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68-531: The name Wei first became associated with Cao Cao when he was named the Duke of Wei by the Eastern Han government in 213, and became the name of the state when Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor in 220. Historians often add the prefix "Cao" to distinguish it from other Chinese states known as Wei . The authority of the ruling Cao family dramatically weakened following the deposition and execution of Cao Shuang ,

136-719: A South Korean boy group Wei (rank) , a company-grade officer in Chinese armed forces Wei (value token) , a subunit of the Ether value token on the Ethereum blockchain Wau Ecology Institute , Wau, Papua New Guinea Web Environment Integrity , a Web API proposed by Google Windows Experience Index (WEI) score, a measure of the user-perceived performance of a computer running Microsoft Windows Weipa Airport (IATA code: WEI), Weipa, Queensland, Australia Wei,

204-449: A circular trip traversing present-day Liaodong, North Korea, and Manchuria. Concurrently, Guanqiu Jian sent a detached force to attack the Ye of eastern Korea since they were allied with Goguryeo. The force, led by the grand administrators of Lelang and Daifang, Liu Mao (劉茂) and Gong Zun (弓遵) respectively, started from South Okjeo and went south through the whole length of the region known as

272-599: A coup, but was killed by Cheng Ji, a military officer who was serving under Jia Chong , a subordinate to the Simas. After Cao Mao's death, Cao Huan was enthroned as the fifth ruler of Wei. However, Cao Huan was also a mere figurehead under Sima Zhao's control, much like his predecessor. In 263, Wei armies led by Zhong Hui and Deng Ai conquered Shu . Afterwards, Zhong Hui and former Shu general Jiang Wei grouped and plotted together in order to oust Sima Zhao from power, however, various Wei officials turned against them when it

340-542: A new capital, Goguryeo was greatly diminished for a time, and would spend the next half century rebuilding its ruling structure and regaining control over its people, unmentioned by the Chinese historical texts. By the time Goguryeo reappeared in Chinese annals, the state had evolved into a much more powerful political entity—thus the Wei invasion was identified by historians as a watershed moment in Goguryeo history that divided

408-467: A puppet ruler while Sima Yi wielded state power firmly in his hands. Wang Ling , a Wei general, tried to rebel against Sima Yi, but was swiftly dealt with , and took his own life. Sima Yi died on 7 September 251, passing on his authority to his eldest son, Sima Shi , who continued ruling as regent. Sima Shi deposed Cao Fang in 254, on grounds of planning to stage a rebellion, and replaced him with Cao Mao . In response, Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin staged

476-609: A rebellion, but were crushed by Sima Shi in an event that nevertheless took a heavy toll on Sima Shi's health, having undergone eye surgery prior to the insurrection, causing him to die on 23 March 255, but not before handing his power and regency over to his younger brother, Sima Zhao . In 258, Sima Zhao quelled Zhuge Dan's rebellion , marking an end to what are known as the Three Rebellions in Shouchun . In 260, Cao Mao attempted to seize back state power from Sima Zhao in

544-504: A regent for the dynasty's third emperor Cao Fang . Beginning in 249, another regent in Sima Yi gradually consolidated state authority for himself and his relatives, with the last Wei emperors largely being puppets of the Sima family. In 266, Sima Yi's grandson Sima Yan forced Emperor Yuan to abdicate, proclaiming himself to be Emperor Wu of the newly established Jin dynasty . Towards

612-629: A reward to anyone who could bring Milu back to safety, and a Yu Okgu (劉屋句) found Milu lying on the ground with grievous injuries. The king was so delighted to recover his faithful retainer that he personally nursed Milu back to life. The chase from Hwando to South Okjeo took the two parties across the Yalu (Amnok) River into the northern parts of the Korean Peninsula. The precise route of the chase may have passed by present-day Kanggye , from where there are two possibilities: one heading east through

680-457: A star otherwise known as Epsilon Scorpii Wei Empire, a fictional state and planetary romance series of Yulia Latynina See also [ edit ] Way (disambiguation) Wee (disambiguation) Wey (disambiguation) Whey (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Wei . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

