage AC / DC electric locomotive type operated on passenger and freight services in Japan since 1968. As of 1 April 2016, 44 locomotives remained in service, operated by JR Freight , JR East , and JR West . 152 locomotives were built from 1968 to 1979 in three batches and numbered EF81 1 to EF81 152. 14 EF81-0 locomotives were later modified to become Class EF81-400. The prototype locomotive, EF81 1,

80-528: A lot of sideplay. A similar arrangement, but without separate traction motors for each axle, would be a B′B′B′ arrangement as UIC, indistinguishably B-B-B in AAR. This arrangement has been used for electric locos with three monomotor bogies , such as the Italian FS Class E.632 of 1982. These are a pair of Bo′Bo′Bo′ locomotives semi-permanently coupled as a single unit. They are each constructed with

120-567: A single cab, giving a cab at each end. This layout includes Russian freight electric locomotives VL15 , VL85 , VL86f and the experimental gas turbine electric locomotive GT1h -001, which was converted from an electric locomotive VL15. New Zealand DJ class locomotive The New Zealand DJ class locomotive is a type of diesel-electric locomotive in service on the New Zealand rail network . The class were built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and introduced from 1968 to 1969 for

160-689: A top speed of 62 miles (100 km) and max axle load of 10.7 tons were specified. A World Bank modernisation loan was obtained in December 1965 for a four-year term to December 1969, allowing the Cabinet Works Committee in February 1966 to call tenders for 55 1,000-1,200  horsepower diesel locomotives for the South Island, and 34 locomotives of 1400-1600 horsepower to complete North Island dieselisation. The expectation

200-673: A variation of the "International Orange" livery, with blue in place of orange and large white numbers on the long hoods . These new engines and modifications made the DJ class more reliable. The introduction of the Traffic Monitoring System (TMS) in 1979 saw the locomotives renumbered. Following the arrival of more powerful locomotives in the South Island such as the General Motors DF class and General Electric DX class locomotives in 1979 and 1988 respectively,

240-804: Is extensively used on Italian and Japanese railways. Other examples include New Zealand 's DJ , EW and EF classes; the Eurotunnel Class 9 locomotives, which were themselves derived from the New Zealand EF class; the Swiss SBB Re 6/6 (Re 620); the Russia Railways VL65 , EP1 (EP1M), EP10 and EP20 ; and the South Korean Korail Class 8000 . China imported 6K electric locomotive from Japan between 1986 and 1987. The Bo-Bo-Bo design

280-557: The DG class A1A-A1A and DI class Co-Co locomotives, which had been built for similar purposes. When working in multiple with these classes, it was common practice to have the DJ as the lead locomotive due to its superior cab conditions and visibility. Following the arrival of the full order of the DJ class locomotives, steam traction on freight ended on the East Coast in March 1969 and

320-491: The E.626 , used a Bo′BoBo′ layout, where the two centre axles were mounted on a rigid frame and only the outer pairs on bogies. This wheel arrangement requires either an articulated frame (becoming a Bo+Bo+Bo arrangement) or else significant side play on the center bogie. The Italian locomotives and New Zealand EW class are articulated, whereas the Eurotunnel and New Zealand EF and DJ class locomotives' central bogies have

360-602: The EW class and the EF class . In both cases, this wheel arrangement was used to provide a lower axle-load due to track conditions as well, particularly in the case of the DJs, a shorter wheelbase more suited to sharp curvature on secondary or tertiary routes. With the ongoing introduction of diesel locomotives to the New Zealand railway network, various options to replace steam traction in

400-653: The Joban Line , and received the standard JNR AC/DC livery of pale red. As of 1 April 2016, only one Class EF81-300 locomotive remained in service, EF81 303, operated by JR Freight and based at Moji Depot. 14 locomotives were built in 1986 and 1987 and to replace ageing Class EF30 hauling services through the Kanmon Tunnel. Although some locomotives operating on a few " Blue Train " services served some railway lines in Kyushu, in particular sections of

