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112-488: The ERCB's mission was to ensure that the discovery, development, and delivery of Alberta's energy resources took place in a manner that was fair, responsible and in the public interest. The ERCB adjudicated and regulated matters related to energy within Alberta to ensure that the development, transportation, and monitoring of the province's energy resources were in the public interest . The Board provided this assurance of

224-548: A basal metabolic rate of 80 watts. For example, if our bodies run (on average) at 80 watts, then a light bulb running at 100 watts is running at 1.25 human equivalents (100 ÷ 80) i.e. 1.25 H-e. For a difficult task of only a few seconds' duration, a person can put out thousands of watts, many times the 746 watts in one official horsepower. For tasks lasting a few minutes, a fit human can generate perhaps 1,000 watts. For an activity that must be sustained for an hour, output drops to around 300; for an activity kept up all day, 150 watts

336-462: A battery (from chemical energy to electric energy ), a dam (from gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy of moving water (and the blades of a turbine ) and ultimately to electric energy through an electric generator ), and a heat engine (from heat to work). Examples of energy transformation include generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine, or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving

448-435: A Lagrangian; for example, dissipative systems with continuous symmetries need not have a corresponding conservation law. In the context of chemistry , energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular, or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is usually accompanied by a decrease, and sometimes an increase, of

560-474: A biological cell or organelle of a biological organism. Energy used in respiration is stored in substances such as carbohydrates (including sugars), lipids , and proteins stored by cells . In human terms, the human equivalent (H-e) (Human energy conversion) indicates, for a given amount of energy expenditure, the relative quantity of energy needed for human metabolism , using as a standard an average human energy expenditure of 12,500 kJ per day and

672-515: A bound system is discrete (a set of permitted states, each characterized by an energy level ) which results in the concept of quanta . In the solution of the Schrödinger equation for any oscillator (vibrator) and for electromagnetic waves in a vacuum, the resulting energy states are related to the frequency by Planck's relation : E = h ν {\displaystyle E=h\nu } (where h {\displaystyle h}

784-578: A chance to be heard. When conflicts regarding development remained unresolved between companies and landowners , the ERCB worked to settle the issues in a fair and balanced manner. In 1996, the Alberta Geological Survey (AGS) joined the ERCB. AGS assisted the ERCB by providing data, information, knowledge and advice about the geology of Alberta. Alberta's first energy regulatory body was created in 1938. A succession of agencies led to

896-402: A complete and well-prepared routine application could be as short as one day. Some projects required input from other government departments. The ERCB passed such applications to Alberta Environment, which handles distribution to other departments. This "one-window" approach meant that applicants did not have to go to each government department for individual review and approval. The general rule

1008-417: A core concept. Work , a function of energy, is force times distance. This says that the work ( W {\displaystyle W} ) is equal to the line integral of the force F along a path C ; for details see the mechanical work article. Work and thus energy is frame dependent . For example, consider a ball being hit by a bat. In the center-of-mass reference frame, the bat does no work on

1120-492: A crane motor. Lifting against gravity performs mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational potential energy in the object. If the object falls to the ground, gravity does mechanical work on the object which transforms the potential energy in the gravitational field to the kinetic energy released as heat on impact with the ground. The Sun transforms nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy; its total mass does not decrease due to that itself (since it still contains

1232-526: A daughter Melinda, an opera singer. The marriage was dissolved in 1976, and Hughes remarried his first wife in 1982. They were married when Hughes died from complications from Alzheimer's disease . He had been living in a nursing home in Panorama City in Los Angeles. Filmink magazine did a profile on Hughes which argued "he was a very “ups and downs” kind of guy with a solid overall average:

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1344-556: A few exceptions, like those generated by volcanic events for example. An example of a solar-mediated weather event is a hurricane, which occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, suddenly give up some of their thermal energy to power a few days of violent air movement. In a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis . This slow lifting represents

1456-474: A given temperature  T . This exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature is known as the Arrhenius equation . The activation energy necessary for a chemical reaction can be provided in the form of thermal energy. In biology , energy is an attribute of all biological systems, from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of

1568-568: A hearing. The Board would also dismiss objections if the person does not appear to be directly or adversely affected. The ERCB mailed a Notice of Hearing to inform people and organizations affected by an application about the hearing. The Notice of Hearing may have been published in daily and/or weekly newspapers. Hearing notices were available on the ERCB Web site. Companies involved in large projects usually held an open house to explain their proposed project, answer citizens' questions, and address

1680-477: A kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may later be transformed into active kinetic energy during landslides, after a triggering event. Earthquakes also release stored elastic potential energy in rocks, a store that has been produced ultimately from the same radioactive heat sources. Thus, according to present understanding, familiar events such as landslides and earthquakes release energy that has been stored as potential energy in