748-461: A strategic city which lay on the road to the Wei capital, Luoyang . The Shu invasions were repelled by the Wei armies led by the generals Cao Zhen , Sima Yi , Zhang He and others; Shu did not make any significant gains in the expeditions. On its southern and eastern borders, Wei engaged Wu in a series of armed conflicts throughout the 220s and 230s, including the battles of Dongkou (222–223), Jiangling (223) and Shiting (228). However, most of

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816-520: A substantial part of the Goguryeo economy and dealt Goguryeo a blow more severe than Gongsun Kang did forty years ago. The Ye under the Marquis of Bunai became expected to provide provisions and transportation whenever Lelang and Daifang went off to war, and the marquis himself was elevated to Ye King of Bunai (不耐濊王) by the Cao Wei court in 247. In addition, Wang Qi's incursion into Buyeo's territory and

884-530: A three-month long siege, involving some assistance from the Goguryeo Kingdom, Sima Yi managed to capture the capital city of Xiangping , resulting in the conquest of the commandery by late September of the same year. Around that time, as the Korean kingdom Goguryeo consolidated its power, it proceeded to conquer the territories on the Korean peninsula which were under Chinese rule. Goguryeo initiated

952-758: Is no telling what became of the king in North Okjeo, and Wang Qi's army continued further north inland. Turning northwest at the border of Okjeo and the Sushen , they traversed the Mudan River basin (either by way of Ning'an or Dunhua ), home of the Yilou people, and crossed the Zhangguangcai Range into the plains on the other side. Finally, their trek northwest brought them to the Buyeo kingdom on

1020-547: The Ashi River within present-day Harbin . Buyeo's regent Wigeo (位居), acting on behalf of the nominal King Maryeo (麻余王), formally received the Wei army outside their capital in present-day Acheng District and replenished their supplies. Having overextended their reach and lost sight of their target, Wang Qi's army turned southwest from Buyeo to return to Xuantu Commandery, passing by the present-day areas of Nong'an County and Kaiyuan . Upon their return, they had completed

1088-534: The Goguryeo–Wei Wars in 242, trying to cut off Chinese access to its territories in Korea by attempting to take a Chinese fort. However, Wei responded by invading and defeated Goguryeo. Hwando was destroyed in a reprisal raid by Wei forces in 244. The invasions sent its king fleeing, and broke the tributary relationships between Goguryeo and the other tribes of Korea that formed much of Goguryeo's economy. Although

1156-710: The Jin dynasty on 8 February 266. Cao Huan himself was spared, though, and continued to live until 302, before dying. The system of government in Wei inherited many aspects from that of the Eastern Han dynasty . During his reign, Cao Pi established two separate government bodies – the Central Inspectorate (中書監) and the Mobile Imperial Secretariat (行尚書臺) – to reduce the authority of the Imperial Secretariat (尚書臺) and consolidate

1224-851: The Rangrim Mountains then south to present-day Changjin ; the other following the Changja River south then turning east to reach Changjin. From Changjin, the pursuer and the pursued followed the Changjin River (長津江) south until they reached the vast and fertile Hamhung plains, where the river flowed into the East Korea Bay . It was here in Hamhung that the South Okjeo people thrived, and thus King Dongcheon came here for refuge. When Wang Qi's army arrived, however,

1292-550: The Samguk Sagi , the king's escape was aided by Milu (密友), a man of the Eastern District (東部), when the king's troops had all but scattered to the last handful at Jungnyeong Pass . Milu said to the king, "I will go back and hold the enemy at bay while you make good your escape," and held the narrow pass with three or four soldiers while the king made his way to regroup with a band of friendly troops. The king offered

1360-585: The Western Han dynasty extended its control to Northeast Asia, creating the Four Commanderies of Han . As it grew and centralized, Goguryeo increasingly contacted and conflicted with the Han dynasty. Goguryeo consolidated its power by conquering the territories on the north of the peninsula which were under Han rule. When the power of the Han dynasty declined to internal turmoil in the 2nd century AD,

