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81-535: Data processing of legal texts at the European Commission started way back in the 1960s, still using punch cards at the time. A system was being developed to capture relationships between documents and analyse them to extract and re-use metadata , but also to make retrieval easier. Through the years, the system and its scope grew as the Commission started collaborating with other institutions of

162-519: A legal personality for the EU. Article 48 deals with the method of treaty amendment; specifically the ordinary and simplified revision procedures. Article 49 deals with applications to join the EU and article 50 with withdrawal . Article 51 deals with the protocols attached to the treaties and article 52 with the geographic application of the treaty. Article 53 states the treaty is in force for an unlimited period, article 54 deals with ratification and 55 with

243-455: A search engine (IDOL by HP Autonomy ) using various search forms. It is possible to search by document references, dates, text and a multitude of metadata. Registered users have the option of using the expert search and performing searches using Boolean operators . Texts and their metadata can be retrieved, displayed and downloaded in various formats ( html , pdf , xml ). For simultaneous work with several language versions, users can use

324-570: A decade since they each came into force, the latest being the Treaty of Lisbon which came into force in 2009. The Lisbon Treaty also made the Charter of Fundamental Rights legally binding, though it remains a separate document. Following the preamble the treaty text is divided into six parts. The first deals with common provisions. Article 1 establishes the European Union on the basis of

405-449: A later development, with a computer used instead of several independent pieces of equipment. The Census Bureau first made limited use of electronic computers for the 1950 United States Census , using a UNIVAC I system, delivered in 1952. The term data processing has mostly been subsumed by the more general term information technology (IT). The older term "data processing" is suggestive of older technologies. For example, in 1996

486-544: A legal personality does not entitle the EU to act beyond its competencies. Declaration 43 allows Mayotte to change to the status of outermost region . As well as the two main treaties, their protocols and the Charter of Fundamental Rights; the Treaty Establishing a European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) is still in force as a separate treaty. Title one outlines the tasks of Euratom. Title two contains

567-542: A limited number of member states to co-operate within the EU if others are blocking integration in that field. Chapter 1 of this title includes articles 21 and 22. Article 21 deals with the principles that outline EU foreign policy; including compliance with the UN charter , promoting global trade, humanitarian support and global governance. Article 22 gives the European Council, acting unanimously, control over defining

648-563: A list of events and pertaining documents. Procedures can be accessed via the search or from one of the procedure documents. These documents, authored by the Court of Justice of the European Union , form sector 6 and include, inter alia, judgments , orders, rulings and opinions of the Advocates General . EUR-Lex stores also international agreements (sector 2), parliamentary questions (sector 9), EFTA acts, which include also acts by

729-460: A list of links to information about the national implementing measures (sector 7). The database contains also documents preceding legal acts, such as legislative proposals, reports, green and white papers , etc. (sector 5). Some proposals never make it past the preparatory stage, but are still available for consultation. Each legislative procedure is presented in EUR-Lex with a timeline and

810-600: A national referendum rejected membership, leading Norway to abandon their ratification of the treaty of accession. The first treaty was signed in Brussels on 22 January 1972 and the second in Corfu on 24 June 1994. The European Constitution was a treaty that would have repealed and consolidated all previous overlapping treaties (except the Euratom treaty) into a single document. It also made changes to voting systems, simplified

891-507: A number of member states, following a "period of reflection", the constitution in that form was scrapped and replaced by the Treaty of Lisbon . Although not formally part of European Union law , several closely related treaties have been signed outside the framework of the EU and its predecessors between the member states because the EU lacked authority to act in the field. After the EU obtained such autonomy, many of these conventions were gradually replaced by EU instruments. Following on from

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972-581: A search or by browsing. EUR-Lex contains all EU law (sectors 3 and 4), which can be retrieved by browsing or using the search options. The main types of acts under this heading are EU treaties (sector 1), directives , regulations , decisions as well as consolidated legislation (sector 0), etc. Consolidation is the integration of a basic legal act and all of its successive amendments and corrigenda into one easy-to-read document. Consolidated texts are intended for use as reference and have no legal value. Acts which require transposition are published with

