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96-451: EOT font files can be created from existing TrueType font files using Microsoft's Web Embedding Fonts Tool (WEFT), and other proprietary and open source software (see “External links” below). The font files are made small in size by use of subsetting (only including the needed characters), and by data compression (LZ compression, part of Agfa 's MicroType Express ). Like OTF fonts, EOT supports both Postscript and TrueType outlines for

192-470: A ttcf table that allows access to the fonts within the collection by pointing to individual headers for each included font. The fonts within a collection share the same glyph-outline table, though each font can refer to subsets within those outlines in its own manner, through its cmap , name and loca tables. Collection files bear a .ttc filename extension. In classic Mac OS and macOS, TTC has file type ttcf . The suitcase format for TrueType

288-594: A command-line interface consisting of terse, abbreviated textual commands. In January 1981, Steve Jobs completely took over the Macintosh project. Jobs and a number of Apple engineers visited Xerox PARC in December 1979, three months after the Lisa and Macintosh projects had begun. After hearing about the pioneering GUI technology being developed at Xerox PARC from former Xerox employees like Raskin, Jobs negotiated

384-402: A data file might have only a data fork with no resource fork. A word processor file could contain its text in the data fork and styling information in the resource fork so that an application that does not recognize the styling information can still read the raw text. On the other hand, these forks would challenge interoperability with different operating systems. In copying or transferring

480-521: A " smart font " technology, named TrueType Open in 1994, later renamed to OpenType in 1996 when it merged support of the Adobe Type 1 glyph outlines. Opentype now contains all of the same functionality of Apple TrueType and Apple TrueType GX. TrueType has long been the most common format for fonts on classic Mac OS , Mac OS X , and Microsoft Windows , although Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows also include native support for Adobe's Type 1 format and

576-697: A Mac OS X application. This allows applications that have not been ported to the Carbon API to run on Mac OS X. This is reasonably seamless, though "classic" applications retain their original Mac OS 9 appearance and do not gain the Mac OS X "Aqua" appearance. Early New World ROM PowerPC-based Macs shipped with Mac OS 9.2 as well as Mac OS X. Mac OS 9.2 had to be installed by the user—it was not installed by default on hardware revisions released after Mac OS X 10.4. Most well-written "classic" Mac OS applications function properly under this environment, but compatibility

672-409: A Mac OS file to a non-Mac system, the default implementations would strip the file of its resource fork. Most data files contained only nonessential information in their resource fork, such as window size and location, but program files would be inoperative without their resources. This necessitated such encoding schemes as BinHex and MacBinary , which allowed a user to encode a dual-forked file into

768-466: A difficult time for Apple. Initially planned as Mac OS 7.7, it was renumbered "8" to exploit a legal loophole and accomplish Jobs's goal of terminating third-party manufacturers' licenses to System 7 and shutting down the Macintosh clone market. Mac OS 8 added a number of features from the abandoned Copland project, while leaving the underlying operating system unchanged. A multi-threaded Finder

864-530: A few years after the original release of Mac OS X. Steve Jobs encouraged people to upgrade to Mac OS X by staging a mock funeral for Mac OS 9 at WWDC 2002. PowerPC versions of Mac OS X up to and including Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger include a compatibility layer for running older Mac applications, the Classic Environment. Originally codenamed the "blue box", the environment runs a nearly complete Mac OS 9 operating system, version 9.1 or later, as

960-577: A particular device, led to significant criticism of the operating system, and was a factor in Apple's declining market share at the time. After two aborted attempts at creating a successor to the Macintosh System Software called Taligent and Copland , and a four-year development effort spearheaded by Steve Jobs's return to Apple in 1997, Apple replaced Mac OS with a new operating system in 2001 named Mac OS X . It retained most of

1056-589: A presentation by the PowerPoint client application. These .eot files can be extracted from the '.pptx' file and used directly on web pages. Critical security update for Windows Vista KB969947 resolves several security issues that "could allow remote code execution if a user viewed content rendered in a specially crafted Embedded OpenType (EOT) font". Such fonts could be embedded in Web sites, including those that host user-provided content. TrueType TrueType

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1152-402: A regular TrueType font or an OpenType font with TrueType outlines. Windows end user defined character editor (EUDCEDIT.EXE) creates TrueType font with name EUDC.TTE. An OpenType font with PostScript outlines must have an .otf extension. In principle an OpenType font with TrueType outlines may have an .otf extension, but this has rarely been done in practice. In classic Mac OS and macOS, OpenType