1792-435: A lot of money, but that doesn't really make me feel any better about it. On the other hand, I've made pictures that got awards at Berlin and places, and didn't make any money, and that doesn't make me feel any better either". Irving Allen produced Cromwell (1970), a dream project of Hughes who called it the "best thing I've ever done". It starred Richard Harris in the title role and Alec Guinness as Charles I , but

1904-554: A moving object, the potential energy stored by an object (for instance due to its position in a field ), the elastic energy stored in a solid object, chemical energy associated with chemical reactions , the radiant energy carried by electromagnetic radiation , the internal energy contained within a thermodynamic system , and rest energy associated with an object's rest mass . All living organisms constantly take in and release energy. The Earth's climate and ecosystems processes are driven primarily by radiant energy from

2016-444: A streamlined approach to processing some 40 000 energy development applications each year. The Facilities Group handled project reviews, audits, and approvals related to new or modified oil and gas facilities, such as wells, pipelines, batteries, and gas plants. The Resource Group dealt with applications and issues related to development and conservation projects for oil, gas, and coal. The Business Operations and Development Group managed

2128-425: A system. This property is responsible for the inertia and strength of gravitational interaction of the system ("mass manifestations"), and is also responsible for the potential ability of the system to perform work or heating ("energy manifestations"), subject to the limitations of other physical laws. In classical physics , energy is a scalar quantity, the canonical conjugate to time. In special relativity energy

2240-426: A tiny fraction of the original chemical energy is used for work : It would appear that living organisms are remarkably inefficient (in the physical sense) in their use of the energy they receive (chemical or radiant energy); most machines manage higher efficiencies. In growing organisms the energy that is converted to heat serves a vital purpose, as it allows the organism tissue to be highly ordered with regard to

2352-481: Is a derived unit that is equal to the energy expended, or work done, in applying a force of one newton through a distance of one metre. However energy can also be expressed in many other units not part of the SI, such as ergs , calories , British thermal units , kilowatt-hours and kilocalories , which require a conversion factor when expressed in SI units. The SI unit of power , defined as energy per unit of time,

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2464-630: Is a corporation created by the Responsible Energy Development Act passed on 10 December 2012 and proclaimed on 17 June 2013, in the Alberta Legislature, operating at arm's length from the Government of Alberta, under an appointed board of directors headed by Chair, Gerry Protti and CEO Jim Ellis, appointed by Energy Minister Ken Hughes . On 17 June 2013, all regulatory functions previously carried out by

2576-460: Is about the maximum. The human equivalent assists understanding of energy flows in physical and biological systems by expressing energy units in human terms: it provides a "feel" for the use of a given amount of energy. Sunlight's radiant energy is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis , when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and oxygen. Release of

2688-434: Is also a scalar (although not a Lorentz scalar but a time component of the energy–momentum 4-vector ). In other words, energy is invariant with respect to rotations of space , but not invariant with respect to rotations of spacetime (= boosts ). Energy may be transformed between different forms at various efficiencies . Items that transform between these forms are called transducers . Examples of transducers include

2800-575: Is called the Lagrangian , after Joseph-Louis Lagrange . This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics , but is generally useful in modern physics. The Lagrangian is defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy. Usually, the Lagrange formalism

2912-473: Is defined in terms of the energy operator (Hamiltonian) as a time derivative of the wave function . The Schrödinger equation equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system. Its results can be considered as a definition of measurement of energy in quantum mechanics. The Schrödinger equation describes the space- and time-dependence of a slowly changing (non-relativistic) wave function of quantum systems. The solution of this equation for

3024-418: Is directly proportional to the mass of the body: E 0 = m 0 c 2 , {\displaystyle E_{0}=m_{0}c^{2},} where For example, consider electron – positron annihilation, in which the rest energy of these two individual particles (equivalent to their rest mass) is converted to the radiant energy of the photons produced in the process. In this system

3136-516: Is either from gravitational collapse of matter (usually molecular hydrogen) into various classes of astronomical objects (stars, black holes, etc.), or from nuclear fusion (of lighter elements, primarily hydrogen). The nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the Sun also releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang . At that time, according to theory, space expanded and

3248-510: Is extremely large relative to ordinary human scales, the conversion of an everyday amount of rest mass (for example, 1 kg) from rest energy to other forms of energy (such as kinetic energy, thermal energy, or the radiant energy carried by light and other radiation) can liberate tremendous amounts of energy (~ 9 × 10 16 {\displaystyle 9\times 10^{16}} joules = 21 megatons of TNT), as can be seen in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. Conversely,