1053-471: A subset of EU member states due to a lack of unanimity. The Schengen Treaty and Convention of 1985 and 1990 respectively were agreed to in this manner, but were subsequently incorporated into EU law by the Amsterdam Treaty with the remaining EU member states that had not signed the treaty being given an opt-out from implementing it. Others agreements signed as intergovernmental treaties outside

1134-476: A timetable annexed to Council Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2015/2264. While each document (and each language version) is an individual part of the database, the content is grouped into sectors. There are currently 12 sectors, each represented by a number or a letter: In 1998 the Official Journal of the European Union (OJ) started being published online, on EUR-Lex. From 1 July 2013, the digital version of

1215-564: A transitional basis, the institutions of the Union have been exempted from the obligation to draft or translate all acts, including judgments of the Court of Justice, in the Irish language. The derogation was reviewed every five years until Irish received full status as a working language of the EU joining the other 23 official languages of the EU on 1 January 2022. It is gradually reduced according to

1296-826: A treaty for a European Political Community to ensure democratic accountability of the new army, but it was abandoned when the Defence Community treaty was rejected. Other early examples include the Statute of the European School of 1957, the Naples Convention of 1967 on customs cooperation, the Brussels Convention of 1968 on jurisdiction in civil matters, the Convention setting up a European University Institute on 1972 and

1377-555: Is a common access point to national law of each country of European Union. It is an interface between users and databases of national legislation. Data processing Data processing is the collection and manipulation of digital data to produce meaningful information. Data processing is a form of information processing , which is the modification (processing) of information in any manner detectable by an observer. Data processing may involve various processes, including: The United States Census Bureau history illustrates

1458-421: Is a combination of machines , people, and processes that for a set of inputs produces a defined set of outputs . The inputs and outputs are interpreted as data , facts , information etc. depending on the interpreter's relation to the system. A term commonly used synonymously with data or storage (codes) processing system is information system . With regard particularly to electronic data processing ,

1539-579: Is composed of the number of the sector, then 4 digits for the year, then one or two letters for the type of document and finally 2-4 digits for the number of the document. For example, the CELEX number of the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive is 32012L0019 (3 is the sector, legislation; 2012 is the year of publication in the OJ; L represents EU directives and 0019 is the number under which

1620-413: Is enacted by a protocol attached to the treaties), immunities and the effect on treaties signed before 1958 or the date of accession. There are 37 protocols, 2 annexes and 65 declarations that are attached to the treaties to elaborate details, often in connection with a single country, without being in the full legal text. There are 65 declarations attached to the EU treaties. As examples, these include

1701-594: Is then signed by all the national leaders and ratified by each state. While this is the procedure that has been used for all treaties prior to the Lisbon Treaty, an actual European Convention (essentially, a constitutional convention ) has only been called twice. First in the drafting of the Charter of Fundamental Rights with the European Convention of 1999–2000 . Second with the Convention on

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1782-663: The Data Processing Management Association (DPMA) changed its name to the Association of Information Technology Professionals . Nevertheless, the terms are approximately synonymous. Commercial data processing involves a large volume of input data, relatively few computational operations, and a large volume of output. For example, an insurance company needs to keep records on tens or hundreds of thousands of policies, print and mail bills, and receive and post payments. In science and engineering,

1863-682: The EFTA Court and by the EFTA Surveillance Authority (sector E); judgments delivered by courts in contracting states and the EU Court of Justice under the Brussels Regime ; references to national case law concerning EU law (sector 8) and other public documents. While EU documents are numbered in different ways, each of them is assigned a unique, language independent identifier , a CELEX number. This identifier

