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57-453: Jia Nanfeng was born in 257 to the Jin official Jia Chong and his second wife Guo Huai . She was their oldest daughter, although Jia Chong had two daughters from his previous marriage to noble lady Li Wan, a daughter of Li Feng . The couple had another daughter, Jia Wu (賈午), in 260. They also had two sons, both of whom died young. Jia Nanfeng also had a nursemaid, Xu Yi , who later served her as

114-460: A memorial to Emperor Wu arguing against the campaign, the Wu emperor Sun Hao surrendered to the Jin dynasty, thus ending Wu's existence. Jia Chong felt so ashamed that he offered to resign. However, Emperor Wu did not accept the resignation and even rewarded him for what he perceived to be Jia's contributions during the campaign. When Jia Chong became critically ill in 282, Emperor Wu bestowed upon him

171-454: A coup went into progress. Empress Jia, who had her husband easily under her control, had him issue an edict declaring that Yang Jun had committed crimes and should be removed from his posts. It also ordered Sima Wei and Sima Yao (司馬繇) the Duke of Dong'an to attack Yang's forces and defend against counterattacks. Quickly, it became clear that Yang was in trouble. Empress Dowager Yang, trapped in

228-686: A daughter of the official Wang Yan (王衍) to Crown Prince Yu. (Wang had two daughters, but Empress Jia had Crown Prince Yu marry the less beautiful one and had Jia Mi marry the more beautiful one.) After Lady Guo's death, the relationship between Empress Jia and Crown Prince Yu quickly deteriorated, as Jia Wu and Consort Zhao provoked difficulties between them. At one point, Empress Jia falsely claimed herself to be pregnant and planned to falsely claim her nephew Han Weizu (韓慰祖, Jia Wu's son with her husband Han Shou (韓壽)) to be her own, but for reasons unknown did not actually carry out that plan. Further, Crown Prince Yu and Jia Mi never liked each other, and Jia Mi, as

285-475: A niece of the Wei general Guo Huai (郭淮). Guo Huai bore Jia Chong two daughters as well: Jia Nanfeng and Jia Wu (賈午). She also bore him a son, Jia Limin (賈黎民), but her unusual jealousy and cruelty doomed her son. One day, when Jia Limin was still a toddler, Jia Chong returned home and caressed his son, who was being carried by his wet nurse . Guo Huai saw this and misinterpreted it as her husband having an affair with

342-413: A political firestorm and that also Sima Wei would not be easily controlled. She therefore publicly declared that Sima Wei had falsely issued the edict. Sima Wei's troops abandoned him, and he was captured and executed. Sima Liang and Wei were posthumously honored. However, after this point on, Empress Jia became the undisputed power behind the throne for several years. Empress Jia was now in control over

399-403: A result, also advised Empress Jia to depose Crown Prince Yu. In February 300, Empress Jia agreed and took action. When Crown Prince Yu was in the palace to make an official petition to have his ill son Sima Bin (司馬彬) created a prince, Empress Jia forced him to drink a large amount of wine and, once he was drunk, had him write out a statement in which he declared intention to murder the emperor and

456-455: A special honour by ordering the crown prince Sima Zhong to pay a special visit to Jia. After Jia Chong died, his second wife Guo Huai (郭槐) wanted Jia Chong's maternal grandson, Han Mi (韓謐), to inherit his ducal title. Emperor Wu approved, even though it was considered inappropriate for a maternal grandson to inherit his maternal grandfather's title. Because of this, the official Qin Xiu (秦秀), who

513-433: A system where edicts signed by Emperor Hui had to be co-signed by Empress Dowager Yang as well, to prevent Empress Jia from interfering. For a while, her influence was limited to matters inside the palace—and after her stepson Prince Yu was created crown prince, she often blocked Consort Xie from having access to her son. Empress Jia was not happy about having little input in governance, however. She therefore conspired with

570-544: A trusted court maid. In 271, Jia's father desperately wanted to avoid an assignment to guard the Guanzhong region and fend off attacks from Di and Qiang (氐羌) rebels , so he decided to have either Jia or her younger sister marry the developmentally disabled crown prince , Sima Zhong . The emperor initially rejected the idea, as he preferred Wei Guan 's daughter as a bride for the crown prince. Indeed, Emperor Wu argued: There are five reasons why Duke Wei's daughter

