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48-522: Emperor Xiaojing may refer to: Emperor Jing of Han (188–141 BC, reigned 157–141 BC), also known as Emperor Xiaojing ( 孝景皇帝 ) Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei ( 孝靜皇帝 , 524–552, reigned 534–550) Li Hong (652–675), crown prince of the Tang dynasty, posthumously honored as Emperor Xiaojing ( 孝敬皇帝 ) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

96-628: A volcanic winter , possibly due to the Minoan eruption of Thera at around 1600 BC. In the 32nd year of Jie's reign, Tang of Shang dispatched troops from Er (陑) to simultaneously attack Xia and Kunwu . Kunwu was quickly defeated. By this time, the Xia were getting weaker near the Yellow River while the Shang were becoming stronger. Jie's forces fought with the Shang forces at Mingtiao in

144-487: A complicated personality. He continued his father Emperor Wen 's policy of general non-interference with the people, reduced tax and other burdens, and promoted government thrift. He continued and magnified his father's policy of reduction in criminal sentences. His light governance of the people was due to the Taoist influences of his mother, Empress Dou . Still, during his reign he arrested and imprisoned Zhou Yafu , and he

192-539: A decisive victory against Zhou, the Wu and Chu forces collapsed from starvation. Liu Pi fled to Donghai, which killed him and sought peace with Han. Liu Wu, the Prince of Chu, committed suicide. The other principalities involved were all eventually defeated as well. In 153 BC, because Empress Bo did not have a son, Emperor Jing made his oldest son Liu Rong (劉榮) crown prince. This made Liu Rong's mother, Consort Li (栗姬), who

240-512: A heavy thunder storm and were defeated. Jie himself escaped and fled to Sanzong. The Shang forces, under their general Wuzi (戊子), pursued Jie to Cheng , captured him at Jiaomen and deposed him, bringing the Xia dynasty to an end. Eventually, Jie was released in Nanchao . Jie eventually died of illness. Tang of Shang succeeded him as king, and inaugurated the Shang dynasty . King Jie had

288-438: A horse. After a while the chancellor was tired to the point that he could no longer crawl or move. He asked King Jie to spare him. Jie immediately dragged him out to be executed. Another chancellor, Guan Longfeng (關龍逢), told the king that he was losing the trust of his people along with the Xia dynasty's rivers and mountains (江山). After yelling at Guan, he too was dragged out to be killed. The Xia dynasty held suzerainty over

336-480: A marquess but whose candidacy Zhou rebuffed. By 143 BC, he was retired when his son, in anticipation of his death, purchased retired armor and weapons from the imperial armory to serve as burial decorations. Zhou's son refused to pay the delivery workers, and the delivery workers, in retaliation, accused the Zhous of treason. Emperor Jing had Zhou Yafu arrested and interrogated, and the interrogator, when told by Zhou that

384-502: A number of kingdoms, one of which was the Kingdom of Shang . During Jie's reign, Shang grew in power, initially at the expense of Xia's other vassals. A person by the name of Zi Lü (清醇) was able to win many supporters from as many as 40 smaller kingdoms. Zi, who became known as Tang of Shang , recognized that Jie mistreated the people and used this as a way to convince other supporters. In one speech Tang of Shang said that creating chaos

432-500: A water-tunnel through the Qu mountain, but the next year the mountain collapsed with a landslide . There was also a disaster at Linsui (聆隧) in the winter. Records from the later Qin dynasty say that during the last year of Jie's reign, ice formed during the summer mornings and frost occurred through July. Heavy rainfall toppled buildings, hot and cold weather arrived in disorder, and crops failed. Some scientists correlate this event with

480-461: Is not something he wanted, but given the terror of Jie, he has to follow the Mandate of Heaven and use this opportunity to overthrow Xia. He also pointed out that even Jie's own military generals would not obey his orders. In the 15th year of Jie's reign, Tang of Shang began moving Lü (履) to the capital Bo. About two years later Shang sent his minister Yi Yin as an envoy to Jie. Yi remained in