1248-409: A service technician who had been hired earlier that year. Apple's concept for the Macintosh deliberately sought to minimize the user's awareness of the operating system. Many basic tasks that required more operating system knowledge on other systems could be accomplished by mouse gestures and graphic controls on a Macintosh. This would differentiate it from its contemporaries such as MS-DOS , which use

1344-443: A single stream, or inversely take a single stream so-encoded and reconstitute it into a dual-forked file usable by Mac OS. As part of Apple's goal of creating a computer with appliance-like simplicity, there is no explicit distinction made between the operating system software and the hardware it runs on. Because of this, early versions of the operating system do not have a distinct name. The software consists of two user-visible files:

1440-511: A time, except for desk accessories, though special application shells such as Multi-Mac or Switcher (discussed under MultiFinder ) could work around this. Visible changes are best reflected in the version number of the Finder , where major leaps are found between 1.x, 4.x, 5.x, and 6.x. In the late 1990s, Apple retroactively gave these older releases a single name. System: Introduced screenshots using ⌘ Command + ⇧ Shift + 3 Towards

1536-794: A true multi-user operating system, Mac OS 9 does allow multiple desktop users to have their own data and system settings. An improved Sherlock search engine added several new search plug-ins. Mac OS 9 also provides a much improved memory implementation and management. AppleScript was improved to allow TCP/IP and networking control. Mac OS 9 also makes the first use of the centralized Apple Software Update to find and install OS and hardware updates. Other new features included its on-the-fly file encryption software with code signing and Keychain technologies, Remote Networking and File Server packages, and much improved list of USB drivers . Mac OS 9 also added some transitional technologies to help application developers adopt some Mac OS X features before

1632-666: A visit to see the Xerox Alto computer and Smalltalk development tools in exchange for Apple stock options. The final Lisa and Macintosh operating systems use concepts from the Xerox Alto, but many elements of the graphical user interface were created by Apple including the menu bar, pull-down menus, and the concepts of drag and drop and direct manipulation . Unlike the IBM PC , which uses 8 kB of system ROM for power-on self-test (POST) and basic input/output system ( BIOS ),

1728-527: Is virtual memory support, an essential subsystem anticipated for years, which only exists for previous Systems in a third party extension named Virtual from Connectix . Accompanying this was a move to 32-bit memory addressing , necessary for the ever-increasing amounts of RAM available to the Motorola 68030 CPU, and 68020 CPUs with a 68851 PMMU . This process involves making all of the routines in OS code use

1824-474: Is a consolidation release of the Macintosh system software, producing a complete, stable, and long-lasting operating system. Two major hardware introductions requiring additional support under System 6 are the 68030 processor and 1.44 MB SuperDrive debuting with the Macintosh IIx and Macintosh SE/30 . Later updates include support for the first specialized laptop features with the introduction of

1920-610: Is an outline font standard developed by Apple in the late 1980s as a competitor to Adobe 's Type 1 fonts used in PostScript . It has become the most common format for fonts on the classic Mac OS , macOS , and Microsoft Windows operating systems. The primary strength of TrueType was originally that it offered font developers a high degree of control over precisely how their fonts are displayed, right down to particular pixels , at various font sizes. With widely varying rendering technologies in use today, pixel-level control

2016-435: Is assured only if the software was written to be unaware of the actual hardware and to interact solely with the operating system. The Classic Environment is not available on Intel-based Mac systems or the latest Apple silicon Macs due to the incompatibility of Mac OS 9 with both the x86 and ARM hardware. Third-party Macintosh emulators , such as vMac , Basilisk II , and Executor , eventually made it possible to run

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2112-474: Is based upon Apple's open source Darwin operating system . An early version of the operating system, Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999. It retains the "Platinum" appearance from the Classic Mac OS and even resembles OPENSTEP in places, with the first version to arrive with the new Aqua user interface . The first consumer version, Mac OS X 10.0 , was released on March 24, 2001, supporting

2208-576: Is built-in cooperative multitasking . In System Software 6, this function was optional through the MultiFinder . System 7 also introduced aliases , similar to symbolic links on Unix , shortcuts that were introduced in later versions of Microsoft Windows, and shadows in IBM OS/2 . System extensions were enhanced by being moved to their own subfolder; a subfolder in the System Folder