1428-451: The end of the Eastern Han dynasty , northern China came under the control of Cao Cao , the chancellor to the last Han ruler, Emperor Xian . In 213, Emperor Xian granted Cao Cao the title of " Duke of Wei" (魏公) and gave him ten cities as his dukedom. The area was named "Wei". At that time, the southern part of China was divided into two areas controlled by two other warlords, Liu Bei and Sun Quan . In 216, Emperor Xian promoted Cao Cao to

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1496-445: The Korean account was transformed from Guanqiu Jian's biography, reversing the results of the battles before Liangkou. The same researcher also suggests that the aforementioned "Dale of Liangmo" place was fabricated by the biased historian sympathetic to Goguryeo. Nonetheless, both Chinese and Korean sources agree on the fact that King Dongcheon ultimately lost the battle of Liangkou and headed back to Hwando. The Wei army gave chase to

1564-524: The Okjeo and others had been merged." In terms of historiography , the expeditions of the second campaign are significant for providing detailed information on the various peoples of the Korean Peninsula and Manchuria, such as Goguryeo, Buyeo, Okjeo, Ye, and Yilou. The expedition, unprecedented in scale in those regions, brought first-hand knowledge about the topography, climate, population, language, manners, and customs of these areas to Chinese cognizance, and

1632-498: The Okjeo tribes were all defeated, with 3,000 tribesmen killed or captured. The king fled again, and the Wei army turned toward North Okjeo. The Samguk Sagi relates to an event that purported to have happened in South Okjeo: Yuyu (紐由), another man of the Eastern District, feigned the surrender of King Dongcheon to stop the Wei pursuit. Bearing food and gifts, Yuyu was allowed into the camp of an unnamed Wei general. When

1700-509: The Plain of Yalu (鴨綠原) with a little more than a thousand horsemen. In contrast, the near-contemporary "Biography of Guanqiu Jian" in volume 28 of Records of Three Kingdoms , containing the Chinese account of this battle, states that King Dongcheon was repeatedly defeated in the tremendous fight at Liangkou and was forced to flee. Japanese researcher Hiroshi Ikeuchi, writing in 1929 during Japan's period of colonial rule over Korea , asserts that

1768-553: The Seven Counties of Lingdong (嶺東七縣). Six out of the seven counties — Dongyi (東暆), Bunai (不耐; also named Bu'er 不而), Chantai (蠶台), Huali (華麗), Yatoumei (邪頭昧), Qianmo (前莫) — submitted to Liu Mao and Gong Zun, while the remaining Wozu county (夭租縣), being identical with Okjeo, had already been subjugated by Wang Qi. In particular, the Marquis of Bunai, the pre-eminent county of the seven, was specified to have come surrendering with all his tribesmen. Liu Mao and Gong Zun's march along

1836-799: The Southern and Northern Dynasties, later split into: Western Wei (西魏, 535–557) Eastern Wei (東魏, 534–550) Zhai Wei (翟魏, 388–392), state of Dingling/Gaoche ethnicity in China Places [ edit ] Wei River , a main tributary of the Yellow River Wei County, Handan (魏县), Hebei, China Wei County, Xingtai (威县), Hebei, China People [ edit ] Wei (given name) , different variations of Chinese given names Wei (surname) , various Chinese surnames (魏, 衛, 尉, 蔿, 韋) Wei Wei (disambiguation) Other uses [ edit ] WEi ,

1904-581: The Sushen during 280 in which Goguryeo launched a counterattack on the Sushen and occupied their capital. According to the Samguk Sagi , during the Wei invasion in 259, King Jungcheon assembled 5,000 of his elite cavalry and defeated the invading Wei army at a valley in Yangmaek, killing 8,000 enemies. Goguryeo's fortunes rose again during King Micheon 's rule (300-331), when the king took advantage of

1972-475: The abandoned capital of Hwando after the Wei army retreated homeward, but in the same year Guanqiu Jian sent the Grand Administrator of Xuantu, Wang Qi (王頎), in pursuit of the king. Since the capital had been so ravaged and rendered defenceless by the previous campaign, the king had to flee again with his nobles of several ranks to South Okjeo (also known as Dongokjeo, "East Okjeo" ). According to