3360-623: Is mathematically more convenient than the Hamiltonian for non-conservative systems (such as systems with friction). Noether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants of motion in Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics (1788 and 1833, respectively), it does not apply to systems that cannot be modeled with

3472-402: Is no friction or other losses, the conversion of energy between these processes would be perfect, and the pendulum would continue swinging forever. Energy is also transferred from potential energy ( E p {\displaystyle E_{p}} ) to kinetic energy ( E k {\displaystyle E_{k}} ) and then back to potential energy constantly. This

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3584-415: Is referred to as conservation of energy. In this isolated system , energy cannot be created or destroyed; therefore, the initial energy and the final energy will be equal to each other. This can be demonstrated by the following: The equation can then be simplified further since E p = m g h {\displaystyle E_{p}=mgh} (mass times acceleration due to gravity times

3696-576: Is setting up a Tailings Management Framework to complement and expand Directive 074's policies to "ensure that fluid fine tailings are reclaimed as quickly as possible and that current inventories are reduced." On 12 June 2013 the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo after many days of heavy rain, declared a state of emergency. The flood conditions lasted from June 10–18, 2013. It was the first of many communities to do so in Alberta during

3808-696: Is the Planck constant and ν {\displaystyle \nu } the frequency). In the case of an electromagnetic wave these energy states are called quanta of light or photons . When calculating kinetic energy ( work to accelerate a massive body from zero speed to some finite speed) relativistically – using Lorentz transformations instead of Newtonian mechanics – Einstein discovered an unexpected by-product of these calculations to be an energy term which does not vanish at zero speed. He called it rest energy : energy which every massive body must possess even when being at rest. The amount of energy

3920-496: Is the watt , which is a joule per second. Thus, one joule is one watt-second, and 3600 joules equal one watt-hour. The CGS energy unit is the erg and the imperial and US customary unit is the foot pound . Other energy units such as the electronvolt , food calorie or thermodynamic kcal (based on the temperature change of water in a heating process), and BTU are used in specific areas of science and commerce. In 1843, French physicist James Prescott Joule , namesake of

4032-445: Is the main input to Earth's energy budget which accounts for its temperature and climate stability. Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example when) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives most weather phenomena, save

4144-424: Is transformed to what other kind) is often determined by entropy (equal energy spread among all available degrees of freedom ) considerations. In practice all energy transformations are permitted on a small scale, but certain larger transformations are not permitted because it is statistically unlikely that energy or matter will randomly move into more concentrated forms or smaller spaces. Energy transformations in

4256-433: Is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass–energy equivalence . The formula E  =  mc ², derived by Albert Einstein (1905) quantifies the relationship between relativistic mass and energy within

4368-543: The 2013 floods . Wood Buffalo authorities organised evacuations from some areas and placed others in boil water advisories as local waterways, such as the Hangingstone River, rose to dangerously high levels. An application was a request by a company for ERCB approval—in the form of a licence, order, permit, or approval—for an energy project. Most energy-related projects require ERCB approval. Each year tens of thousands of applications were reviewed and approved by

4480-758: The Public Lands Act , the Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act and the Water Act , with regards to energy development." The Alberta Energy Regulator will enforce environmental laws and issue environmental and water permits, responsibilities formerly the mandate of Alberta Environment. Gerry Protti, appointed by Energy Minister Ken Hughes , on 18 June 2013, as chair of the Alberta Energy Regulator (AER), that will regulate oil, gas and coal development in Alberta,

4592-737: The Responsible Energy Development Act passed in the Alberta Legislature. Alberta Energy Regulator is mandated under the Act, to direct and oversee "the orderly transition from the Energy Resources Conservation Act to the Responsible Energy Development Act . Under this act, the newly formed Alberta Energy Regulator, will "bring together the regulatory functions from the Energy Resources Conservation Board and

Energy Resources Conservation Board - Misplaced Pages Continue

4704-436: The composite motion of the object's components – while potential energy reflects the potential of an object to have motion, generally being based upon the object's position within a field or what is stored within the field itself. While these two categories are sufficient to describe all forms of energy, it is often convenient to refer to particular combinations of potential and kinetic energy as its own form. For example,

4816-487: The gravitational collapse of supernovae to "store" energy in the creation of heavy isotopes (such as uranium and thorium ), and nuclear decay , a process in which energy is released that was originally stored in these heavy elements, before they were incorporated into the Solar System and the Earth. This energy is triggered and released in nuclear fission bombs or in civil nuclear power generation. Similarly, in

4928-416: The matter and antimatter (electrons and positrons) are destroyed and changed to non-matter (the photons). However, the total mass and total energy do not change during this interaction. The photons each have no rest mass but nonetheless have radiant energy which exhibits the same inertia as did the two original particles. This is a reversible process – the inverse process is called pair creation – in which