2304-460: Is no longer certain in a TrueType font. TrueType was known during its development stage, first by the codename "Bass" and later on by the codename "Royal". The system was developed and eventually released as TrueType with the launch of Mac System 7 in May 1991. The initial TrueType outline fonts, four-weight families of Times Roman , Helvetica , Courier , and the pi font "Symbol" replicated

2400-468: Is not possible to convert Type 1 losslessly to the TrueType format, although in practice it is often possible to do a lossless conversion from TrueType to Type 1. TrueType systems include a virtual machine that executes programs inside the font, processing the " hints " of the glyphs , in TrueType called “instructions”. These distort the control points which define the outline, with the intention that

2496-660: Is not very different from System 7. Mac OS 8.5 focuses on speed and stability, with most 68k code replaced by modern code native to the PowerPC. It also improved the appearance of the user interface, although the theming feature was cut late in development. Mac OS 9, the last major revision of the Classic Mac OS, was released on October 23, 1999. It is generally a steady evolution from Mac OS 8. Early development releases of Mac OS 9 were numbered 8.7. Mac OS 9 added improved support for AirPort wireless networking . It introduced an early implementation of multi-user support. Though not

2592-665: Is one of several formats referred to as data-fork fonts, as they lack the classic Mac resource fork. TrueType Collection (TTC) is an extension of TrueType format that allows combining multiple fonts into a single file, creating substantial space savings for a collection of fonts with many glyphs in common. They were first available in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean versions of Windows, and supported for all regions in Windows 2000 and later. Classic Mac OS included support of TTC starting with Mac OS 8 .5. A TrueType Collection file begins with

2688-501: Is the successor to Mac OS 9 and the Classic Mac OS legacy. However, unlike the Classic Mac OS, it is a Unix -based operating system built on NeXTSTEP and technology developed at NeXT from the late 1980s until early 1997, when Apple purchased the company, and its CEO Steve Jobs returned to Apple. macOS also makes use of the BSD codebase and the XNU kernel, and its core set of components

2784-399: Is used on classic Mac OS and macOS. It adds additional Apple-specific information. Like TTC, it can handle multiple fonts within a single file. But unlike TTC, those fonts need not be within the same family. Suitcases come in resource-fork and data-fork formats. The resource-fork version was the original suitcase format. Data-fork-only suitcases, which place the resource fork contents into

2880-530: The Classic Environment within Mac OS X. The final update to the Classic Mac OS was version 9.2.2, released on December 5, 2001. macOS (originally "Mac OS X" and then "OS X") is Apple's current Mac operating system that officially succeeded the Classic Mac OS in 2001. Although it was originally marketed as simply "version 10" of Mac OS, it has a history that is largely independent of the earlier Mac OS releases. The macOS architectural legacy

2976-487: The Classic Environment , a compatibility layer that helped ease the transition to Mac OS X (now macOS). The Macintosh project started in late 1978 with Jef Raskin , who envisioned an easy-to-use, low-cost computer for the average consumer. In September 1979, Raskin began looking for an engineer who could put together a prototype. Bill Atkinson , a member of the Apple Lisa team, introduced Raskin to Burrell Smith ,

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3072-415: The Macintosh family of personal computers by Apple Computer, Inc. from 1984 to 2001, starting with System 1 and ending with Mac OS 9 . The Macintosh operating system is credited with having popularized the graphical user interface concept. It was included with every Macintosh that was sold during the era in which it was developed, and many updates to the system software were done in conjunction with

3168-706: The Macintosh File System (MFS), a flat file system with only one level of folders. This was quickly replaced in 1985 by the Hierarchical File System (HFS), which had a true directory tree. Both file systems are otherwise compatible. An improved file system named HFS Plus ("HFS+" or "Mac OS Extended") was announced in 1997 and implemented in 1998. Files in most file systems used with DOS , Windows , Unix , or other operating systems have only one " fork ". By contrast, MFS and HFS give files two different "forks". The data fork contains

3264-628: The Macintosh Portable . From System 6 forward, the Finder has a unified version number closely matching that of the System, alleviating much of the confusion caused by the often considerable differences between earlier Systems. On May 13, 1991, System 7 was released. It was a major upgrade over System 6, adding a significant user interface overhaul, new applications, stability improvements and many new features. Its introduction coincides with

3360-474: The Macintosh Toolbox ROM and the "System Folder", a set of files that were loaded from disk. The name Macintosh System Software came into use in 1987 with System 5. Apple rebranded the system as Mac OS in 1996, starting officially with version 7.6, due in part to its Macintosh clone program . That program ended after the release of Mac OS 8 in 1997. The last major release of the system