2040-674: The battles resulted in stalemate and neither side managed to significantly expand its territory. After Guanqiu Jian failed to subjugate the Gongsun clan of the Liaodong Commandery , it was Sima Yi who, in June 238, as the Grand Commandant (太尉), launched an invasion with 40,000 troops at the behest of Emperor Cao Rui against Liaodong, which at this point had been firmly rooted under Gongsun control for 4 decades. After

2108-570: The capital. With the Goguryeo capital subjugated, Guanqiu Jian returned to You Province with his army in around June 245. On the way back, he had a tablet erected in Chengxian commemorating his victory, explaining the course of events, and listing the generals who participated in the campaign. A fragment of the monument was discovered in 1905, near the end of the Qing dynasty , bearing the following mutilated inscription: King Dongcheon had returned to

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2176-527: The confusion, "at last retired from Lelang". This passage was not paralleled in Chinese records. Travelling along the coast of what is called the Sea of Japan today, Wang Qi's army made its way to the lands of the North Okjeo, assumed to be around the Jiandao area today. Despite records suggesting that the king came to the North Okjeo settlement of Maegu (買溝, also named Chiguru 置溝婁; in present-day Yanji ), there

2244-740: The control of the central government. He reduced the role of a Governor to that of an Inspector (刺史), and permitted the Inspectors to administer only civil affairs in their respective provinces, while military affairs were handled by military personnel based in regional offices or in the capital. Cao Wei society was feudalized and vassalized. When China was divided in the Period of Disunion, south and north were economically and socially dominated by an aristocratic hereditary class enshrined in law, who were exempt from conscript labor, special kinds of taxes, had legal immunities and other privileges. This situation

2312-514: The devastation by the hands of Wei. Since the resources of Okjeo and Ye were deprived, Goguryeo had to rely on the production of the old capital region of Jolbon while looking for new agricultural lands in other directions. The history of Goguryeo in the latter half of the 3rd century was characterized by Goguryeo's attempts to consolidate nearby regions and restore stability as it dealt with rebellions and foreign invaders, including Wei again during 259 in which Goguryeo defeated Wei at Yangmaek, and

2380-472: The different stages of Goguryeo's growth. In addition, the second campaign of the war included the furthest expedition into Manchuria by a Chinese army up to that time and was therefore instrumental in providing the earliest descriptions of the peoples who lived there. The polity of Goguryeo developed among the peoples of Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula during the 1st and 2nd century BC as

2448-440: The eastern coast of Korea may have brought them as far south as Uljin , where the local elders informed them of an inhabited island to the east, an island which could possibly be Ulleungdo . Another inscription was erected at Bunai, supposedly to commemorate the feats of Wang Qi, Liu Mao, and Gong Zun during the second campaign; however, unlike the tablet attributable to Guanqiu Jian, this inscription has not been found. Although

2516-407: The economy, Hwando had to constantly extract resources from the peoples in the countryside, which included the tribal communities of Okjeo and Ye . The Okjeo were said to have worked as virtual slaves to the Goguryeo king, hauling provisions (such as cloth, fish, salt and other sea products) from the peninsula's northeast to the Yalu basin, reflecting the arrangement that Goguryeo had to adopt after

2584-573: The entry of Gongsun Kang. By the 230s, Goguryeo had regathered their strength from these tributary relations and regained their presence in the Jolbon region. In 234, the Han dynasty's successor state Cao Wei established friendly contact with Goguryeo, and in 238 an alliance between Wei and Goguryeo destroyed their common enemy Gongsun Yuan , the last of the Gongsun warlords (See Sima Yi's Liaodong campaign ). Wei took over all of Gongsun Yuan's territories, including Lelang and Daifang — now Wei's influence