440-597: The Kagoshima Main Line and the Nippō Main Line as well as the entire Nagasaki Main Line . Locomotives EF81 409 to 414 were withdrawn between March 1996 and December 2010. As of 1 April 2016, three Class EF81-400 locomotives remained in service, EF81 403/404/406, all operated by JR Freight and based at Moji Depot. Five locomotives built in 1991 and 1992 for use hauling freight services through

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480-1045: The Kanmon Tunnel . Locomotives EF81 451 and 452 have modern-style headlight clusters. As of 1 April 2016, all five Class EF81-450 locomotives remained in service, operated by JR Freight and based at Moji Depot. Three locomotives, EF81 501 to 503, were built by Hitachi in 1989 for JR Freight for use on freight services along the Sea of Japan coastal route. As of 1 April 2016, all three Class EF81-500 locomotives remained in service, operated by JR Freight and based at Moji Depot. These are former Class EF81-0 locomotives renumbered from May 2012 by JR Freight to differentiate them from locomotives fitted with driving recording units mandated for operations over 100 km/h (60 mph). As of 1 April 2016, 14 Class EF81-600 locomotives remained in service, operated by JR Freight and based at Moji and Toyama Depots. In August 2014, JR East Tabata-based locomotive EF81 81

520-716: The New Zealand Railways Department (NZR) with a modernisation loan from the World Bank to replace steam locomotives in the South Island , where all of the class members worked most of their lives. Nine of the locomotives remain in use, mainly with Dunedin Railways . They are the second class of locomotive in New Zealand to utilise the Bo-Bo-Bo wheel arrangement , the other classes being

560-498: The 11-hour run, summer South Island Limited in 1968–69 with two DJ locomotives, or one DJ and one DG locomotive pulling up to 14 carriages on the service. Following the introduction of the Southerner passenger train between Christchurch and Invercargill in 1970, the DJ class were chosen as the preferred locomotive for this train. Three locomotives were specifically repainted in a new blue livery dubbed "Southerner Blue" to match

600-691: The 1990s. The locomotive hauled a few special excursions for the Railway Enthusiasts Society in the South Island. In 1995, the locomotive was transferred to Hutt Workshops in the North Island. Following a repaint at Hutt Workshops, DJ3096 was transferred to Kawerau to work as a heavy shunter. In 2000, the locomotive was allocated to Whangārei , for use in Northland, including working the Dargaville Branch , and

640-552: The DJ class cut running times by more than an hour, on the steep route with three 1/35 grades in 1976-8 and hauling loads of up to 250 passengers. Other passenger duties included the Christchurch - Greymouth passenger train (rebranded as the TranzAlpine from 1987) following the end of railcar services in 1976. The greatest improvement offered by the DJ over the J class steam locomotives was in hill climbing particularly on

680-596: The DJ class to enter service in 1968. Their use on West Coast coal trains allowed the track upgrades to be deferred. The first DJ class locomotive to be withdrawn from service were DJs 1205 and 1220, which were withdrawn in April 1973 after both were involved in a collision at Balclutha on 20 December 1972. The first mainstream withdrawals of the DJ class took place in September 1986 when DJs 3073, 3165, 3263, 3355, 3361, 3447, 3453 and 3608 were withdrawn from service; five of

720-571: The DJ class were cascaded to lesser duties on branch lines or as freight locomotives. Due to their multiple-unit capabilities, the DJ class were regularly seen operating in multiple with members of the DG class, or less frequently with members of the DF, DI and DX classes. The class were also used in banker service on the West Coast, with at two locomotives at any time used to assist trains out of Reefton across

760-564: The Greymouth-Otira section of the Midland line and in moving heavy slow freight. Although soundly built, the locomotives were plagued initially by reliability issues. The NZR Chief Mechanical Engineer concluded the correct rating of the DJ class engines at 797 horsepower (594 kW). The locomotives suffered from overheating problems and turbocharger blowouts. Unavailability and maintenance cost excesses meant NZR management viewed

800-519: The ORB line in 1991, DJ3303 was placed in storage before being sold for preservation to Mainline Steam. Ten of the class were also moved to Hutt Workshops in 1990 for storage as a back-up in case of traffic increases or failures of other locomotives, or possible sale to other buyers. Most were later scrapped, apart from three moved to Upper Hutt. The last DJ locomotive in service was DJ3096 (D 1209), retained by New Zealand Rail as part of its Heritage Fleet in