1944-600: The EU delegations . Article 222, the Solidarity clause states that members shall come to the aid of a fellow member who is subject to a terrorist attack, natural disaster or man-made disaster. This includes the use of military force. Part 6 elaborates on the institutional provisions in the Treaty on European Union. As well as elaborating on the structures, articles 288 to 299 outline the forms of legislative acts and procedures of

2025-531: The European Council to unanimously agree to change the applicable voting procedure in the Council of Ministers to QMV and to change legislation adoption procedure from a special to the ordinary legislative procedure, provided that no national parliament objects. This procedure cannot be used for areas which have defence implications. The fourth amendment procedure is for changing status of some of

2106-515: The European Ombudsman and to contact and receive a reply from EU institutions in their own language. Article 25 requires the commission to report on the implementation of these rights every three years. Part 3 on policies and actions is divided by area into the following titles: the internal market ; the free movement of goods, including the customs union ; agriculture and fisheries ; free movement of people, services and capital ;

2187-769: The Europol Convention of 1995 establishing Europol , the PFI Convention of 1995 on fraud, the Customs Information System Convention of 1995, the Insolvency Convention of 1995, the Convention relating to extradition of 1996, the convention on the fight against corruption of 1997, the Service Convention of 1997 on the service of documents, the convention on matrimonial matters of 1998,

2268-474: The Publications Office of the European Union . The EUR-Lex website was opened to the public in 2001, while CELEX still existed as a separate database until the end of 2004. Subsequently, steps were undertaken to merge the two services and to make them completely free of charge. With the accession of new countries to the European Union and advancements in web and data-processing technologies,

2349-1057: The Treaty Establishing the European Stability Mechanism of 2012 establishing the European Stability Mechanism , the European Fiscal Compact of 2012 on fiscal rules in the eurozone , the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court of 2013 establishing the Unified Patent Court , and the Single Resolution Fund Agreement of 2014 establishing the Single Resolution Fund . However, all these agreements are open to accession by EU member states. The text of

2430-612: The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (originally signed in Rome in 1957 as the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community i.e. The Treaty of Rome), lay out how the EU operates, and there are a number of satellite treaties which are interconnected with them. The treaties have been repeatedly amended by other treaties over the 65 years since they were first signed. The consolidated version of

2511-474: The multilingual display, which is especially useful for translation and linguistics . Registered users can save documents and searches in their EUR-Lex account, create search and print profiles, and set their own RSS feeds based on saved searches. Registered users have access to a plethora of settings with which they can customise their experience on the website. (stored in the account) (only predefined) (custom made based on saved searches) N-Lex

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2592-422: The special member state territories . The status of French, Dutch and Danish overseas territories can be changed more easily, by no longer requiring a full treaty revision. Instead, the European Council may, on the initiative of the member state concerned, change the status of an overseas country or territory (OCT) to an outermost region (OMR) or vice versa. This provision doesn't apply to special territories of

2673-849: The Agreement on the simplification and modernization of extradition requests of 1989, the Dublin Convention of 1990 on asylum, the Arbitration convention of 1990 on double taxation , the Maintenance Convention of 1990, the Transfer of Criminal Proceedings Agreement of 1990, the Convention on the Enforcement of Foreign Criminal Sentences of 1991, the Eurovignette Agreement of 1994, and

2754-750: The Convention Defining the Statute of the European Schools of 1994. Additionally, the convention on mutual recognition of companies and legal persons was signed in 1968 but never entered into force. Likewise, the Community Patent Convention of 1975 and the Agreement relating to Community patents of 1989, which amended the 1975 Convention never entered into force. Article K.3 of the Maastricht Treaty , which entered into force in 1993, authorised

2835-684: The EU . Articles 300 to 309 establish the European Economic and Social Committee , the Committee of the Regions and the European Investment Bank . Articles 310 to 325 outline the EU budget . Finally, articles 326 to 334 establishes provision for enhanced co-operation . Part 7 deals with final legal points, such as territorial and temporal application, the seat of institutions (to be decided by member states, but this