5040-636: The 1930s, but shot at Shepperton Studios in Surrey. He shared an Emmy Award in 1959 for writing the television play Eddie (for Alcoa Theatre ) which starred Mickey Rooney . Hughes made some films for Columbia: Wicked as They Come (1956), and The Long Haul (1957). He wrote High Flight (1957) made by Warwick Films , producers Albert Broccoli and Irving Allen , who released through Columbia. For British TV he wrote episodes of Solo for Canary (1958). For Warwick Films, he directed two films with Anthony Newley , Jazz Boat (1960) and In

5152-485: The 1970s. In July 1975 he declared bankruptcy. He told the London Bankruptcy Court he earned £44,177 in 1968 and £47,960 in 1969 but nothing in 1970. "The film industry collapsed," said Hughes. "It has not recovered yet." He had debts of £32,277 and had to sell his house to pay creditors. Hughes attributed his financial situation to paying maintenance to two wives and an inability to reduce expenses. He

5264-466: The BBC where he made documentaries. Hughes's first film as director was the "B" movie Wide Boy (1952). He did a short feature, The Drayton Case (1953), which became the first of Anglo-Amalgamated 's Scotland Yard film series (1953-61), and several of the later installments including The Dark Stairway (1953) and Murder Anonymous (1955). He did Black 13 (1954) then made The House Across

5376-460: The Board and stakeholders to make informed decisions about energy and utility matters. This responsibility would result in the Board discharging its advisory role with respect to matters under the jurisdiction of the Board. The Government of Alberta owns about 80% of the province's mineral rights , such as oil , natural gas , coal , and the oil sands . In other words, most resources are owned by

5488-542: The Board. However, any unresolved matter or objection related to an application may have proceeded to an ERCB hearing. ERCB. 2011-06. "ST98-2011 Alberta’s Energy Reserves 2010 and Supply/Demand Outlook 2011–2020" ERCB. 2011-04. "Big Reserves, Big Responsibility: Developing Alberta’s Oil Sands" ERCB. 2009. "Directive 074: Tailings Performance Criteria and Requirements for Oil Sands Mining Schemes." ERCB. 2008. "Directive 073: Requirements for Inspection and Compliance of Oil Sands Mining and Processing Plant Operations in

5600-714: The ERCB answered directly to the Executive Council (Cabinet) of Alberta through the Minister of Energy, but it made its formal decisions independently in accordance with the six statutes it administers. The ERCB was led by a Board of eight people: a Chairman and Board Members. Supporting the Chairman and Board Members was the Executive Committee, and approximately 900 staff who worked in eight main branches: This branch, made up of three groups, provided

5712-411: The ERCB received an objection from a person who may have been directly and adversely affected by a proposed project. Applications filed may have created community concern or a need for more information; however, these matters were often settled through an Appropriate Dispute Resolution (ADR) process. When matters were settled through ADR or there were no public concerns and objections, there was no need for

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5824-464: The ERCB. The ERCB also played a vital environmental protection role by reviewing flaring permits, oilfield waste disposal facilities, drilling waste practices, and emergency response plans. ERCB approval for a facility or project was considered to be routine if an application was complete, there were no landowner objections, and the company applying had met all technical, safety, public consultation, and environmental requirements. The turnaround time for

5936-571: The Earth's gravitational field or elastic strain (mechanical potential energy) in rocks. Prior to this, they represent release of energy that has been stored in heavy atoms since the collapse of long-destroyed supernova stars (which created these atoms). In cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars , nova , supernova , quasars and gamma-ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations

6048-849: The Energy Resources Conservation Board were taken over by the Alberta Energy Regulator . Alberta Energy Regulator is "100 per cent funded by industry and is authorized to collect funds through an administrative fee levied on oil and gas wells, oil sands mines, and coal mines. The industry-funded model is commonly used by regulatory agencies from various sectors across North America." AER has "an annual budget of more than $ 165 million, more than "1000 staff working in 13 locations across Alberta." Alberta Energy Regulator "regulates approximately - 181,000 active wells, 27,800 oil facilities and 20,000 gas facilities, and 405,000 kilometres (km) of pipelines." AER also "considers some 36 800 applications for energy development every year." In December 2012,

6160-528: The Lake (1954) for Hammer Films , based on Hughes's own novel. He made The Brain Machine (1955), Little Red Monkey (1955), and Confession (1955). Timeslip (1955) was science fiction. He was one of several writers on The Flying Eye (1955) and Portrait of Alison (1955). Hughes received notice for Joe MacBeth (1955) a modernised re-telling of Macbeth set among American gangsters of