627-505: Is appropriate, and there are five reasons why Duke Jia's daughter is inappropriate. The Wei family are known for producing male children, and Lady Wei is mild-tempered, beautiful, tall, and fair-skinned. The Jia family lacks male children, and Lady Jia is jealous, ugly, short, and dark-skinned. However, Guo Huai was on friendly terms with Empress Yang Yan , whose associates all greatly praised Jia's daughters. Eventually, Emperor Wu agreed, but selected Jia Wu to marry Crown Prince Zhong. When Wu

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684-576: The eunuch Dong Meng (董猛) and the generals Meng Guan (孟觀) and Li Zhao (李肇) against the Yangs. She tried to include Emperor Hui's granduncle Sima Liang , the most respected of the imperial princes, into the conspiracy, but Sima Liang declined; instead, she persuaded Emperor Hui's brother, Sima Wei the Prince of Chu, to join her plan. In 291, after Sima Wei returned to Luoyang from his defense post (Jing Province (荊州, modern Hubei and Hunan )) with his troops,

741-420: The Duke of Dong'an to attack Yang's forces and defend against counterattacks. Quickly, it became clear that Yang was in trouble. Empress Dowager Yang, trapped in the palace herself, wrote an edict ordering assistance for Yang Jun and put it on arrows, shooting it out of the palace. Empress Jia then made the bold declaration that Empress Dowager Yang was committing treason. Yang Jun was quickly defeated, and his clan

798-567: The Jin court considered making Sima You the next emperor, rather than Emperor Wu's son and crown prince Sima Zhong . Xiahou told Jia, "Your relations with both sons-in-law are equal. A heir should be chosen based on his virtues." Jia did not comment on the statement; after Emperor Wu heard about the incident, he moved Xiahou to the post of Minister of the Household, and deprived Jia of his military command, while allowing Jia to retain his titles and treatment in court. On 16 September 276, Jia Chong

855-455: The Jin dynasty. Jia Chong's first wife, Li Wan (李婉), was a daughter of Li Feng , who was executed by Sima Shi in 254 for allegedly conspiring with the Wei emperor Cao Fang to unseat Sima Shi from power. By that point in time, Li Wan had already bore Jia Chong two daughters: Jia Bao (賈褒) and Jia Yu (賈裕). As Jia Chong wanted to pledge his loyalty to Sima Shi, he divorced Li Wan, who was sent into exile. Jia Chong then married Guo Huai (郭槐),

912-422: The Jin empire in close association with several advisors that she trusted—the capable official Zhang Hua , her cousins Pei Wei and Jia Mo (賈模), and her nephew Jia Mi (originally named Han Mi but posthumously adopted into the line of Jia Chong's son Jia Limin (賈黎民)). She also closely associated with her cousin-once-removed Guo Zhang , her sister Jia Wu (賈午), and Emperor Wu's concubine Zhao Can (趙粲). From now on,

969-433: The Prince of Zhao, Emperor Wu's uncle — Empress Jia decided to eliminate Crown Prince Yu as a threat. She sent assassins and had Crown Prince Yu assassinated. Sima Lun, however, had other plans—he wanted to have Empress Jia murder the crown prince so that he could use the murder as an excuse to overthrow her. He started a coup less than two weeks later, killing Jia Mi, Zhang, Pei, and other associates of Empress Jia. Empress Jia

1026-407: The Wei emperor Cao Mao , unable to contain his anger about Sima Zhao's monopolisation of power, attempted a coup d'état to try to take back power from the regent. When forces led by Sima Zhao's brother Sima Zhou quickly collapsed against Cao Mao's forces, it was Jia Chong who was willing to stand against the emperor and who further ordered his subordinate, Cheng Ji (成濟), to take any measure to defeat

1083-424: The coordinator of a six-pronged attack on Wu. When Jia Chong declined, Emperor Wu told him to coordinate anyway, or else the emperor himself would personally coordinate. Jia Chong relented, but continued to oppose military action. In early 280, despite some military successes against Wu, Jia Chong continued to press for the invasion to be stopped after Jin forces had conquered the western half of Wu. Soon after he wrote

