18-528: 44, see text The buntings are a group of Old World passerine birds forming the genus Emberiza , the only genus in the family Emberizidae . The family contains 44 species. They are seed -eating birds with stubby, conical bills. The family Emberizidae was formerly much larger and included the species now placed in the Passerellidae (New World sparrows) and Calcariidae (longspurs and snow buntings). Molecular phylogenetic studies found that
36-413: Is monogamous . The nest is built using twigs, grass and reeds lined with finer materials such as hair, moss and rootlets in a bush or reed tussock. 4–5 olive-grey eggs are laid, which show the hair-like markings characteristic of those of buntings. The incubation period is 12–15 days where the chicks are fed by both parents. The reed bunting is not globally threatened and classified as least concern by
54-470: Is a passerine bird in the bunting family Emberizidae, a group now separated by most modern authors from the finches , Fringillidae. The genus name Emberiza is from Old German Embritz , a bunting. The specific schoeniclus is from Ancient Greek skhoiniklos , a now unknown waterside bird. It breeds across Europe and much of the Palearctic . Most birds migrate south in winter, but those in
72-539: Is a medium-sized bird, 13.5–15.5 cm (5.3–6.1 in) long, with a small but sturdy seed-eater's bill. The male has a black head and throat, white neck collar and underparts, and a heavily streaked brown back. The female is much duller, with a streaked brown head, and is more streaked below. The song of the male is a repetitive srip . Its natural food consists of insects when feeding young, and otherwise seeds. Breeding normally starts in early April, finishing in late August depending on location and altitude. The species
90-763: Is a term for Afro-Eurasia coined by Europeans after 1493, when they became aware of the existence of the Americas . It is used to contrast the continents of Africa , Europe , and Asia in the Eastern Hemisphere , previously thought of by the Europeans as comprising the entire world, with the " New World ", a term for the newly encountered lands of the Western Hemisphere , particularly the Americas. While located closer to Afro-Eurasia within
108-528: Is from Old German Embritz , a bunting. The origin of the English "bunting" is unknown. A 2008 genetic study found that three emberizid species that were placed in their own monotypic genera clustered within the Emberiza . These were the crested bunting ( Melophus lathami ), the slaty bunting ( Latouchiornis siemsseni ), and the corn bunting ( Miliaria calandra ). All three species are now included in
126-1104: The British Isles , Japan , Sri Lanka , Madagascar and the Malay Archipelago ) has been referred to as the World Island . The term may have been coined by Sir Halford John Mackinder in The Geographical Pivot of History . [REDACTED] Africa [REDACTED] Antarctica [REDACTED] Asia [REDACTED] Australia [REDACTED] Europe [REDACTED] North America [REDACTED] South America [REDACTED] Afro-Eurasia [REDACTED] Americas [REDACTED] Eurasia [REDACTED] Oceania [REDACTED] Africa [REDACTED] Eurasia [REDACTED] North America [REDACTED] Oceania [REDACTED] South America Common reed bunting The common reed bunting ( Emberiza schoeniclus )
144-629: The Bronze Age onwards, resulting in the parallel development of the early civilizations , mostly in the temperate zone between roughly the 45th and 25th parallels north, in the area of the Mediterranean , including North Africa . It also included Mesopotamia , the Persian plateau , the Indian subcontinent , China , and parts of Sub-Saharan Africa . These regions were connected via
162-1501: The Pallas's reed bunting , which are sometimes classified as being in the genus Schoeniclus. Nineteen subspecies are recognised, including- E. s. schoeniclus , the nominate subspecies , which occurs in most of Europe, E. s. witherbyi which is found in south Portugal , western Spain , France and Sardinia, E. s. intermedia from Italy and the Adriatic coast to northwest Albania , E. s. reiseri from southeast Albania, northwest Greece , south North Macedonia and west and central Turkey , E. s. caspia from east Turkey and northwest Iran , E. s. korejewi from southwest and eastern Iran and south Turkmenistan , E. s. pyrrhuloides from north Caspian sea region to western Mongolia , southeast Kazakhstan and central Tien Shan , E. s. passerina from northwest Siberia, wintering in south Asia, E. s. parvirostris from central Siberia wintering in northern China , E. s. pyrrhulina from Kamchatka and northern Japan , wintering in central Japan, Korea and eastern China, E. s. pallidior from southwestern Siberia wintering in southwest Asia, E. s. minor from Russian Far East and northeast China, wintering in east China, E. s. ukrainae from Ukraine and adjacent areas of Russia, E. s. incognita from southeastern European Russia to north Kazakhstan and E. s. zaidamensis , endemic to northwest Qinghai , China. The common reed bunting