6272-718: The Mineable Oil Sands Group, which looked after oil sands developments that use mining recovery technology as well as bitumen upgrading, and the In Situ Oil Sands Group, which focused on developments using recovery technology involving subsurface or in situ recovery methods. Collaborating with other ERCB branches, the Oil Sands Branch took the lead on processing applications, conducting surveillance and enforcement of approved projects, and carrying out geological assessments as they apply to

6384-508: The Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Resource Development into a one-stop shop." The Alberta Energy Regulator is now "responsible for all projects from application to reclamation." They will respond to project proponents, landowners and industry regarding energy regulations in Alberta. The Alberta Energy Regulator was phased in during June 2013. Responsible Energy Development Act gave the Alberta Energy Regulator "the authority to administer

6496-471: The Nick (1960). Warwick liked his work and hired Hughes to direct The Trials of Oscar Wilde (1960) with Peter Finch . It was well received, and was Hughes favourite among his films because he did not make any concessions in its production. Hughes wrote and directed The Small World of Sammy Lee (1963), based on Hughes's television play Sammy which had been broadcast by the BBC in 1958. Anthony Newley

6608-533: The Oil Sands Mining Area." An ERCB hearing was a formal process that provided an important opportunity for different points of view about an energy project to be aired in a fair and orderly forum. A hearing allowed for an open, public testing of technical, environmental, social, and economic evidence from those involved. The process ensured that all relevant arguments for and against the energy facility project are heard. ERCB hearings were held when

6720-585: The TV series An Enemy of the State (1965). He was subsequently one of several directors who worked on the James Bond spoof Casino Royale (1967). He co-wrote and directed Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968) for producer Broccoli. Although it was a success at the box-office, it received a negative response from critics who objected to its sentimentality. It was a project he did not enjoy working on. "The film made

6832-558: The United Landowners of Alberta, First Nations, farmers and ranchers have expressed concerns about the streamlining of regulatory processes that may benefit oil and gas industries at their expense. According to their brochure the Alberta Energy Regulator "ensures the safe, efficient, orderly, and environmentally responsible development of hydrocarbon resources over their entire life cycle. This includes allocating and conserving water resources, managing public lands, and protecting

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6944-510: The ball. But, in the reference frame of the person swinging the bat, considerable work is done on the ball. The total energy of a system is sometimes called the Hamiltonian , after William Rowan Hamilton . The classical equations of motion can be written in terms of the Hamiltonian, even for highly complex or abstract systems. These classical equations have direct analogs in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. Another energy-related concept

7056-447: The case of a chemical explosion , chemical potential energy is transformed to kinetic and thermal energy in a very short time. Yet another example is that of a pendulum . At its highest points the kinetic energy is zero and the gravitational potential energy is at its maximum. At its lowest point the kinetic energy is at its maximum and is equal to the decrease in potential energy . If one (unrealistically) assumes that there

7168-965: The case of animals. The daily 1500–2000  Calories (6–8 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as food molecules, mostly carbohydrates and fats, of which glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) and stearin (C 57 H 110 O 6 ) are convenient examples. The food molecules are oxidized to carbon dioxide and water in the mitochondria C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 ⟶ 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O}}} C 57 H 110 O 6 + ( 81 1 2 ) O 2 ⟶ 57 CO 2 + 55 H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {C57H110O6 + (81 1/2) O2 -> 57CO2 + 55H2O}}} and some of

7280-409: The community's concerns. The Notice of Hearing provided interested parties with the following information: An ERCB hearing followed a formal process to ensure that everyone had a say: Energy Energy (from Ancient Greek ἐνέργεια ( enérgeia )  'activity') is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system , recognizable in

7392-472: The complete conversion of matter (such as atoms) to non-matter (such as photons) is forbidden by conservation laws . Ken Hughes Kenneth Graham Hughes (19 January 1922 – 28 April 2001) was an English film director and screenwriter. He worked on over 30 feature films between 1952 and 1981, including the 1968 musical fantasy film Chitty Chitty Bang Bang , based on the Ian Fleming novel of

7504-451: The complex organisms can occupy ecological niches that are not available to their simpler brethren. The conversion of a portion of the chemical energy to heat at each step in a metabolic pathway is the physical reason behind the pyramid of biomass observed in ecology . As an example, to take just the first step in the food chain : of the estimated 124.7 Pg/a of carbon that is fixed by photosynthesis , 64.3 Pg/a (52%) are used for

7616-553: The concept of special relativity. In different theoretical frameworks, similar formulas were derived by J.J. Thomson (1881), Henri Poincaré (1900), Friedrich Hasenöhrl (1904) and others (see Mass–energy equivalence#History for further information). Part of the rest energy (equivalent to rest mass) of matter may be converted to other forms of energy (still exhibiting mass), but neither energy nor mass can be destroyed; rather, both remain constant during any process. However, since c 2 {\displaystyle c^{2}}