1140-419: The coup on Empress Jia's orders, was saddened, but still carried out the execution. Gongsun Hong and Qi Sheng were also executed, along with their clans. Despite his volatile temper, Sima Wei was known for his generosity, and he was greatly missed by the people. On 13 October 301, after Empress Jia's death, he was posthumously rewarded with the office of a general, and his son Sima Fan ( 司馬範 ), while not given

1197-490: The crown prince and Sima You were Jia's sons-in-law. However, Jia Chong declined to express support for Sima You. Another of Jia Chong's daughters born to Guo Huai, Jia Wu, married Han Shou (韓壽), and had a son, Han Mi (韓謐). Han Mi inherited his maternal grandfather's ducal title. In February 266, when Emperor Wu ended the Cao Wei state and established the Jin dynasty, he declared a general amnesty for political prisoners under

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1254-427: The emperor and his loyalists. Cheng Ji killed Cao Mao by spearing him to death. In the aftermath of the incident, the people demanded for Cheng Ji and Jia Chong to be executed. Sima Zhao considered the matter for more than 10 days, eventually resolving to kill Cheng Ji (and his clan) but sparing Jia Chong, not wanting to execute someone who had been so loyal to him. From that point on, however, Jia Chong's reputation among

1311-528: The emperor. Empress Jia, who had already resented Wei for having, during Emperor Wu's reign, suggested that he change his heir, also wanted more direct control over the government, and therefore resolved to undergo a second coup. In the summer of 291, Empress Jia had Emperor Hui personally write an edict to Sima Wei, ordering him to have Sima Liang and Wei removed from their offices. His forces thereby surrounded Sima Liang and Wei's mansions, and while both men's subordinates recommended resistance, each declined and

1368-411: The emperor. Empress Jia, who had already resented Wei for having, during Emperor Wu's reign, suggested that he change his heir selection, also wanted more direct control over the government, and therefore resolved to plot a second coup. In summer 291, Empress Jia had Emperor Hui personally write an edict, ordering for Sima Liang and Wei Guan removed from their offices. When Sima Wei received the edict, he

1425-416: The empress and to take over as emperor. Empress Jia presented the writing to the officials and initially wanted Crown Prince Yu executed—but after some resistance, she only had him deposed and reduced to status of a commoner on 6 February. Crown Prince Yu's mother Consort Xie was executed, as was his favorite concubine Consort Jiang Jun (蔣俊). On 27 April 300, under the advice of a prince she favored - Sima Lun

1482-443: The former regime. Jia Chong's first wife, Li Wan, was thus allowed to return from exile. As Emperor Wu believed that Jia Chong wanted to have his first wife back, he offered to approve of Jia Chong having two formal spouses (both Li Wan and Guo Huai). However, Jia Chong never accepted Li Wan again despite pleas from his two daughters born to Li Wan. Instead, he had a separate residence built for Li Wan but never visited her. Guo Huai, who

1539-407: The government system was such that first all matters are reported to the empress, then all important or minor decisions are made by the empress's appointees, and then they are given to her to accept or reject the decisions, and she issued decrees. As a result, all orders were from her and because she used the name and seal of the emperor, it was considered an imperial edict. She lacked self-control, and

1596-573: The inquiries, so that Emperor Wu was impressed. Crown Princess Jia bore her husband four daughters—the Princesses Hedong, Linhai and Shiping, as well as one daughter who died early and was given the posthumous name Aixian. However, she would not bear him a son; his only son Sima Yu was borne by Consort Xie Jiu, who was initially a concubine of Emperor Wu but given to Crown Prince Zhong shortly before his marriage to Crown Princess Jia, so that she could teach him how to have sexual relations. As

1653-441: The killing of Sima Liang and Wei Guan it could bring a political firestorm; and second, that Sima Wei would not be easily controlled. She therefore publicly declared that Sima Wei had falsely issued the edict. Sima Wei's troops abandoned him, and he was captured and executed. At the execution, he tried to show the edict to the official in charge of the execution, Liu Song ( 劉頌 ), and Liu, knowing that Sima Wei had actually carried out

1710-534: The last Wei emperor Cao Huan to abdicate the throne to him in February 266, thus ending Wei's existence and replacing it with the Jin dynasty. Jia Chong was enfeoffed as the "Duke of Lu" on 9 February 266. As a loyal subject of the Sima family, Jia continued to be an important figure in the Jin government. Emperor Wu commissioned him to draft the laws of the Jin dynasty, initially considered to be far more merciful than