2916-643: The EU legal framework include the EU status of forces agreement of 2003, the EU claims agreement of 2004, the Treaty of Strasbourg of 2004 establishing the Eurocorps , the Treaty of Velsen of 2007 establishing the European Gendarmerie Force , the Prüm Convention of 2005 on the fight against terrorism, the convention on centralised customs clearance of 2009, the Agreement on the protection of classified information of 2011,

2997-625: The EU shall respect the status of religious, philosophical and non-confessional organisations under national law. The second part begins with article 18 which outlaws, within the limitations of the treaties, discrimination on the basis of nationality. Article 19 states the EU will "combat discrimination based on sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation". Articles 20 to 24 establishes EU citizenship and accords rights to it; to free movement, consular protection from other states, vote and stand in local and European elections , right to petition Parliament and

3078-541: The EU's constitutional basis . They establish the various EU institutions together with their remit, procedures and objectives. The EU can only act within the competences granted to it through these treaties and amendment to the treaties requires the agreement and ratification (according to their national procedures) of every single signatory. Two core functional treaties, the Treaty on European Union (originally signed in Maastricht in 1992, The Maastricht Treaty) and

3159-510: The EU's foreign policy. Chapter 2 is further divided into sections. The first, common provisions, details the guidelines and functioning of the EU's foreign policy, including establishment of the European External Action Service and member state's responsibilities. Section 2, articles 42 to 46, deal with military cooperation (including Permanent Structured Cooperation and mutual defence). Article 47 establishes

3240-652: The European Communities to "draw up conventions which it shall recommend to the Member States for adoption in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements" under the newly created Justice and Home Affairs pillar , which was organised on an intergovernmental basis. Concluded under these provisions were the Naples II Convention of 1997 on customs cooperation, the conventions on simplified extradition procedures of 1995,

3321-540: The European Community and lays out the legal value of the treaties. The second article states that the EU is "founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities". The member states share a "society in which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality between women and men prevail". Article 3 then states

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3402-466: The European Council. The President of the European Council can then either call a European Convention (composed of national governments, national parliamentarians, MEPs and representatives from the Commission ) to draft the changes or draft the proposals in the European Council itself if the change is minor. They then proceed with an Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) which agrees the treaty which

3483-540: The European Union and the European Convention on Human Rights . Article 7 deals with the suspension of a member state and article 8 deals with establishing close relations with neighbouring states. Article 9 establishes the equality of national citizens and citizenship of the European Union . Article 10 declares that the EU is founded in representative democracy and that decisions must be taken as closely as possible to citizens. It makes reference to European political parties and how citizens are represented: directly in

3564-424: The European Union and as the Union started expanding . It was named CELEX ( Communitatis Europae Lex ) and soon became a well-used interinstitutional tool. While initially used only internally, the system went through various degrees of availability to the public, including offering content under commercial licences via private companies . Finally, in 1997 a web version was launched and named EUR-Lex, hosted by

3645-678: The Future of Europe which drafted the Constitutional Treaty (which then formed the basis of the Lisbon Treaty). Previously, treaties had been drafted by civil servants. The simplified revision procedure , which applies only to part three of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and cannot increase the powers of the EU, sees changes simply agreed in the European Council by a decision before being ratified by each state. The amendment to article 136 TFEU makes use of

3726-452: The Official Journal bears legal value instead of the paper version, which is now printed on demand only. The e-OJ has an advanced electronic signature which guarantees its authenticity, integrity and inalterability. All the editions of the OJ are available on EUR-Lex, dating back to 1952, when they were available in French , Italian , Dutch and German . They can be easily retrieved via

3807-488: The United Nations . The final sixth point states that the EU shall pursue these objectives by "appropriate means" according with its competences given in the treaties. Article 4 relates to member states' sovereignty and obligations. Article 5 sets out the principles of conferral, subsidiarity and proportionality with respect to the limits of its powers. Article 6 binds the EU to the Charter of Fundamental Rights of