7728-470: The conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time. Thus, since 1918, theorists have understood that the law of conservation of energy is the direct mathematical consequence of the translational symmetry of the quantity conjugate to energy, namely time. In the International System of Units (SI), the unit of energy is the joule . It

7840-430: The context of Alberta's environment, economy, and society. The branch also developed and supported regulatory processes and best practices to conserve earth-energy resources, maintains environmental quality, assures public safety, and guides informed risk taking in regulatory and policy decisions. The Oil Sands Branch had overall responsibility for how the ERCB regulated oil sands activities in Alberta. The branch comprised

7952-443: The coordination of administrative support, approvals development, planning, objections, and hearings. This branch provided technical and operational expertise in the development, application, and enforcement of regulatory requirements for conventional and nonconventional resources. The branch ensured that oil and gas operations are conducted in a safe and responsible manner through incident response, resource conservation, protection of

8064-473: The energy is used to convert ADP into ATP : The rest of the chemical energy of the carbohydrate or fat are converted into heat: the ATP is used as a sort of "energy currency", and some of the chemical energy it contains is used for other metabolism when ATP reacts with OH groups and eventually splits into ADP and phosphate (at each stage of a metabolic pathway , some chemical energy is converted into heat). Only

8176-457: The energy stored during photosynthesis as heat or light may be triggered suddenly by a spark in a forest fire, or it may be made available more slowly for animal or human metabolism when organic molecules are ingested and catabolism is triggered by enzyme action. All living creatures rely on an external source of energy to be able to grow and reproduce – radiant energy from the Sun in the case of green plants and chemical energy (in some form) in

8288-478: The environment while providing economic benefits for all Albertans." The ERCB regulated the safe, responsible, and efficient development of oil, natural gas, oil sands, and coal, and as well as the pipelines to move the resources to market. Regulation was done through two core functions: adjudication and regulation, and information and knowledge. ERCB approval must have been given at almost every step of an energy project's life. To maintain its autonomous structure,

8400-416: The environment, and industry liability management. Operating from Field Centres across Alberta, field staff inspected construction, operation, and abandonment operations at oil, gas, and oil sands facilities and respond to emergencies and public concerns on a 24-hour basis. This branch incorporated several groups. Human Resources provides services and programs to ensure that a competent and committed workforce

8512-402: The first of its kind, which sets out the "industry-wide requirements for tailings management," requiring "operators to commit resources to research, develop, and implement fluid tailings reduction technologies and to commit to tailings management and progressive reclamation as operational priorities that are integrated with mine planning and bitumen production activities." The Government of Alberta

8624-493: The first time in the work of Aristotle in the 4th century BC. In contrast to the modern definition, energeia was a qualitative philosophical concept, broad enough to include ideas such as happiness and pleasure. In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin : vis viva , or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva

8736-437: The formulation of energy regulations and legislation. The branch administered intervener funding and led a key advisory committee that advises the Board on decisions and policy matters. This branch maintained an integrated and current inventory of Alberta's subsurface energy, mineral, and other resources in a geological framework. It provided knowledge, advice, and forecasts about the states of earth-energy resource development in

8848-413: The height) and E k = 1 2 m v 2 {\textstyle E_{k}={\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}} (half mass times velocity squared). Then the total amount of energy can be found by adding E p + E k = E total {\displaystyle E_{p}+E_{k}=E_{\text{total}}} . Energy gives rise to weight when it

8960-437: The industry funding levy. In addition, staff coordinated the preparation of the ERCB's three-year business plan and performance reporting. This branch was responsible for ERCB information systems, support, and technological infrastructure, with a focus on new ways to deliver electronic commerce. Another core area was the collection and dissemination of energy resource information, including oil and gas production. This information

9072-421: The maker of a genuine classic (Trials of Oscar Wilde), a handful of terrific movies (Long Haul, Joe MacBeth, Wide Boy) and some films that have splendid things in them (Small World of Sammy Lee, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang and yes, Casino Royale). He also made movies that were dull (Cromwell), dire (Alfie Darling), disappointing (Timeslip) and in one case, beyond belief (Sextette). He clearly worked best when attached to

9184-482: The marginalia of her French language translation of Newton's Principia Mathematica , which represented the first formulation of a conserved measurable quantity that was distinct from momentum , and which would later be called "energy". In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva , in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described " kinetic energy " in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined

9296-424: The mass equivalent of an everyday amount energy is minuscule, which is why a loss of energy (loss of mass) from most systems is difficult to measure on a weighing scale, unless the energy loss is very large. Examples of large transformations between rest energy (of matter) and other forms of energy (e.g., kinetic energy into particles with rest mass) are found in nuclear physics and particle physics . Often, however,

9408-474: The metabolism of green plants, i.e. reconverted into carbon dioxide and heat. In geology , continental drift , mountain ranges , volcanoes , and earthquakes are phenomena that can be explained in terms of energy transformations in the Earth's interior, while meteorological phenomena like wind, rain, hail , snow, lightning, tornadoes and hurricanes are all a result of energy transformations in our atmosphere brought about by solar energy . Sunlight

9520-427: The molecules it is built from. The second law of thermodynamics states that energy (and matter) tends to become more evenly spread out across the universe: to concentrate energy (or matter) in one specific place, it is necessary to spread out a greater amount of energy (as heat) across the remainder of the universe ("the surroundings"). Simpler organisms can achieve higher energy efficiencies than more complex ones, but

9632-778: The new ERCB being established 1 January 2008, as a result of the realignment of the Alberta Energy and Utilities Board (EUB) into the ERCB and the Alberta Utilities Commission. The ERCB also includes the Alberta Geological Survey. In October 2008, ERCB was named one of Alberta's Top Employers by Mediacorp Canada Inc., which was announced by the Calgary Herald and the Edmonton Journal . Alberta Energy Regulator

9744-416: The next ten years would exceed £500,000 after corporations tax and be available to Constellation. Hughes directed The Internecine Project (1974) for British Lion and Alfie Darling (1975), a sequel to Alfie (1966); they both flopped. He wrote and directed episodes of Oil Strike North (1975). Hughes sold his production company for £300,000 in 1969, but encountered financial difficulties in

9856-434: The oil sands. In their 2012 report ECRB cautioned that oil sands operators failed to convert their tailings ponds into deposits suitable for reclamation in a timely fashion, as proposed in their project applications. "The volume of fluid tailings, and the area required to hold fluid tailings, continued to grow, and the reclamation of tailings ponds was further delayed." ECRB follows the industry wide directive, Directive 074,

9968-445: The people of Alberta through their government. While private companies can develop these resources, the ERCB was authorized by the government to protect the public's interest relating to the discovery, development, and delivery of these resources. Regulation was needed so that non-renewable resources were produced in a safe, responsible, and efficient manner, without waste. The ERCB also ensured that everyone affected by development had

10080-419: The performance of work and in the form of heat and light . Energy is a conserved quantity —the law of conservation of energy states that energy can be converted in form, but not created or destroyed; matter and energy may also be converted to one another. The unit of measurement for energy in the International System of Units (SI) is the joule (J). Forms of energy include the kinetic energy of

10192-416: The public interest through its activities in the application and hearing process, regulation , monitoring, and surveillance and enforcement. The information and knowledge responsibility of the Board included the collection, storage, analysis, appraisal, dissemination and stakeholder awareness of information. Open access to information developed awareness, understanding and responsible behavior and allowed

10304-405: The rest mass of particles is created from the radiant energy of two (or more) annihilating photons. In general relativity, the stress–energy tensor serves as the source term for the gravitational field, in rough analogy to the way mass serves as the source term in the non-relativistic Newtonian approximation. Energy and mass are manifestations of one and the same underlying physical property of

10416-405: The same name . His other notable works included The Trials of Oscar Wilde (1960), Of Human Bondage (1964), Casino Royale (1967), and Cromwell (1970). He was an Emmy Award winner and a three-time BAFTA Award nominee. Hughes has been called "a filmmaker whose output was consistently interesting and entertaining, and deserved more critical attention than it has received." Hughes

10528-474: The same total energy even in different forms) but its mass does decrease when the energy escapes out to its surroundings, largely as radiant energy . There are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process, e.g. in a heat engine, as described by Carnot's theorem and the second law of thermodynamics . However, some energy transformations can be quite efficient. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind of energy

10640-467: The situation is the reverse. Chemical reactions are usually not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy . The speed of a chemical reaction (at a given temperature  T ) is related to the activation energy  E by the Boltzmann's population factor e ; that is, the probability of a molecule to have energy greater than or equal to  E at

10752-526: The sum of translational and rotational kinetic and potential energy within a system is referred to as mechanical energy , whereas nuclear energy refers to the combined potentials within an atomic nucleus from either the nuclear force or the weak force , among other examples. The word energy derives from the Ancient Greek : ἐνέργεια , romanized :  energeia , lit.   'activity, operation', which possibly appears for