3456-522: The OpenType extension to TrueType (since Mac OS X 10.0 and Windows 2000 ). While some fonts provided with the new operating systems are now in the OpenType format, most free or inexpensive third-party fonts use plain TrueType. Increasing resolutions and new approaches to screen rendering have reduced the requirement of extensive TrueType hinting. Apple's rendering approach on macOS ignores almost all

3552-518: The desktop accessories (DAs). The icons of the operating system, which represent folders and application software , were designed by Susan Kare , who later designed the icons for Microsoft Windows 3.0 . Bruce Horn and Steve Capps wrote the Macintosh Finder , as well as a number of Macintosh system utilities. Apple aggressively advertised their new machine. After its release, the company bought all 39 pages of advertisement space in

3648-473: The 1984 November/December edition of Newsweek magazine. The Macintosh quickly outsold its more sophisticated but much more expensive predecessor, the Lisa . Apple quickly developed MacWorks , a product that allowed the Lisa to emulate Macintosh system software through System 3, by which time it had been discontinued as the rebranded Macintosh XL . Many of the Lisa's operating system advances would not appear in

3744-533: The Laserwriter II, Apple developed fonts like ITC Bookman and ITC Chancery in TrueType format. All of these fonts could now scale to all sizes on screen and printer, making the Macintosh System 7 the first OS to work without any bitmap fonts. The early TrueType systems — being still part of Apple's QuickDraw graphics subsystem — did not render Type 1 fonts on-screen as they do today. At

3840-580: The Mac ROM is significantly larger (64 kB) and holds key OS code. Much of the original Mac ROM code was written by Andy Hertzfeld , a member of the original Macintosh team. He was able to conserve precious ROM space by writing routines in assembly language code optimized with "hacks", or clever programming tricks. In addition to the ROM, he also coded the kernel , the Macintosh Toolbox , and some of

3936-400: The Macintosh operating system until System 7 or later. Early versions of Mac OS are compatible only with Motorola 68000 -family Macintoshes. As Apple introduced computers with PowerPC hardware, the OS was ported to support this architecture. Mac OS 8.1 is the last version that could run on a 68k processor (the 68040 ). In systems prior to PowerPC G3 -based systems, significant parts of

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4032-513: The Switcher, the now familiar Clipboard feature allowed copy and paste between the loaded programs across switches including the desktop. With the introduction of System 5, a cooperative multitasking extension called MultiFinder was added, which allowed content in windows of each program to remain in a layered view over the desktop, and was later integrated into System 7 as part of the operating system along with support for virtual memory . By

4128-524: The System Folder. System 7 also introduced the following: AppleScript , a scripting language for automating tasks; 32-bit QuickDraw , supporting so-called "true color" imaging, previously available as a system extension; and TrueType , an outline font standard. The Trash, under System 6 and earlier, empties itself automatically when shutting down the computer—or, if MultiFinder is not running, when launching an application. System 7 reimplements

4224-480: The System file, and the Finder , an application used for file management that also displays the Desktop . The two files are contained in a folder directory labeled "System Folder", which contains other resource files, like a printer driver , needed to interact with the System. Version numbers of the operating system are based on the version numbers of these two files. These releases can only run one application at

4320-522: The Trash as a special hidden folder, allowing files to remain in it across reboots until the user deliberately chose the "Empty Trash" command. System 7.1 is mainly a bugfix release, with a few minor features added. One of the major new features of System 7.1 was moving fonts out of the System file into the Fonts folder in the System Folder. Previously a resource-copying utility such as ResEdit or Font D/A Mover

4416-491: The TrueType hinting virtual machine were patented by Apple, a fact not mentioned in the TrueType standards. (Patent holders who contribute to standards published by a major standards body such as ISO are required to disclose the scope of their patents, but TrueType was not such a standard.) FreeType 2 included an optional automatic hinter to avoid the patented technology, but these patents have now expired so FreeType 2.4 now enables these features by default. The outlines of

4512-525: The Type 1 format was open for anyone to use. Meanwhile, in exchange for TrueType, Apple got a license for TrueImage , a PostScript -compatible page-description language owned by Microsoft that Apple could use in laser printing . This was never actually included in any Apple products when a later deal was struck between Apple and Adobe, where Adobe promised to put a TrueType interpreter in their PostScript printer boards. Apple renewed its agreements with Adobe for