528-500: Is synonymous with 疈辜 pìgū "to cut asunder and open up", in Rites of Zhou ; and that "the ancients asserted that the fierce and devious ( 桀黠 jiéxiá ) ones are brutal and violent ( 凶暴 xiōngbào ), as if they were cutting [things] asunder ( 磔 zhé )." Historian Pei Yin ( 裴骃 ) cites Rules for Posthumous Names ( 謚法/諡法 Shìfǎ ) (attributed to the Duke of Zhou ), that Jié 桀

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576-659: The Rule of Wen and Jing , was considered to be one of the golden ages in Chinese history. However, it is also apparent from his actions that he lacked the warmth and openness his father had, and in many ways his reign was marked by political intrigue and treachery. This coldness applied to Jing's inner circle as well; it is said of his relationship with the palace guard Zhou Wenren that 'the emperor loved him more than most people, but not as much as other emperors loved their male favorites.' Emperor Jing can also be credited for furthering

624-456: The Quanyi people (aka Fei Barbarians ) after they entered Qi, near Fen. His parents were Fa of Xia and his wife. Jie is known to have lived a lavish lifestyle with slaves and treated his people with extreme cruelty . His style of ruling was reckless and filled with sex , luxury and entertainment. He generally disliked people who criticized him, and many were indeed afraid of him. In

672-663: The Nian (輦), or sedan chair, on which he was carried by servants. The next year, he led an army to Minshan . There, he found two of the King of Minshan's daughters, Wan(琬) and Yan(琰). They were unmarried and very beautiful, so he took them as his wives, renaming them Zhao (苕) and Hua (華). He abandoned his original wife Mo Xi (妹喜) and built a pyramid on top of the Tilt Palace for them to live in. According to Liu Xiang's book Lienü zhuan written much later, around 18 BC, Jie

720-637: The Principalities of Chu (modern northern Jiangsu and northern Anhui ) and Zhao and six counties from the Principality of Jiaoxi (roughly modern Weifang , Shandong ), before carving two commanderies out of Wu. Wu did indeed start a rebellion, in alliance with Chu, Jiaoxi, Zhao, and three other smaller principalities— Jiaodong , Zichuan , and Jinan . Two other principalities that originally agreed to join, Qi (modern central Shandong ) and Jibei (modern northwestern Shandong ), reneged at

768-504: The Seven States , was further given privilege to use imperial ceremonies and colors. Members of his household encouraged him to seek to become crown prince . This was favored by the empress dowager Dou as well, but opposed by the minister Yuan Ang, who believed such a move would bring instability to dynastic succession. When Prince Wu sought permission to build a highway directly from his capital Suiyang to Chang'an, Yuan, fearing that

816-544: The Xia capital for about three years, before returning to Shang. The Shang's power continued to grow. In the 26th year of Jie's reign, Shang conquered Wen. Two years later, Shang was attacked by Kunwu (昆吾), and several years of war between Shang and Kunwu followed. Despite this setback, Shang continued to expand on a number of fronts, gathering vassal troops in Jingbo (景亳). The Shang army and allied forces conquered Mixu (密須) (today's 密縣 ), Wei , and attacked Gu (顧), which

864-548: The armor and weapons were for burial purposes, accused him of "underground treason"—i.e., ready to commit treason against the spirits of the emperors after he himself dies. Zhou committed suicide in prison. Emperor Jing died in 141 BC and was buried in the Han Yang Ling Mausoleum in Chang'an. He was succeeded by Crown Prince Che (as Emperor Wu ). His reign, along with that of his father Emperor Wen, known as

912-461: The commander of his armed forces to face the main rebel force—joint forces of Wu and Chu. However, he soon panicked at the prospect of losing, and at the suggestion of Chao Cuo's enemy Yuan Ang , he executed Chao to try to appease the seven princes, to no avail. Wu and Chu forces were fiercely attacking the Principality of Liang (modern eastern Henan ), whose prince Liu Wu, prince of Liang