2652-594: The former was Zhong Yao , an official of Wei, of the latter; Cao Cao's son, Cao Zhi . Since the beginning of the Cao Wei dynasty, finding their roots in Cao Cao 's administrative influences, intellectual constraints were relaxed, leading to the formation of new groups of intellectuals, such as the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove . These intellectual freedoms were overturned by the time of the Jin dynasty (it

2720-709: The free dictionary. Wei or WEI may refer to: States [ edit ] Wey (state) (衛, 1040–209 BC), Wèi in pinyin, but spelled Wey to distinguish from the bigger Wèi of the Warring States Wei (state) (魏, 403–225 BC), one of the seven major states of the Warring States period Cao Wei (曹魏, 220–266), ruled North China during the Three Kingdoms period Ran Wei (冉魏, 350–352), short-lived Sixteen Kingdoms period state Northern Wei (北魏, 386–535), ruled North China during

2788-415: The general received him, Yuyu pulled out a hidden dagger from under the plates and fatally stabbed the Wei general. He was likewise killed by the attendants at the next moment, but the damage had been done — the Wei army, having lost their commander, was thrown into confusion. King Dongcheon took this opportunity to gather his forces and struck his enemy in three columns. The Wei armies, unable to recover from

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2856-568: The junction of the Fu'er River (富爾江) and the Hunjiang River, a place known as Liangkou (梁口; present-day Jiangkou village 江口村 in Tonghua ). Liangkou was to become the site of the first battles between Guanqiu Jian and King Dongcheon. Sources differ on how the battles played out. The 12th century Korean source Samguk Sagi states that Guanqiu Jian's army invaded in the eighth lunar month of

2924-447: The king evaded capture and eventually settled in a new capital, Goguryeo was reduced to such insignificance that for half a century there was no mention of the state in Chinese historical texts. In 249, during the reign of Cao Rui's successor, Cao Fang , the regent Sima Yi seized state power from his co-regent, Cao Shuang, in a coup. This event marked the collapse of imperial authority in Wei, as Cao Fang's role had been reduced to that of

2992-506: The king evaded capture, the Wei campaigns accomplished much to weaken the Goguryeo kingdom. Firstly, several thousands of the Goguryeo people were deported and resettled in China proper . Secondly, and more importantly, the intrusions into Okjeo and Ye separated these Goguryeo tributaries from its central ruling structure and brought them back under the influence of the commanderies of Lelang and Daifang. In doing so, Wang Qi and his peers removed

3060-423: The king's head as he remarked to his generals: "The Wei army, so enormous, cannot match a small force of ours, Guanqiu Jian is a great general of Wei, and today his life is in my hands!" He then led 5,000 ironclad horsemen to lead the charge against Guanqiu Jian, who put his troops in square formation and fought desperately. In the end, 18,000 Goguryeo men were killed in this last battle, and the defeated king fled to

3128-429: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wei&oldid=1230910881 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Goguryeo%E2%80%93Wei Wars The Goguryeo–Wei War

3196-492: The magnate families even after war ended. They did not contribute any labor service or taxes to the central government while their magnate lord received 50% or more of their grain harvest. They effectively were bondservants to their lords. The kaishu style of Chinese calligraphy was developed at some time between the late Eastern Han dynasty and the Cao Wei dynasty, as well as the Jian'an poetry style. The first known master of

3264-561: The mouth of the Yalu River. Xi'anping was an important area that had been under Goguryeo control in the early 230s but was overrun by Wei forces during the Liaodong campaign in 238. It was crucial agricultural land that was home to the "Small River Maek" (小水貊) people, a branch of the Goguryeo people known for their excellent bows. In addition, Xi'anping provided Goguryeo with sea access, from where Goguryeo communicated with Eastern Wu in

3332-609: The past. Finally, a Goguryeo presence there would cut off the land routes between the Central Plain and the Cao Wei commanderies on the Korean Peninsula. The Cao Wei court reacted most strongly to this apparent threat to their control of Lelang and Daifang. In response to Goguryeo's aggression, the Inspector of You Province (幽州刺史), Guanqiu Jian , set out from Xuantu Commandery into Goguryeo with seven legions — amounting to 10,000 infantry and cavalry in total — in 244. From