4608-467: The W3C in 2007 as part of CSS3 , which was rejected and resubmitted as a standalone submission March 18, 2008 . The W3C team comment on the submission states that the "W3C plans to submit a proposal to the W3C members for a working group whose goal is to try and develop EOT into a W3C Recommendation." However, the W3C ultimately chose a different web font format ( WOFF ) as a W3C Recommendation. The support for

4704-413: The actual System file. This leads to extra files inside the system folder (one per new model supported). System 7.5 introduces a large number of new features, many of which are based on shareware applications that Apple bought and included into the new system. On the newer PowerPC machines, System 7.5 may have stability problems partly due to a new memory manager (which can be turned off), and issues with

4800-408: The background. Users can also choose not to use MultiFinder, thereby using a single application at a time. In 1990 InfoWorld tested four multitasking options for PC and Mac, viewing MultiFinder positively overall, but noting that its presence halved the speed of file transfer and printing compared to the single-tasking System 6 without MultiFinder. System Software 6 (also referred to as "System 6")

4896-495: The backing store of characters necessary for spell checkers and text searching. However, the lack of user-friendly tools for making TrueType GX fonts meant there were no more than a handful of GX fonts. Much of the technology in TrueType GX, including variations and substitution, lives on as AAT ( Apple Advanced Typography ) in macOS . Few font-developers outside Apple attempt to make AAT fonts; instead, OpenType has become

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4992-419: The characters (or glyphs ) in TrueType fonts are made of straight line segments and quadratic Bézier curves . These curves are mathematically simpler and faster to process than cubic Bézier curves, which are used both in the PostScript -centered world of graphic design and in Type 1 fonts. However, most shapes require more points to describe with quadratic curves than cubics. This difference also means that it

5088-442: The clone-licensing program after returning to Apple in 1997. Support for Macintosh clones was first exhibited in System 7.5.1, which was the first version to include the "Mac OS" logo (a variation on the original Happy Mac startup icon), and Mac OS 7.6 was the first to be named "Mac OS" instead of "System". These changes were made to disassociate the operating system from Apple's own Macintosh models. The Macintosh originally used

5184-424: The core fonts being bundled with PostScript equipment at the time. This included the fonts that are standard with Windows to this day: Times New Roman (compatible with Times Roman), Arial (compatible with Helvetica) and Courier New (compatible with Courier). In this context, "compatible" means two things. On an aesthetic level, it means that the fonts are similar in appearance. On a functional level, it means that

5280-419: The data fork, were first supported in macOS. A suitcase packed into the data-fork-only format has the extension dfont . In the PostScript language, TrueType outlines are handled with a PostScript wrapper as Type 42 for name-keyed or Type 11 for CID-keyed fonts. Classic Mac OS Mac OS (originally System Software ; retronym : Classic Mac OS ) is the series of operating systems developed for

5376-581: The disks are named System Tools, users and the press commonly referred to this version as "System Tools 5.0". The primary new feature of System 5 is MultiFinder , an extension that lets the system run several programs at once. The system uses a cooperative multitasking model, meaning that time is given to the background applications only when the foreground application yields control. A change in system functions that applications were already calling to handle events make many existing applications share time automatically, as well as being allowed to perform tasks in

5472-562: The dominant sfnt format, and all of the font variation technology is the de facto standard today in OpenType Variations. To ensure its wide adoption, Apple licensed TrueType to Microsoft for free. Microsoft added TrueType into the Windows 3.1 operating environment. In partnership with their contractors, Monotype Imaging , Microsoft put a lot of effort into creating a set of high quality TrueType fonts that were compatible with

5568-467: The edges of fonts at the expense of a slight blurring, and more recently subpixel rendering (the Microsoft implementation goes by the name ClearType ), which exploits the pixel structure of LCD based displays to increase the apparent resolution of text. Microsoft has heavily marketed ClearType, and sub-pixel rendering techniques for text are now widely used on all platforms. Microsoft also developed

5664-401: The end of 1987, Apple introduced a package titled "Apple Macintosh System Software Update 5.0". For the first time, the Macintosh operating system was offered as a distinct retail product that included four 800K disks and three manuals, at a cost of US$ 49. The software itself was still freely available through user groups and bulletin board services. While the product box presented this update to

5760-438: The font developer to make major changes (e.g., the point at which the entire font's main stems jump from 1 to 2 pixels wide) most of the way through development. Creating a very well-instructed TrueType font remains a significant amount of work, despite the increased user-friendliness of programs for adding instructions to fonts. Many TrueType fonts therefore have only rudimentary instructions, or have them automatically applied by