960-644: The emperor. This was already an issue in Emperor Wen's days, but Emperor Wen did not take any decisive actions on the issue. Emperor Jing did not designate a crown prince for the first few years of his reign, because Empress Bo did not have any sons. His mother, the Dowager Empress Dou, wanted him to make his younger brother Liu Wu , the Prince of Liang , the crown prince, but this did not happen because of opposition by officials. However, Liu Wu

1008-407: The final moment. Wu also sought assistance from the independent kingdoms of Dong'ou (modern Zhejiang ) and Minyue (modern Fujian ); while Dong'ou contributed forces, Minyue did not. Zhao sought assistance from Xiongnu , but while Xiongnu initially agreed to help, it did not actually enter the war. In accordance with instructions left by Emperor Wen, Emperor Jing commissioned Zhou Yafu as

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1056-436: The highway might be used for military purposes if Liang rebelled, opposed it. Prince Wu had him assassinated. Emperor Jing was extremely angry and sent many investigators to Liang to track down the conspirators, whom Prince Wu eventually surrendered. Emperor Jing, afraid of offending his mother and still affectionate for his brother, pardoned Prince Wu but no longer considered him as possible heir. The late reign of Emperor Jing

1104-500: The influence she had on the emperor. Because of her influence, Emperor Jing largely continued his father's policy of non-interference with the people and reduction of tax and other burdens. Under Jing, taxes were cut in half, to one-thirtieth of the crop. He continued his policy of reducing criminal penalties, and in 156 BC, in reaction to the reality that his father's abolition of corporal punishments of cutting off nose and feet were in fact causing more people to die from whipping, reduced

1152-613: The lake dry, only to laugh when they all drowned. This event was also recorded in Han Ying's book Han shi waizhuan . A great deal of effort was spent on Jie's cuisine and his requirements. Vegetables had to come from the northwest, fish had to be from the East Sea , seasonings and sauces had to come from ginger that grew in the south, and sea salt had to come from the north. Several hundred people were employed just to supply Jie with his meals. Anyone that got his meal wrong

1200-474: The matter as many officials opposed the idea. In July 157 BC, Emperor Wen died, and Prince Qi became emperor. In accordance with Emperor Wen's will, the period of mourning was shortened. Emperor Jing's grandmother Empress Dowager Bo became grand empress dowager, and Empress Dou became empress dowager. Prince Qi's wife, Crown Princess Bo (a member of his grandmother's clan) became empress. When he became Emperor, in contrast with many official's thinking, which

1248-572: The new emperor. Chao Cuo's advice for Emperor Jing was to, using as excuses offenses that princes have committed which had generally been ignored by Emperor Wen, cut down the sizes of the principalities to make them less threatening. Chao explicitly contemplated the possibility that Wu and other principalities may rebel, but justified the action by asserting that if they were going to rebel, it would be better to let them rebel earlier than later, when they might be more prepared. Under this theory, Emperor Jing, in 154 BC, carved out one commandery each from

1296-475: The number of whips that criminals would receive. (He would later reduce the penalty again in 144 BC.) He also continued his father's policy of heqin (marriage treaties) with Xiongnu , which largely avoided large conflicts with that northern neighbor. However, one immediate issue confronting Emperor Jing was the power possessed by princes of collateral lines of the imperial clan. The princes often built up their own military strengths and resisted edicts issued by

1344-477: The number of years in his reign, but for unknown reasons reset the count twice, thus requiring historians to refer to them separately. Consorts and Issue: Jie of Xia King Jie ( Chinese : 桀 ; traditionally 1728–1675 BCE) was the 17th and last ruler of the Xia dynasty of China . He is traditionally regarded as a tyrant and oppressor who brought about the collapse of a dynasty. Around 1600 BCE, Jie

1392-460: The precarious state that she would be in if Consort Li became empress dowager one day, carried out an alternative plan. She gave Chen Jiao as wife to Liu Che, the son of Emperor Jing's other favorite concubine, Wang Zhi , the Prince of Jiaodong. She then incessantly criticized Consort Li for her jealousy—pointing out that, if Consort Li became empress dowager, many concubines might suffer the fates of Consort Qi , Emperor Gao 's favorite concubine who