3400-505: The power of the central government. During this time, the minister Chen Qun developed the nine-rank system for civil service nomination, which was adopted by later dynasties until it was superseded by the imperial examination system in the Sui dynasty . Cao Pi felt that the Han dynasty collapsed because the Governors (州牧) of the various provinces wielded too much power and fell outside

3468-447: The routed Goguryeo army after the battle of Liangkou. According to the Chinese source History of Northern Dynasties , Guanqiu Jian reached Chengxian (赬峴), determined to be the present-day mountain pass Xiaobancha Ridge (小板岔嶺), also called Banshi Ridge (板石嶺). Since the mountainous region rendered the cavalry ineffective, the Wei army fastened the horses and chariots there and climbed up to mountain city of Hwando. Guanqiu Jian first struck

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3536-781: The seat of government in Xuantu (near present-day Shenyang , Liaoning ), Guanqiu Jian's army went up the valley of the Suzi River (蘇子河), a tributary of the Hunhe River , to present-day Xinbin County , and from there crossed the watershed to the east and entered the Hunjiang River valley. King Dongcheon marched with 20,000 infantry and cavalry out from his capital Hwando to meet the advancing army. The king's army travelled through several river valleys and met Guanqiu Jian's army at

3604-421: The status of a vassal king – "King of Wei (魏王)". Cao Cao died on 15 March 220 and his vassal king title was inherited by his son Cao Pi . Later that year, on 11 December, Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian to abdicate in his favour and took over the throne, establishing the state of Wei. However, Liu Bei immediately contested Cao Pi's claim to the Han throne and declared himself "Emperor of Han " a year later. Sun Quan

3672-423: The stronghold guarding the main city and then descended upon the capital, where the Wei army wrought much destruction, slaughtering and capturing over thousands of people. Guanqiu Jian specifically spared the tomb and family of Deukrae (得來), a Goguryeo minister who frequently remonstrated against aggression toward Wei and starved himself to death in protest when his advice went unheeded. The king and his family fled

3740-588: The subsequent welcome by the hosts reconfirmed the friendly relations between Wei and Buyeo, and tributes from Buyeo to Wei would continue annually. When King Dongcheon returned to Hwando, he found the city to be too ravaged by war and too close to the border to be a suitable capital, and thus relocated his capital to a "walled town in the plain" (平壤城, Pyeongyangseong ) in 247, moving his people and sacred shrines while leaving Hwando to ruin. From this new capital, Goguryeo underwent significant reorganization, particularly in regards to its economic base, to recover from

3808-428: The warlord Gongsun Du came to control the commanderies of Liaodong (遼東) and Xuantu , directly adjacent to Goguryeo. Gongsun Du's faction often quarrelled with Goguryeo despite initial cooperation, and the conflict culminated in the Goguryeo succession feud of 204, which Gongsun Du's successor Gongsun Kang exploited. Though the candidate supported by Gongsun Kang was eventually defeated, the victor Sansang of Goguryeo

3876-408: The weakness in Wei's successor the Jin dynasty and wrestled the commanderies of Lelang and Daifang from central Chinese control. By this time, Goguryeo completed seventy years of recovery and was transformed "from a Chinese border state, existing mainly by the plunder of the Chinese outposts in the northeast, to a kingdom centred in Korea proper, in which the formerly independent tribal communities of

3944-527: The year, but was twice defeated before winning the crucial battle that sent the king back to the capital. The first battle, according to Samguk Sagi , pitted King Dongcheon's 20,000 foot and horse soldiers against Guanqiu Jian's 10,000-man-strong army on the Hunjiang River, which Goguryeo won and beheaded 3,000 Wei soldiers. The second engagement was described to have happened in a "Dale of Liangmo" (梁貊之谷), where Goguryeo again bested and captured and killed 3,000 more soldiers. The two victories seemed to have got into