5856-447: The font editor, with results of various quality. The TrueType format allows for the most basic type of digital rights management  – an embeddable flag field that specifies whether the author allows embedding of the font file into things like PDF files and websites. Anyone with access to the font file can directly modify this field, and simple tools exist to facilitate modifying it (obviously, modifying this field does not modify

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5952-400: The font license and does not give extra legal rights). These tools have been the subject of controversy over potential copyright issues. Apple has implemented a proprietary extension to allow color .ttf files for its emoji font Apple Color Emoji . A basic font is composed of multiple tables specified in its header. A table name can have up to 4 letters. A .ttf extension indicates

6048-562: The font object. WEFT scans the HTML document file(s), the TrueType font file(s), and some additional parameters. It adjusts the HTML files and creates Embedded OpenType files for inclusion on the web site. These files usually use the extension ' .eot '. WEFT can embed most fonts, but it will not embed fonts that have been designated as 'no embedding' fonts by their designers. WEFT may reject other fonts because problems have been identified. In

6144-448: The font), and encapsulation of code into functions. Special instructions called delta instructions are the lowest level control, moving a control point at just one pixel size. The hallmark of effective TrueType glyph programming techniques is that it does as much as possible using variables defined just once in the whole font (e.g., stem widths, cap height , x-height ). This means avoiding delta instructions as much as possible. This helps

6240-476: The fonts have the same character widths. This allows documents which have been typeset in one font to be changed to the other, without reflow . Microsoft and Monotype technicians used TrueType's hinting technology to ensure that these fonts did not suffer from the problem of illegibility at low resolutions, which had previously forced the use of bitmapped fonts for screen display. Subsequent advances in technology have introduced first anti-aliasing, which smooths

6336-555: The format has not been built into the Microsoft Edge , the successor to the Internet Explorer. The Web Embedding Fonts Tool, or WEFT, is Microsoft 's utility for generating embeddable web fonts . WEFT is used by webmasters to create 'font objects' that are linked to their web pages so that users using Microsoft's Internet Explorer web browser will see the pages displayed in the font style contained within

6432-479: The full 32-bits of a pointer as an address—prior systems used the upper 8 bits as flags . This change is known as being "32-bit clean". While System 7 itself is 32-bit clean, many existing machines and thousands of applications were not, so it was some time before the process was completed. To ease the transition, the "Memory" control panel contains a switch to disable this feature, allowing for compatibility with older applications. Another notable System 7 feature

6528-425: The glyphs. Simply including fonts in webpages might lead to unrestricted copying of copyrighted font files. Embedded OpenType includes features to discourage copying. Subsetting reduces the value of copying, as subsetted fonts will typically omit more than half of the characters. Other copy protection measures used are encryption and a list of "trusted roots" at the source end, and a proprietary decrypting library at

6624-458: The growing market of third-party Macintosh clone manufacturers. Mac OS 7.6 required 32-bit-clean ROMs, and so it dropped support for every Mac with a 68000 processor, as well as the Mac II , Mac IIx , Mac IIcx , and Mac SE/30 . Mac OS 8 was released on July 26, 1997, the same month Steve Jobs became the de facto CEO of Apple. It was mainly released to keep the Mac OS moving forward during

6720-475: The handling of errors in the PowerPC code (all PowerPC exceptions map to Type 11). These issues do not affect 68k-architecture machines. System 7.5 is contemporary with Apple's failed Copland effort as well as the release of Windows 95 . Stability improved in PowerPC-based Macs with Mac OS 7.6, which dropped the "System" moniker as a more trademarkable name was needed in order to license the OS to

6816-501: The hints in a TrueType font, while Microsoft's ClearType ignores many hints, and according to Microsoft, works best with "lightly hinted" fonts. The FreeType project of David Turner has created an independent implementation of the TrueType standard (as well as other font standards in FreeType 2). FreeType is included in many Linux distributions. Until May 2010, there were potential patent infringements in FreeType 1 because parts of

6912-662: The introduction of new Macintosh systems. Apple released the original Macintosh on January 24, 1984. The first version of the system software , which had no official name, was partially based on the Lisa OS , which Apple previously released for the Lisa computer in 1983. As part of an agreement allowing Xerox to buy shares in Apple at a favorable price, it also used concepts from the Xerox PARC Alto computer, which former Apple CEO Steve Jobs and other Lisa team members had previewed. This operating system consisted of