840-618: The Portland-Port Whangarei wood chips circuit. In 2008 the locomotive was sold to the Dunedin Railways by the then national rail operator Toll Rail after forty years of service. Eleven DJ class locomotives survived into preservation, with two being subsequently scrapped. Five were purchased by the then Taieri Gorge Railway (now Dunedin Railways ) for use in tourist train service, while another four were purchased by Mainline Steam Heritage Trust . One unit each

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880-645: The Reefton Saddle. Although largely obsolete by this time, the DJ class received a stay of execution on the West Coast in the late 1980s following the introduction of the DC class locomotives from the North Island. The West Coast branch lines to Rapahoe and Ngakawau had not been upgraded with heavier rail to carry larger trains and the DC class hauling heavy coal trains were damaging the track. Due to their light axle loading, no major track upgrades had been required to allow

920-570: The South Island were investigated. The new locomotives would need to be capable of both mainline running and also be light enough to work on secondary main lines, the West Coast system, west of Otira and the Main North Line , which would not be upgraded before 1979 to support the 13-14 ton axle load of modern diesel locomotive classes and on weight-restricted branch lines, particularly in Otago and Southland. The locomotives were specified to have

960-730: The West Coast in July 1969. When the DJ class were ordered, no provision was made for train heating, which prevented the class from being used on the overnight expresses. Eventually, steam heat vans were transferred from the North Island Night Limited when the Silver Star was delivered a year late in November 1971. The DJ class were the first locomotives in New Zealand to employ an AC/DC transmission; all previous diesel locomotive types had DC/DC transmissions. AC current

1000-465: The World Bank, the World Bank, therefore, financed only low tenders which delivered locomotives quickly to complete conversion of NZR to diesel traction at the earliest date possible. The final cost of the DJ locomotives did not offer the cost advantage expected, and this was only partly due to inflation and differences in exchange rates. After delivery of all the DJ class, the cost of 69 DJ and DI

1040-408: The class poorly compared with the well-tested D class. NZR did not want to re-engine the DJ class with new Caterpillar engines and gained Labour Government approval in 1973 to re-engine the DJ class with 1,200 horsepower (890 kW) English Electric Paxman Ventura engines. This was not financed and in November 1977 it was announced that the DJ class would receive new Caterpillar D398 engines,

1080-589: The locomotives were placed in storage in Invercargill. In March 1988 the Railways Corporation began progressively introducing single-manning of trains. The DJ class, along with the DA class, were deemed to be not suitable for single-manning due to their cab configuration. Withdrawals continued until the penultimate locomotive, DJ3159, was withdrawn in July 1992. The last remaining locomotive, DJ3096,

1120-438: The order was placed with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries of Japan for 55 Bo-Bo-Bo diesel-electric locomotives. Mitsubishi offered tenders 25-35% lower in cost than its main rivals, at a unit cost of £44,000, compared with General Motors £72,000, English Electric £70,000 and Associated Electrical Industries £58,000. Both General Motors and English Electric were shocked to lose the South Island locomotive contract. The World Bank,

1160-504: The pressure to accept one of the low Japanese tenders, was not out of any preference for a specific manufacturer, but out of growing dissatisfaction in Washington by the administrations of Lyndon B. Johnson and later Richard Nixon for the use of the World Bank development loans for infrastructure projects in advanced nations. The Minister of Finance, Robert Muldoon , clashed with United States' officials regarding New Zealand's use of

1200-448: The running number to differentiate them from the other members of the sub-class fitted. As of 1 April 2016, 18 Class EF81-0 locomotives remained in service, operated by JR East and JR West . Four locomotives were built between 1973 and 1975 by Hitachi with unpainted corrugated stainless steel bodies for use on services through the undersea Kanmon Tunnel to Kyushu . In 1978, locomotives EF81 301 and 302 were transferred to