3888-403: The aims of the EU in six points. The first is simply to promote peace, European values and its citizens' well-being. The second relates to free movement with external border controls are in place. Point 3 deals with the internal market . Point 4 establishes the euro. Point 5 states the EU shall promote its values, contribute to eradicating poverty, observe human rights and respect the charter of

3969-588: The amending Convention of 1992 to the EUI Convention, the Agreement on the Suppression of Terrorism of 1979, the Rome Convention of 1980 on contractual obligations, the Convention on double jeopardy of 1987, the Agreement on the application of the Council of Europe Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons of 1987, the Convention abolishing the legalization of documents of 1987,

4050-521: The application of mechanical or electronic calculators . A person whose job was to perform calculations manually or using a calculator was called a " computer ." The 1890 United States Census schedule was the first to gather data by individual rather than household . A number of questions could be answered by making a check in the appropriate box on the form. From 1850 to 1880 the Census Bureau employed "a system of tallying, which, by reason of

4131-841: The area of freedom, justice and security, including police and justice co-operation; transport policy; competition , taxation and harmonisation of regulations (note Article 101 and Article 102 ); economic and monetary policy , including articles on the euro; employment policy; the European Social Fund ; education, vocational training, youth and sport policies; cultural policy; public health; consumer protection; Trans-European Networks ; industrial policy; economic, social and territorial cohesion (reducing disparities in development); research and development and space policy ; environmental policy; energy policy ; tourism; civil protection; and administrative co-operation. Part 4 deals with association of overseas territories. Article 198 sets

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4212-413: The bank. A more sophisticated record keeping system might further identify the transactions— for example deposits by source or checks by type, such as charitable contributions. This information might be used to obtain information like the total of all contributions for the year. The important thing about this example is that it is a system , in which, all transactions are recorded consistently, and

4293-676: The case of Norway , where the treaty was their accession treaty, the treaty (hence, their membership) was also abandoned. Treaties are also put before the European Parliament and while its vote is not binding, it is important; both the Belgian and Italian Parliaments said they would veto the Nice Treaty if the European Parliament did not approve it. The treaties contain a passerelle clause which allows

4374-464: The common commercial (external trade) policy of the EU. Articles 208 to 214 deal with cooperation on development and humanitarian aid for third countries. Article 215 deals with sanctions while articles 216 to 219 deal with procedures for establishing international treaties with third countries. Article 220 instructs the High Representative and Commission to engage in appropriate cooperation with other international organisations and article 221 establishes

4455-489: The convention on driving disqualifications of 1998, and the convention on mutual assistance in criminal matters of 2000. Numerous protocols to these agreements have also been concluded. The JHA was integrated into the EC structures as the area of freedom, security and justice with the Lisbon Treaty 's entry into force in 2009, which has allowed a number of these Conventions to be replaced by EU Regulations or Decisions. Finally, several treaties have been concluded between

4536-399: The core of the treaty on how cooperation in the field is to take place. Title three outlines institutional provisions and has largely been subsumed by the European Union treaties. Title four is on financial provisions and title five on the general and title six is on final provisions. The treaties can be changed in three different ways. The ordinary revision procedure is essentially

4617-439: The corresponding concept is referred to as electronic data processing system . A very simple example of a data processing system is the process of maintaining a check register. Transactions— checks and deposits— are recorded as they occur and the transactions are summarized to determine a current balance. Monthly the data recorded in the register is reconciled with a hopefully identical list of transactions processed by

4698-481: The country is no longer legally bound by them itself. This can only be altered by a future amendment to the treaties. The two principal treaties on which the EU is based are the Treaty on European Union (TEU; Maastricht Treaty , effective since 1993) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU; Treaty of Rome , effective since 1958). These main treaties (plus their attached protocols and declarations) have been altered by amending treaties at least once