1767-413: The latter incessantly praised Sima Zhao in front of him. After Jia Chong returned to the capital Luoyang , he warned Sima Zhao that Zhuge Dan would most likely be unwilling to submit to his regency. Sima Zhao therefore summoned Zhuge Dan back to the capital, forcing him to start a rebellion that was quickly crushed. After the incident, Jia Chong became even more highly regarded by Sima Zhao. In June 260,

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1824-508: The management of the empire. Sima Liang and Wei tried to get the government on track, but Empress Jia continued to interfere with management of daily governmental matters. They also became concerned about the violent temper of Sima Wei and therefore tried to strip him of his military command, but Sima Wei persuaded Empress Jia to let him keep his military command. Sima Wei's assistants Qi Sheng (岐盛) and Gongsun Hong (公孫宏) thereafter falsely told Empress Jia that Sima Liang and Wei planned to depose

1881-434: The marriage. At the same time, there was heavy snowfall in the capital Luoyang, with the snow reaching the depth of two chi . In addition, Yang Hu worked behind the scenes to help Jia, earning Jia's gratitude. In 272, Jia Chong retaliated against Ren Kai and Yu Chun and succeeded in forcing them out of politics. Between August 272 and 274, while Xiahou He was still Intendant of Henan, Emperor Wu became gravely ill, and

1938-547: The palace herself, wrote an edict ordering assistance for Yang Jun and put it on arrows, shooting it out of the palace. Empress Jia then made the bold declaration that Empress Dowager Yang was committing treason. Yang Jun was quickly defeated, and his clan was massacred in April. Empress Dowager Yang was deposed and imprisoned (and would die in 292 in imprisonment). Sima Liang was recalled to serve as regent, along with Wei Guan. After that time, Empress Jia became more free involved in

1995-637: The people was one of regicide. Jia Chong also played a key role in Sima Zhao's suppression of Zhong Hui 's rebellion in 264. Before the rebellion, Sima Zhao had foreseen that Zhong Hui was likely to rebel against Wei and had made preparations beforehand, including putting Jia Chong in charge of an army to counter any possible attack from Zhong Hui. Zhong Hui was killed by his soldiers who, unwilling to join his rebellion, mutinied against him. After Sima Zhao's death in September 265, his son Sima Yan forced

2052-467: The regents of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms era, and subsequently served as an official in the court of Sima Zhao's son, Sima Yan (Emperor Wu) , after the establishment of the Jin dynasty. Jia Chong's father, Jia Kui , was a military general in Wei and was considered an epitome of faithfulness to the state. He did not have a son until late in his life; when Jia Chong was born, he

2109-466: The strict laws under the Wei regime. However, uneven enforcement of these laws meant that the main beneficiaries were nobles. For years, Jia Chong had a political rivalry with Ren Kai (任愷) and Yu Chun (庾純); this rivalry intensified after Sima You married Jia Bao. In 271, Ren Kai and Yu Chun were able to persuade Emperor Wu to send Jia Chong to lead Jin forces to guard the Guanzhong region and fend off attacks from Di and Qiang (氐羌) rebels ; Jia Chong

2166-492: The wet nurse, so she killed the wet nurse. Jia Limin was so distressed by his wet nurse's death that he fell sick and died. Guo Huai bore Jia Chong another (unnamed) son later, but the entire tragedy repeated itself when Guo Huai suspected her son's wet nurse of having an affair with her husband. Jia Chong had no son left to succeed him when he died. Among Jia Chong's daughters, Jia Nanfeng married Emperor Wu 's crown prince Sima Zhong and eventually became empress after Sima Zhong

2223-525: The years went on and Crown Princess Jia bore no sons, she became jealous of Consort Xie and Prince Yu, but took no decisive actions against them at this point, because Emperor Wu greatly favored Prince Yu. When Emperor Wu died on 16 May 290, Crown Prince Zhong ascended the throne as Emperor Hui. Empress Yang Zhi was created empress dowager and Crown Princess Jia was created empress. Empress Dowager Yang's father Yang Jun initially served as Emperor Hui's regent . Knowing Empress Jia to be treacherous, he set up