1240-490: The same type used in the Silver Fern railcars and later DH class locomotives. The new engines were rated at 900 horsepower (670 kW) but downrated to 840 horsepower (630 kW), with additional modifications fitting rectangular header tanks to the locomotives' roofs above the radiator and fitting additional air intakes, nicknamed "flyswatters" due to their shape. At the same time, the locomotives were repainted in

JNR Class EF81 - Misplaced Pages Continue

1280-540: The train, although it was not unusual to see a red DJ locomotive hauling the Southerner on occasion. With fewer stops, the DJ class hauling the lighter, 200 ton eight carriage Southerner offered a slightly higher stop-to-start average speed than the steam-hauled South Island Limited, with 47 miles (76 km) average speed between Ashburton and Timaru and between Ashburton and Christchurch. On the Picton Express

1320-554: Was $ 10.204 million compared with $ 10.251 million for the 54 DA class locomotives delivered on average 18 months earlier. The second delayed order of nine was placed on 1 November 1967. The cost of these additional locomotives was met by the balance of the World Bank loan. The DJ class locomotives were designed as a versatile mixed-traffic diesel-electric locomotive capable of being used in mainline service or on branch lines where their light axle loading of 10.66 tonnes gave them an advantage on lightly laid lines over heavier types such as

1360-492: Was applied to SS7 series except SS7E. Locomotives of this type are also used on Myanmar railways . The State Rail Authority of New South Wales , Australia built the last of its 86 Class electric locomotives (8650) in the Bo-Bo-Bo arrangement (called locally a Tri-Bo), but this did not prove successful and it spent long periods out of traffic undergoing repair. The first Italian six-axle electric locomotives, such as

1400-433: Was built by Hitachi , and delivered in 1968. Locomotives EF81 137 onward were built with sun-visor plates above the cab windows. These were also subsequently retro-fitted to locomotives EF81 133 to 136. The prototype, EF81 1, was withdrawn on 31 March 2004. From May 2012, JR Freight locomotives not fitted with driving recording units mandated for operations over 100 km/h (60 mph) were renumbered by adding "600" to

1440-526: Was recorded in February 1991 when a DJ hauled the train from Invercargill to Dunedin. One locomotive, DJ3303 (D 1229) was given a reprieve on withdrawal in March 1988 after it was sold to the Ohai Railway Board (ORB) for use on their line between Wairio and Ohai. At the time the DJ was the largest industrial locomotive in New Zealand and was repainted in the ORB's yellow livery as their No. 3. After New Zealand Rail Limited took over running of

1480-415: Was rectified to DC using silicon rectifiers feeding the traction motors. They were also turbocharged with a 1,050 horsepower (780 kW) rating, but were only safe for five minutes an hour at that rating, with operation at 975 horsepower (727 kW) for an hour on, and 835 horsepower (623 kW) for the next hour. The locomotives were not reliable for the entire length of their first passenger use on

1520-481: Was repainted into a JNR-period imperial train locomotive livery, consisting of "rose pink" (Red No. 13) with silver bodyside stripe. As of April 2016, four members of the class are preserved. Bo-Bo-Bo The Bo-Bo-Bo configuration is often used to lower axle weight while keeping lateral forces low compared to a locomotive with two three-axle bogies, thus allowing the locomotive to use lightly laid track, in particular narrow-gauge railways . The arrangement

1560-641: Was retained initially in storage and later as a working locomotive as part of the New Zealand Rail Heritage Fleet. In order to prolong the service life of the remaining locomotives as they were prepared for withdrawal, most of the DJ class locomotives had their top power notch made inoperable with the exception of DJs 3009, 3015, 3021, 3038 and 3044, which were at the time being used to haul the Southerner. The last DJ-worked Southerner service took place in June 1990 although one final instance

1600-658: Was that the General Motors Electro-Motive Division (EMD) offering would win the tender - either the EMD G8 (NZR D class) or EMD G12 (NZR D class) locomotives already in use by NZR for both islands or the newer EMD G18 model, which was recommended. In addition, five of the English Electric D class locomotives were already in service with NZR at the time and were the prototype for the tender specifications. On 1 August 1966

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