7008-451: The introduction of the new OS to the public, to help ease the transition. These included new APIs for the file system and the bundling of the Carbon library that apps could link against instead of the traditional API libraries—apps that were adapted to do this could be run natively on Mac OS X as well. Other changes were made beginning with the Mac OS 9.1 update to allow it to be launched in

7104-598: The launch of TrueType GX in 1994, with additional tables in the sfnt which formed part of QuickDraw GX . This offered powerful extensions in two main areas. First was font axes (today known as variations), for example allowing fonts to be smoothly adjusted from light to bold or from narrow to extended — competition for Adobe's " multiple master " technology. Second was Line Layout Manager, where particular sequences of characters can be coded to flip to different designs in certain circumstances, useful for example to offer ligatures for "fi", "ffi", "ct", etc. while maintaining

7200-416: The mid-1990s, however, contemporary operating systems such as Windows NT , OS/2 , NeXTSTEP , BSD , and Linux had all brought pre-emptive multitasking , protected memory , access controls , and multi-user capabilities to desktop computers. The Macintosh's limited memory management and susceptibility to conflicts among extensions that provide additional functionality, such as networking or support for

7296-456: The motherboard, which also ensured that only Apple computers or licensed clones (with the copyright-protected ROMs from Apple) can run Mac OS. Several computer manufacturers over the years made Macintosh clones that were capable of running Mac OS. From 1995 to 1997, Apple licensed Macintosh ROMs to several companies, notably Power Computing , UMAX and Motorola . These machines normally ran various versions of Classic Mac OS. Steve Jobs ended

7392-439: The new Aqua user interface . Mac OS X was renamed "OS X" in 2011 and "macOS" in 2016. Users of the Classic Mac OS generally upgraded to Mac OS X, but it was criticized in its early years as more difficult and less user-friendly than the original Mac OS, for the lack of certain features that had not yet been reimplemented in the new OS, for being slower on the same hardware (especially older hardware), and for incompatibilities with

7488-406: The older OS. Because drivers (for printers, scanners, tablets, etc.) written for the older Mac OS were not compatible with Mac OS X, inconsistent program support with the Classic Environment program used to run the older operating system's programs on Mac OS X, and the lack of Mac OS X support for older Apple computers before late 1997; some Macintosh users continued using the older Classic Mac OS for

7584-415: The operating system as "version 5.0", this number does not appear in the software itself. Three of the four disks (System Tools 1, System Tools 2 and Utilities 1) are all bootable, and the user can boot off whichever floppy contains the tools the user needs. For instance, System Tools 2 is the only disk with printer drivers, and Utilities 1 is the only disk with Disk First Aid and Apple HD SC Setup . Because

7680-405: The operating system, it became a de facto standard for anyone involved in desktop publishing . Anti-aliased rendering, combined with Adobe applications' ability to zoom in to read small type, and further combined with the now open PostScript Type 1 font format, provided the impetus for an explosion in font design and in desktop publishing of newspapers and magazines. Apple extended TrueType with

7776-500: The original PostScript fonts of the Apple LaserWriter. Apple also replaced some of their bitmap fonts used by the graphical user-interface of previous Macintosh System versions (including Geneva, Monaco and New York) with scalable TrueType outline-fonts. For compatibility with older systems, Apple shipped these fonts, a TrueType Extension and a TrueType-aware version of Font/DA Mover for System 6 . For compatibility with

7872-441: The past, embedded fonts were widely used to generate non-English-language websites. As of January 2015, the most recent version of the tool (WEFT 3.2) was released on 25 February 2003. As of 2019, the tool is no longer offered by Microsoft for download. An open source alternative is ' ttf2eot '. Microsoft PowerPoint 2007 and 2010 also generate .eot files with the '.fntdata' [1] extension when fonts are selected to be embedded in

7968-631: The rasterizer produce fewer undesirable features on the glyph. Each glyph's instruction set takes account of the size (in pixels) at which the glyph is to be displayed, as well as other less important factors of the display environment. Although incapable of receiving input and producing output as normally understood in programming, the TrueType instruction language does offer the other prerequisites of programming languages: conditional branching (IF statements), looping an arbitrary number of times (FOR- and WHILE-type statements), variables (although these are simply numbered slots in an area of memory reserved by

8064-404: The receiving end. If the embedded font is not available to the web page for any reason (missing font file, wrong keys in the file, non-support by the web browser), then the second-choice font specification is used, ensuring that the page should be readable even without the intended font. Embedded OpenType is a proprietary standard supported exclusively by Internet Explorer but was submitted to