2280-526: Was regent , but many people were dissatisfied with his hold on power. One of those was Emperor Hui's wife Empress Jia Nanfeng , and she entered into a conspiracy with Sima Wei, among others, to overthrow Yang Jun. In 291, Sima Wei returned to the capital Luoyang with his troops, and soon a coup happened. Empress Jia, who had her husband easily under her control, had him issue an edict declaring that Yang Jun had committed crimes and should be removed from his posts. It also ordered Sima Wei and Sima Yao ( 司馬繇 )

2337-574: Was an imperial prince during the Western Jin dynasty and was the second of the eight princes commonly associated with the War of the Eight Princes . Sima Wei was the fifth son of Jin's founding emperor Emperor Wu , by his concubine Consort Shen; his elder full-brother Sima Jing, Prince Huai of Chengyang, had died in 270 before he was born. On 5 October 277, when he was about 6 years old, he

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2394-491: Was appointed overall in charge of military affairs for the provinces of Qinzhou and Liangzhou on 17 September. Jia did not want to fight the rebels at all; he sought advice from Xun Xu (荀勖) on how to avoid being sent into battle. Xun's advice was to arrange a wedding between one of his daughters and the crown prince. Xun Xu then volunteered himself for the task. With his flattery skills and the assistance from Emperor Wu's wife Empress Yang and Xun Yi (荀𫖮), Emperor Wu agreed to

2451-426: Was captured. Against what the edict said, both were killed—Sima Liang with his heir Sima Ju (司馬矩) and Wei with nine of his sons and grandsons. Qi then suggested to Sima Wei to take the chance to kill Empress Jia's relatives and take over the government, but Sima Wei hesitated—and at the same time, Empress Jia came to the realization that killing Sima Liang and Wei, if it had been realized that she intended it, could bring

2508-401: Was captured. Both were killed—Sima Liang with his heir Sima Ju ( 司馬矩 ) and Wei Guan with nine of his sons and grandsons. With the military still under his control, Qi then suggested to Sima Wei to take the chance to kill Empress Jia's relatives and take over the government, but Sima Wei hesitated. At the same time, Empress Jia came to two realizations: first, if it were realized she had ordered

2565-477: Was created the Prince of Shiping (始平王); his younger full-brother Sima Ai was also born in that year. Late in his father's reign, on 22 December 289, he was created the Prince of Chu and charged with the military commands of Jing Province (荊州, modern Hubei and Hunan ). After his father died in May 290, his half-brother Crown Prince Zhong ascended the throne as Emperor Hui . Empress Dowager Yang 's father Yang Jun

2622-430: Was deposed on the same day (7 May 300) and forced to commit suicide a few days later by drinking "jinxiaojiu" (金屑酒, "wine with gold fragments") (Needham and Ho 1970: 326).. Jia Chong Jia Chong (217 – 19 May 282 ), courtesy name Gonglü , was a Chinese politician who lived during the late Three Kingdoms period and early Jin dynasty of China. He started his career as an advisor to Sima Shi and Sima Zhao ,

2679-452: Was enthroned as Emperor Hui. Jia Bao, one of Jia Chong's daughters born to his first wife, married Emperor Wu's younger brother, Sima You , the Prince of Qi. At one point, when Emperor Wu was ill, Sima You was touted as a possible candidate to be the next emperor if Emperor Wu died – instead of Emperor Wu's developmentally disabled son Sima Zhong. One official, Xiahou He , tried to persuade Jia Chong to support Sima You and pointed out that both

2736-480: Was going to depose her, and only intercession by his second wife Empress Yang Zhi (Empress Yang Yan's cousin, whom he married after her death) led to Crown Princess Jia being spared. When, on one occasion, Wei hinted to Emperor Wu that Crown Prince Zhong was so unintelligent as to be an inappropriate heir, it was Crown Princess Jia who thought of the solution to Emperor Wu's subsequent inquiries of Crown Prince Zhong—having someone else write simple but correct answers to

2793-470: Was jealous of Li Wan, secretly sent spies to carry out surveillance at Li Wan's house for any signs of visit from Jia Chong. Guo Huai herself then went to visit Li Wan once with the intention of humiliating her, but she ended up being humiliated herself when she tripped and landed at Li Wan's feet; she never visited Li Wan again. After Li Wan's death, Jia Nanfeng, who had become Emperor Hui's empress by then, did not allow Li Wan to be buried with Jia Chong. Li Wan