1440-514: The sixth year of Jie's regime, he entertained envoys from vassals and neighbors. He received an envoy from the Qizhong barbarian people (歧踵戎). In the 11th year, he summoned all his vassals to his court. The Youmin Kingdom (有緡) did not come, so Jie attacked and conquered it. In his 13th year of ruling, he moved his capital from Zhenxun to 'South of the river' (河南). About that time, he began using

1488-678: The study of Taoist text after he recognized the Tao Te Ching as a Chinese classic during his rule. In 2016, the discovery of the earliest tea traces known to date from the mausoleum of Emperor Jing in Xi'an was announced, indicating that tea was drunk by Han dynasty emperors as early as second century BC. These "era names" are not true "era names" in the sense that the era name system, as instituted by Emperor Jing's son Emperor Wu, had not come into place. Emperor Jing, in accordance to prior imperial calendaring systems, would have simply referred to

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1536-534: The title Emperor Xiaojing . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Xiaojing&oldid=1042968201 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Chinese-language text Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Emperor Jing of Han Emperor Jing had

1584-466: The walls to his palace. He was imprisoned and not permitted to write to his father. His granduncle Dou Ying (竇嬰, Empress Dowager Dou's brother or cousin) slipped in a knife pen; he wrote a letter and then committed suicide. A major incident involving another potential heir, Prince Wu of Liang , erupted in 148 BC as well. Prince Wu, because of his contributions to the victory during the Rebellion of

1632-402: Was beheaded . Jie was also a known alcoholic , but he did not drink regular wine. He drank a type of pure alcohol wine (清醇). The people working for him who could not supply this drink were killed. Many people died because of this. While he was drinking wine it was also required that he ride on someone's back like a horse . In one incident Jie was riding the back of a top chancellor like

1680-533: Was Emperor Jing's beloved younger brother, and Emperor Jing ordered Zhou to immediately head to Liang to save it. Zhou refused, reasoning that the proper strategy would involve first cutting off the Wu and Chu supply lines, thus starving them, so he headed to the northeast side of Liang and around the Wu and Chu forces to cut off their supplies. The strategy was effective. Wu and Chu, unable to capture Liang quickly and realizing that their supplies were dwindling, headed northeast to attack Zhou. After being unable to get

1728-437: Was also conquered the following year. Around the same time Zhong Gu, chief historian of Jie, fled from the Xia to the Shang. As Jie's reign went on, the histories record unusual and increasingly dire natural phenomena . These began in the 10th year of Jie's reign, when five stars were seen in the sky in alignment and a meteor shower occurred, followed by an earthquake . In the 29th year of Jie's reign he tried to dig

1776-447: Was corrupted by his infatuation with his concubine Mo Xi (妺喜 or 末喜), who was beautiful, but completely lacking in virtue . Among other things, she liked to drink, enjoyed music , and also had a penchant for jugglers and sing-song girls . Apparently, she had Jie order a lake of wine made. They both sailed about in the alcohol lake in an orgy of drunken naked men and women bathing and drinking. She then commanded 3,000 men to drink

1824-402: Was crown prince, Liu Pi's heir apparent Liu Xian (劉賢) had been on an official visit to the capital Chang'an , and they gambled together by playing the liubo board game (heavily tied to divination and predictions of the future). While playing the board game, Liu Xian offended then-Crown Prince Qi, and Prince Qi threw the wooden board at Liu Xian, killing him. Liu Pi thus had great hatred for

1872-403: Was customary, he established his own household, and a member of his household, Chao Cuo (晁錯), known for his intelligence and ruthless efficiency as well as his rhetorical talent, became a trusted adviser of Prince Qi. Despise this, Liu Qi has been known to taken an epicurean lifestyle to the point that Emperor Wen once considered deposing him as Crown Prince to Liu Wu, Prince of Liang, but dropped