8160-467: The release of and provided support for the 68040 Macintosh line . The System 7 era saw numerous changes in the Macintosh platform including a proliferation of Macintosh models , the 68k to Power Macintosh transition as well as the rise of Microsoft Windows , increasing use of computer networking and the explosion in the popularity of the Internet . One of the most significant features of System 7

8256-425: The same sort of information as a file in other file systems, such as the text of a document or the bitmaps of an image file. The resource fork contains other structured data such as menu definitions, graphics, sounds, or code segments that would be incorporated into a program's file format on other systems. An executable file might consist only of resources (including code segments ) with an empty data fork, while

8352-432: The system are stored in physical ROM on the motherboard. The initial purpose of this is to avoid having the OS use up most of the 128KiB RAM of the initial Macintosh—the initial ROMs were 64KiB. This architecture also allows for a completely graphical OS interface at the lowest level without the need for a text-only console or command-line mode: boot time errors, such as finding no functioning disk drives, are communicated to

8448-541: The time, many users had already invested considerable money in Adobe's still proprietary Type 1 fonts. As part of Apple's tactic of opening the font format versus Adobe's desire to keep it closed to all but Adobe licensees, Apple licensed TrueType to Microsoft . When TrueType and the license to Microsoft was announced, John Warnock , co-founder and then CEO of Adobe, gave an impassioned speech in which he claimed Apple and Microsoft were selling snake oil , and then announced that

8544-677: The time, there was a large grassroots movement among Mac users to upgrade and "help save Apple". Even some pirate groups refused to redistribute the OS. Mac OS 8.1 introduced an updated version of the Hierarchical File System named HFS+ , which fixed many of the limitations of the earlier system and continued to be used in macOS up until macOS High Sierra , when it was replaced with the Apple File System . There are some other interface changes such as separating network features from printing, and some improvements to application switching. However, in underlying technical respects, Mac OS 8

8640-512: The use of PostScript in its printers, resulting in lower royalty payments to Adobe, who was beginning to license printer controllers capable of competing directly with Apple's LaserWriter printers. Part of Adobe 's response to learning that TrueType was being developed was to create the Adobe Type Manager software to scale Type 1 fonts for anti-aliased output on-screen. Although ATM initially cost money, rather than coming free with

8736-481: The user graphically, usually with an icon or the distinctive Chicago bitmap font and a Chime of Death or a series of beeps. This is in contrast to MS-DOS and CP/M computers of the time, which display such messages in a mono-spaced font on a black background, and require the use of the keyboard rather than a mouse, for input. To provide such niceties at a low level, early Mac OS depends on core system software in ROM on

8832-406: The user interface design elements of the Classic Mac OS, and there was some overlap of application frameworks for compatibility, but the two operating systems otherwise have completely different origins and architectures. The final updates to Mac OS 9 released in 2001 provided interoperability with Mac OS X. The name "Classic" that now signifies the historical Mac OS as a whole is a reference to

8928-529: Was Mac OS 9 in 1999. Initial versions of the System Software ran one application at a time. With the Macintosh 512K , a system extension called the Switcher was developed to use this additional memory to allow multiple programs to remain loaded. The software of each loaded program used the memory exclusively; only when activated by the Switcher did the program appear, even the Finder's desktop. With

9024-532: Was also created for the control panels . In System 7.5, Apple includes the Extensions Manager , a previously third-party program which simplified the process of enabling and disabling extensions. The Apple menu, home only to desk accessories in System 6, was made more general-purpose: the user could now make often-used folders and applications—or anything else they desired—appear in the menu by placing aliases to them in an "Apple Menu Items" subfolder of

9120-571: Was included; files could now be copied in the background. The GUI was changed in appearance to a new shaded greyscale look named Platinum , and the ability to change the appearance themes (also known as skins ) was added with a new control panel (though Platinum was the only one shipped). This capability was provided by a new "appearance" API layer within the OS, one of the few significant changes. Apple sold 1.2 million copies of Mac OS 8 in its first two weeks of availability and 3 million within six months. In light of Apple's financial difficulties at

9216-479: Was required for installing fonts. System 7.1 is not only the first Macintosh operating system to cost money (all previous versions were free or sold at the cost of the floppies), but also received a "Pro" sibling (version 7.1.1) with extra features. System 7.1.2 was the first version to support PowerPC-based Macs. System 7.1 also introduces the System Enablers as a method to support new models without updating

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