2850-406: Was made Grand Commandant; he was replaced as Minister of Works by Sima You. In 279, Emperor Wu wanted to launch a major invasion against Eastern Wu , the last of the Three Kingdoms, as part of his grand plan to reunify China under the Jin dynasty. Jia Chong opposed the emperor's idea and argued that Wu was too difficult to conquer. Emperor Wu not only ignored his advice, but also appointed him as

2907-484: Was massacred. Emperor Hui's granduncle Sima Liang was recalled to serve as regent, along with Wei Guan . Sima Liang and Wei Guan had reservations about Sima Wei's ferocity in overthrowing Yang, and they therefore tried to strip him of his military command, but Sima Wei persuaded Empress Jia to let him keep his military command. Sima Wei's assistants Qi Sheng ( 岐盛 ) and Gongsun Hong ( 公孫宏 ) thereafter falsely told Empress Jia that Sima Liang and Wei Guan planned to depose

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2964-542: Was only interred together with Jia Chong in 300 CE after Jia Nanfeng was deposed from her position as empress. Sima You's and Jia Bao's son Sima Jiong was sent by Sima Lun to depose Jia Nanfeng due to the bad blood between the half-sisters. Parents Wives and concubines: Jia Chong is first introduced as a playable character in the eighth installment of Koei 's Dynasty Warriors video game series. Sima Wei Sima Wei (司馬瑋) (271 – 26 July 291 ), courtesy name Yandu (彥度), formally Prince Yin of Chu (楚隱王),

3021-483: Was responsible for selecting important officials' posthumous names , initially wanted to select "Huang" (荒; literally "performer of illegal acts") as Jia's posthumous name, but Emperor Wu overrode Qin Xiu's recommendation and chose "Wu" (武; literally "martial") as Jia's posthumous name. Jia Chong had a younger brother, Jia Hun (賈混), who held the title "Marquis of Yongping" (永平侯). Jia Hun had three sons, Jia Yi (賈彝), Jia Zun (賈遵) and Jia Mo (賈模), who served as officials under

3078-526: Was to wear formal dress to be examined, however, she was too young and too short for the dress, so Jia Nanfeng was chosen. They married on 2 April 272, and she was created crown princess. She was 15, and he was 13. She became quickly known for her jealousy, but she established a relationship with the crown prince where he both loved and feared her. For the rest of her life, she would have him firmly in her control. When several of his concubines became pregnant, she killed them herself in fits of jealousy; Emperor Wu

3135-438: Was unhappy with the content, as he was not mentioned among the princes who had to raise their army. After his request to send a petition regarding the edict was denied, Wei decided to forge an edict of his own, making himself Commander of all military affairs and taking charge of the operation. His forces thereby surrounded Sima Liang and Wei Guan's mansions, and while both men's subordinates recommended resistance, each declined and

3192-421: Was very pleased. Jia Chong's mother was Lady Liu (柳氏). Jia Chong inherited his father's marquis title after the latter's death. He later served under the regent Sima Shi , and then under Sima Shi's younger brother and successor, Sima Zhao . In 257, Sima Zhao sent him to probe the general Zhuge Dan 's intentions should he decided to usurp the Wei throne. Zhuge Dan, then stationed at Shouchun, rebuked Jia Chong when

3249-1013: Was violent and capricious in her ways, whether it was in government or family matters, she was reckless and arrogant, and she gave orders as she wanted, and if something was not to her liking, she forbade it; but Zhang, Pei, and Jia Mo were honest men who generally kept the government in order. However, as she grew increasingly unbridled in her behavior (including committing adultery with many men and later murdering them to silence them), Zhang, Pei, and Jia Mo considered deposing her and replacing her with Crown Prince Yu's mother Consort Xie, but they hesitated and never took actual action. After Jia Mo died in 299, it became even harder to control her actions. The relationship between Empress Jia and Crown Prince Yu had always been an uneasy one. Empress Jia's mother Guo Huai (郭槐) had constantly advised Empress Jia to treat Crown Prince Yu well, as her own son, and she advocated marrying Jia Mi's sister to Crown Prince Yu. However, Empress Jia and Jia Wu opposed this, and instead married

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