4779-534: The different language versions of the treaties. The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union goes into deeper detail on the role, policies and operation of the EU. It is split into seven parts. In principles, article 1 establishes the basis of the treaty and its legal value. Articles 2 to 6 outline the competencies of the EU according to the level of powers accorded in each area. Articles 7 to 14 set out social principles, articles 15 and 16 set out public access to documents and meetings and article 17 states that

4860-560: The directives was published in the OJ). The European Case Law Identifier (ECLI) was introduced by the council, which concluded that for "identification of judicial decisions a standard identifier should be used which is recognisable, readable and understandable by both humans and computers". Documents can be retrieved using ECLI also on EUR-Lex. EUR-Lex offers also the possibility to retrieve documents by their European Legislation Identifier introduced with Council Conclusions of 10 October 2012 (2012/C 325/02). Documents can be retrieved via

4941-427: The evolution of data processing from manual through electronic procedures. Although widespread use of the term data processing dates only from the 1950s, data processing functions have been performed manually for millennia. For example, bookkeeping involves functions such as posting transactions and producing reports like the balance sheet and the cash flow statement . Completely manual methods were augmented by

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5022-401: The following. Declaration 1 affirms that the charter, gaining legal force, reaffirms rights under the European Convention and does not allow the EU to act beyond its conferred competencies. Declaration 4 allocates an extra MEP to Italy. Declaration 7 outlines Council voting procedures to become active after 2014. Declaration 17 asserts the primacy of EU law . Declaration 27 reasserts that holding

5103-397: The increasing number of combinations of classifications required, became increasingly complex. Only a limited number of combinations could be recorded in one tally, so it was necessary to handle the schedules 5 or 6 times, for as many independent tallies." "It took over 7 years to publish the results of the 1880 census" using manual processing methods. The term automatic data processing

5184-434: The legal inception of the European Union (EU)—the principal framework for this unification. The EU inherited many of its present responsibilities from the European Communities (EC), which were founded in the 1950s in the spirit of the Schuman Declaration . Legend for below table: [ Founding ] – [ Amending ] – [ Membership ] Norway applied to join the European Communities/Union on two occasions. Both times

5265-407: The legislative process. Article 13 establishes the institutions in the following order and under the following names: the European Parliament , the European Council , the Council , the European Commission , the Court of Justice of the European Union , the European Central Bank and the Court of Auditors . It obliges co-operation between these and limits their competencies to the powers within

5346-433: The objective of association as promoting the economic and social development of those associated territories as listed in annex 2. The following articles elaborate on the form of association such as customs duties. Part 5 deals with EU foreign policy . Article 205 states that external actions must be in accordance with the principles laid out in Chapter 1 Title 5 of the Treaty on European Union. Article 206 and 207 establish

5427-496: The official EU languages. Language coverage depends on the date of the accession of a country to the EU. All EU law in force on the date of the accession of a new Member State is available in the language of the acceding country as are all documents adopted after this date. Documents repealed or expired before the date of accession are not available in the language of the acceding country. Irish has been an official EU language since 1 January 2007. However, for practical reasons and on

5508-438: The other member states. Legend for below table: [ Amending ] – [ Membership ] Since the end of World War II , sovereign European countries have entered into treaties and thereby co-operated and harmonised policies (or pooled sovereignty ) in an increasing number of areas, in the European integration project or the construction of Europe ( French : la construction européenne ). The following timeline outlines

5589-402: The parliament and by their governments in the council and European Council – accountable to national parliaments . Article 11 establishes government transparency, declares that broad consultations must be made and introduces provision for a petition where at least 1 million citizens may petition the commission to legislate on a matter. Article 12 gives national parliaments limited involvement in

5670-407: The ratification must take place in its national parliament . On some occasions, a state has failed to get a treaty passed by its public in a referendum. In the cases of Ireland and Denmark a second referendum was held after a number of concessions were granted. However, in the case of France and the Netherlands , the treaty was abandoned in favour of a treaty that would not prompt a referendum. In