1920-715: Was defeated by Tang of Shang , bringing an end to the Xia dynasty that lasted about 500 years, and a rise to the new Shang dynasty . Jié 桀 ( variant : 傑 ) (< Old Chinese : * grad ) ( ZS ) means "outstanding" and later "hero"; with regards to Chinese, it is cognate to qiè 朅 (< OC * kʰrad ) (ZS) "martial"; with regards to languages other than Chinese, it is cognate to either Tibetan : གྱད་ , Wylie : gyad "strength; champion, athlete", or Mizo : hrât "brave, resolute". The rime dictionary Guangyun later associates this Xia king's name (or epithet) Jié 桀 with 磔 zhé "to dismember, to cut asunder". Kangxi dictionary states that 磔 ( zhé )

1968-565: Was generally ungrateful to his wife Empress Bo . He was the last emperor of Han who was the common ancestor of all subsequent emperors; all subsequent emperors of the Western Han were descendants of Emperor Wu, while all emperors of the Eastern Han were descendants of his sixth son Liu Fa, Prince Ding of Changsha. Emperor Jing was born to Emperor Wen , then Prince of Dai, and Consort Dou , one of his favorite consorts, in 188 BC. He

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2016-558: Was given many privileges not given to other princes. The issue of dealing with powerful princes would soon erupt into a war later known as the Rebellion of the Seven States . Emperor Jing already had an inimical relationship with his cousin-once-removed (a nephew of his grandfather Emperor Gaozu ) Liu Pi (劉濞), the prince of the wealthy Principality of Wu (modern southern Jiangsu , northern Zhejiang , southern Anhui , and northern Jiangxi ), which enjoyed, among other natural resources, abundant copper and salt supplies. While Emperor Jing

2064-723: Was his father's oldest son. After his father became emperor in November 180 BC, then-Prince Qi was made crown prince in February or March 179 BC. Two months later, his mother was made empress . In his childhood as crown prince, Prince Qi was praised for being compassionate. He was deeply influenced by his mother Empress Dou , who was a Taoist and required all of her children and grandchildren to study Taoist doctrines. He also developed deep bonds with his older sister Princess Liu Piao (劉嫖) and his younger brother Liu Wu (劉武), both also born of Empress Dou. As Prince Qi grew in age, as

2112-496: Was marked by an incident for which he was much criticized: the death of Zhou Yafu , who had been instrumental in the victory against the Seven States. As prime minister, Zhou offended nearly every powerful figure around Emperor Jing, in particular his brother Prince Liu Wu and his mother Empress Dowager Dou (for refusing to save Liang first when Liang was sieged by the combined forces of Wu and Chu), and his wife Empress Wang and her brother Wang Xin (王信), whom Emperor Jing wanted to make

2160-463: Was meant for those who harmed and killed numerous people. Jie is generally known as Xia Jie (夏桀) or Jie of Xia. His given name was Lü Gui (履癸). Jie ascended to the throne in the year of Renchen (壬辰). Initially, his capital was in Zhenxun . He lived there for three years and constructed his tilt palace. About the same time, he destroyed the pyramid of Rong (容台), and quelled a rebellion by

2208-489: Was one of Emperor Jing's favorite concubines, think she would be made empress, particularly after Empress Bo was deposed in 151 BC, following Grand Empress Dowager Bo's death. She hated Emperor Jing's sister Princess Liu Piao, because Princess Piao had often given her brother beautiful women as concubines, drawing Consort Li's jealousy. When Princess Piao wanted to end this dispute by giving her daughter Chen Jiao as wife to Prince Rong, Consort Li refused. Princess Piao, seeing

2256-472: Was that Emperor Jing would be a bad leader like Jie , Zhou and You , with the danger of collapse of the Han dynasty imminent, the officials were shocked at Liu Qi's sudden change of personality and he proved to be a capable ruler. Emperor Jing was deeply and strongly influenced by his mother, Empress Dou , who was considered powerful and dangerous both because of her position as the emperor's mother and because of

2304-417: Was tortured and killed by Emperor Gao's wife Lü Zhi after Emperor Gao's death. Emperor Jing eventually agreed, and he deposed Prince Rong from his position in 150 BC. Consort Li died in anger. That year, Consort Wang was made empress, and Prince Che the crown prince. Prince Rong would not be spared. In 148 BC, he was accused of intruding onto the grounds of his grandfather Emperor Wen's temple when building

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