4012-613: Was Sima Yi himself who associated with the orthodox Confucianists, who despised these new intellectual groups, and therefore were more willing to offer their support to the Sima clan). According to the Book of Wei by Wang Chen , the Cao family descended from the Yellow Emperor through his grandson Zhuanxu . They were of the same lineage as Emperor Shun . Another account says that the Cao family descended from Emperor Shun. This account

4080-411: Was a series of invasions of Goguryeo from 244 to 245 launched by Cao Wei . The invasions, a retaliation against a Goguryeo raid in 242, destroyed the Goguryeo capital of Hwando , sent its king fleeing, and broke the tributary relationships between Goguryeo and the other tribes of the Korean Peninsula that formed much of Goguryeo's economy. Although the king evaded capture and would go on to settle in

4148-483: Was attacked by Jiang Ji , who claimed that those with the family name " Tian " descended from Shun, but not those surnamed " Cao ". He also claimed that "Gui" (媯) was Emperor Shun's family name. - - - - - = The dashed line denotes an adoption Wei (disambiguation) (Redirected from Wei (disambiguation) ) [REDACTED] Look up Wei in Wiktionary,

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4216-565: Was compelled to move his capital southeast to Hwando (present-day Ji'an , Jilin ) on the Yalu River , which offered better protection. Gongsun Kang moved in and restored order to the Lelang Commandery and established the new Daifang Commandery by splitting the southern part of Lelang. Compared to the agriculturally rich former capital Jolbon , Hwando was situated in a mountainous region with little arable land. To sustain

4284-687: Was created by Cao Wei with rigid social stratification backed by law between shu (庶) (commoner) households and shi (士) (noble) households in the Nine ranks system which was created by Cao Wei and enabled hereditary officeholding by the aristocratic magnate families. Magnates took in farming families and war refugees into their fortress villages as ke (客) (private clients) and as buqu (military retainers) who made up their private militias. These magnates were rich landowners and local warlords and their economic and social power only grew at this time. The military retainers stayed own as private agricultural laborers bonded to

4352-533: Was duly recorded into the Weilüe by the contemporary historian Yu Huan . Though the original Weilüe is now lost, its contents were preserved in the Records of Three Kingdoms , where the reports from the Goguryeo expedition are included in the "Chapter on Eastern Barbarians" (東夷傳, Dongyi Zhuan ) — considered the most important single source of information for the culture and society of early states and peoples on

4420-480: Was extended into the Korean Peninsula, adjacent to Goguryeo. However, Han population plummeted in Liaodong as Wei engaged in a large-scale purge of all who served Gongsun Yuan and relocated the coastal populace to Shandong in response to a sea raid from the enemy state Eastern Wu . The alliance between Goguryeo and Wei broke down in 242, when King Dongcheon of Goguryeo sent men to plunder the Liaodong district of Xi'anping (西安平; near present-day Dandong , Liaoning) at

4488-492: Was found out that Jiang Wei had urged Zhong Hui to get rid of these officials before the planned coup. Sima Zhao himself received and finally accepted the nine bestowals and the title Duke of Jin in 263, and was further bestowed with the title King of Jin by Cao Huan in 264, but he died on 6 September 265, leaving the final step of usurpation up to his eldest son, Sima Yan . On 4 February 266, Sima Zhao's son, Sima Yan, forced Cao Huan to abdicate in his favor, replacing Wei with

4556-424: Was nominally a vassal king under Wei, but he declared independence in 222 and eventually proclaimed himself "Emperor of Wu " in 229. To distinguish the state from other historical Chinese states of the same name, historians have added a relevant character to the state's original name: the state that called itself "Wei" (魏) is also known as "Cao Wei" (曹魏) Cao Pi ruled for six years until his death on 29 June 226 and

4624-477: Was succeeded by his son, Cao Rui , who ruled until his death on 22 January 239. Throughout the reigns of Cao Pi and Cao Rui, Wei had been fighting numerous wars with its two rival states – Shu and Wu. Between 228 and 234, Zhuge Liang , the Shu chancellor and regent, led a series of five military campaigns to attack Wei's western borders (within present-day Gansu and Shaanxi ), with the aim of conquering Chang'an ,

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