5751-402: The same method of bank reconciliation is used each time. This is a flowchart of a data processing system combining manual and computerized processing to handle accounts receivable , billing, and general ledger [REDACTED] EU treaties The Treaties of the European Union are a set of international treaties between the European Union (EU) member states which sets out

5832-595: The simplified revision procedure due to the small scope of its change. Any reform to the legal basis of the EU must be ratified according to the procedures in each member state. All states are required to ratify it and lodge the instruments of ratification with the Government of Italy before the treaty can come into force in any respect. In some states, such as Ireland, this is usually a referendum as any change to that state's constitution requires one. In others, such as Belgium , referendums are constitutionally banned and

5913-474: The structure of the EU and advanced co-operation in foreign policy. The treaty was signed in Rome on 29 October 2004 and was due to come into force on 1 November 2006 if it was ratified by all member states. However, this did not occur, with France rejecting the document in a national referendum on 29 May 2005 and then the Netherlands in their own referendum on 1 June 2005. Although it had been ratified by

5994-572: The success of the Treaty of Paris , establishing the European Coal and Steel Community , efforts were made to allow West Germany to rearm within the framework of a common European military structure . The Treaty instituting the European Defence Community was signed by the six members on 27 May 1952, but it never entered into force as it was not ratified by France and Italy. The Common Assembly also began drafting

6075-556: The system needed to be improved. A new version was launched in 2004. In 2014 the website saw another major overhaul, including a new database called "CELLAR". "CELLAR" stores in a single place all metadata and digital content managed by the Publications Office in a harmonized and standardized way. An aligned parallel corpus consisting of 3.9 million EUR-Lex documents in 24 languages, ranging in size from 37 million tokens for Irish to 840 million tokens for English ,

6156-683: The terms data processing and information systems are considered too broad, and the term data processing is typically used for the initial stage followed by a data analysis in the second stage of the overall data handling. Data analysis uses specialized algorithms and statistical calculations that are less often observed in a typical general business environment. For data analysis, software suites like SPSS or SAS , or their free counterparts such as DAP , gretl , or PSPP are often used. These tools are usually helpful for processing various huge data sets, as they are able to handle enormous amount of statistical analysis. A data processing system

6237-540: The traditional method by which the treaties have been amended and involves holding a full inter-governmental conference. The simplified revision procedure was established by the Treaty of Lisbon and only allows for changes which do not increase the power of the EU. While using the passerelle clause does involve amending the treaties, as such, it does allow for a change of legislative procedure in certain circumstances. The ordinary revision procedure for amending treaties requires proposals from an institution to be lodged with

6318-510: The treaties. Article 14 deals with the workings of Parliament and its election, article 15 with the European Council and its president, article 16 with the council and its configurations and article 17 with the commission and its appointment. Article 18 establishes the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and article 19 establishes the Court of Justice. Title 4 has only one article which allows

6399-606: The two core treaties is regularly published by the European Commission. Despite the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the bloc in 2020, its name remains officially on some of the treaties (the SEA, Maastricht, Amsterdam, Nice and Lisbon and all accession treaties between 1972 and 2011) as it was part of the consultation and ratification process as a member state at the time those treaties were drawn up, though

6480-665: Was applied to operations performed by means of unit record equipment , such as Herman Hollerith 's application of punched card equipment for the 1890 United States Census . "Using Hollerith's punchcard equipment, the Census Office was able to complete tabulating most of the 1890 census data in 2 to 3 years, compared with 7 to 8 years for the 1880 census. It is estimated that using Hollerith's system saved some $ 5 million in processing costs" in 1890 dollars even though there were twice as many questions as in 1880. Computerized data processing, or electronic data processing represents

6561-537: Was produced in 2016 and made available in the Sketch Engine . Unannotated data is provided to researchers under a Creative Commons license . At the time of publication, the authors considered the EUR-Lex Corpus the largest parallel corpus built from European language resources, more suitable for linguistically motivated searches than the EUR-Lex official website. On EUR-Lex users can access documents in

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