180-744: The Silk Road trade route, and they had a pronounced Iron Age period following the Bronze Age. In cultural terms, the Iron Age was accompanied by the so-called Axial Age , referring to cultural, philosophical and religious developments eventually leading to the emergence of the historical Western ( Hellenism , " classical "), Near Eastern ( Zoroastrian and Abrahamic ) and Far Eastern ( Hinduism , Buddhism , Jainism , Sikhism , Confucianism , Taoism ) cultural spheres . The mainland of Afro-Eurasia (excluding islands or island groups such as
198-526: The type locality as Europe but this is now restricted to Sweden. Nineteen subspecies are recognised. The bird family Emberizidae contains around 300 seed-eating species, the majority of which are found in the Americas, although the genus Emberiza , with more than 40 members, is confined to the Old World. Within its genus, the reed bunting is most closely related to the Japanese reed bunting and
SECTION 10
#1732798393204216-579: The Eastern Hemisphere, Australia is considered neither an Old World nor a New World land, since it was only discovered by the Europeans later. Both Australia and Antarctica were associated instead with the Terra Australis that had been posited as a hypothetical southern continent. In the context of archaeology and world history , the term "Old World" includes those parts of the world which were in (indirect) cultural contact from
234-560: The Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Fringilla schoeniclus . This bunting is now placed in the genus Emberiza that Linnaeus had introduced in the same edition of his Systema Naturae . The specific epithet schoeniclus is from the Ancient Greek skhoiniklos , a word that was used by Greek authors for an unidentified bird. Linnaeus specified
252-2121: The family Cardinalidae . The family is divided into four major clades. The species in Clade I are mainly African while those in Clades II to IV are Palearctic: Cabanis's bunting – Emberiza cabanisi Golden-breasted bunting – Emberiza flaviventris Somali bunting – Emberiza poliopleura Cape bunting – Emberiza capensis Lark-like bunting – Emberiza impetuani Socotra bunting – Emberiza socotrana Gosling's bunting – Emberiza goslingi Cinnamon-breasted bunting – Emberiza tahapisi House bunting – Emberiza sahari Striolated bunting – Emberiza striolata Yellow-throated bunting – Emberiza elegans Slaty bunting – Emberiza siemsseni Ochre-rumped bunting – Emberiza yessoensis Pallas's bunting – Emberiza pallasi Common reed bunting – Emberiza schoeniclus Yellow-browed bunting – Emberiza chrysophrys Tristram's bunting – Emberiza tristrami Grey bunting – Emberiza variabilis Yellow-breasted bunting – Emberiza aureola Chestnut bunting – Emberiza rutila Little bunting – Emberiza pusilla Rustic bunting – Emberiza rustica Black-faced bunting – Emberiza spodocephala Yellow bunting – Emberiza sulphurata Crested bunting – Emberiza lathami Red-headed bunting – Emberiza bruniceps Black-headed bunting – Emberiza melanocephala Corn bunting – Emberiza calandra Chestnut-eared bunting – Emberiza fucata Tibetan bunting – Emberiza koslowi Jankowski's bunting – Emberiza jankowskii Meadow bunting – Emberiza cioides Rock bunting – Emberiza cia Godlewski's bunting – Emberiza godlewskii Grey-necked bunting – Emberiza buchanani Cinereous bunting – Emberiza cineracea Cretzschmar's bunting – Emberiza caesia Ortolan bunting – Emberiza hortulana Cirl bunting – Emberiza cirlus White-capped bunting – Emberiza stewarti Old World The " Old World " ( Latin : Mundus Vetus )
270-673: The genus Emberiza . A large DNA-based study of the passerines published in 2019 found that the buntings are most closely related to the longspurs and snow buntings in the family Calcariidae . Ornithologists Edward Dickinson and Leslie Christidis in the fourth edition of the Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World chose to split up Emberiza and recognise the genera Fringillaria , Melophus , Granativora , Emberiza , and Schoeniclus . Their example has not been followed by
288-418: The large family consisted of distinct clades that were better treated as separate families. The genus Emberiza is now the only genus placed in the family Emberizidae. The genus was introduced by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae . The type species was subsequently designated as the yellowhammer ( Emberiza citrinella ). The genus name Emberiza
306-462: The milder south and west of the range are resident. It is common in reedbeds and also breeds in drier open areas such as moorland and cultivation. For example, it is a component of the purple moor grass and rush pastures , a type of Biodiversity Action Plan habitat in the UK. It occurs on poorly drained neutral and acidic soils of the lowlands and upland fringe. The common reed bunting was described by
324-649: The online version of the Handbook of the Birds of the World nor by Frank Gill and David Donsker in the list of world birds that they maintain on behalf of the International Ornithologists' Union . The British Ornithologists' Union has argued that splitting the genus provides little benefit and destabilizes the nomenclature. Species in the New World genus Passerina include the word "bunting" in their common names, but are now classed in
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