10864-420: The sun . The energy industry provides the energy required for human civilization to function, which it obtains from energy resources such as fossil fuels , nuclear fuel , and renewable energy . The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified into potential energy , kinetic energy , or combinations of the two in various ways. Kinetic energy is determined by the movement of an object – or

10976-429: The term " potential energy ". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in the early 19th century, and applies to any isolated system . It was argued for some years whether heat was a physical substance, dubbed the caloric , or merely a physical quantity, such as momentum . In 1845 James Prescott Joule discovered the link between mechanical work and the generation of heat. These developments led to

11088-461: The theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson ( Lord Kelvin ) as the field of thermodynamics . Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius , Josiah Willard Gibbs , and Walther Nernst . It also led to a mathematical formulation of the concept of entropy by Clausius and to the introduction of laws of radiant energy by Jožef Stefan . According to Noether's theorem ,

11200-420: The total energy of the substances involved. Some energy may be transferred between the surroundings and the reactants in the form of heat or light; thus the products of a reaction have sometimes more but usually less energy than the reactants. A reaction is said to be exothermic or exergonic if the final state is lower on the energy scale than the initial state; in the less common case of endothermic reactions

11312-406: The unit of measure, discovered that the gravitational potential energy lost by a descending weight attached via a string was equal to the internal energy gained by the water through friction with the paddle. In classical mechanics, energy is a conceptually and mathematically useful property, as it is a conserved quantity . Several formulations of mechanics have been developed using energy as

11424-421: The universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements. This meant that hydrogen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by fusion. Such a fusion process is triggered by heat and pressure generated from gravitational collapse of hydrogen clouds when they produce stars, and some of the fusion energy is then transformed into sunlight. In quantum mechanics , energy

11536-401: The universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy, that has been available since the Big Bang , being "released" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar examples of such processes include nucleosynthesis , a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy released from

11648-737: Was a former executive with Encana, the founding president of the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP) and spent many years as lobbyist for the Energy Policy Institute of Canada . Jim Ellis, a former deputy minister in environment and energy, was appointed as CEO by the Lieutenant Governor in Council. In the past the Energy Resources Conservation Board and Alberta Environment conducted investigations differently. Alberta Surface Rights Group,

11760-470: Was also hit by a tax bill. He worked in the United States for the first time directing Mae West in her last film, Sextette (1978). His final film was the slasher movie Night School (1981), the film debut of Rachel Ward . Hughes had three marriages, to two women. From 1946 to 1957, he was married to Charlotte Epstein. From 1970 to 1976, he was married to Cherry Price, with whom he had

11872-399: Was also used to determine provincial royalties, well records, regulatory publications, maps, and various energy databases. This branch provided a wide range of legal advice and services to the organization, with a focus on procedural fairness and objectivity. Its responsibilities included application and regulatory policy, hearings, proceedings, related internal and external consultations, and

11984-457: Was born in Yates St, Toxteth, Liverpool. His family moved to London soon after. Hughes won an amateur film contest at age 14 and worked as a projectionist. When he was sixteen he went to work for the BBC as a technician and became a sound engineer. In 1941 he began making documentaries and short features; he also made training films for the Ministry of Defence. Hughes eventually returned to

12096-440: Was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of the motions of the constituent parts of matter, although it would be more than a century until this was generally accepted. The modern analog of this property, kinetic energy , differs from vis viva only by a factor of two. Writing in the early 18th century, Émilie du Châtelet proposed the concept of conservation of energy in

12208-412: Was in place to achieve ERCB goals and objectives. The Communications Group developed strategic communication, consultation strategies and delivers related media, Web site, and document services to keep staff and stakeholders informed about ERCB activities. Administrative Services provided building, library, and printing services. This branch provided revenue and expenditure management and administration of

12320-458: Was not a financial success. It meant he was unable to raise funds for a proposed film of Ten Days That Shook the World . In 1969 Hughes sold his company, Ken Hughes Productions, to Constellation Investments for the issue at par of 300,000 of 6 per cent convertible unsecured loan stock. The stock was deposited by the vendors as security for warranties that profits of Ken Hughes Productions during

12432-505: Was that each government department checks that a specific proposal meets its own regulations and standards and then forwards any deficiencies or concerns to the ERCB via Alberta Environment. Nonroutine applications took more time—weeks, or even months—to process if there were landowner objections, community and environmental concerns, or objections from competing companies. Objections to applications may also have been resolved through facilitation, mediation, or negotiated settlements approved by

12544-487: Was the title lead in both playing a confidence trickster and gambler. He directed episodes of the TV series Espionage (1964). He replaced Bryan Forbes , who in turn had replaced Henry Hathaway as director of Of Human Bondage (1964), starring Laurence Harvey and Kim Novak . It was financed by Seven Arts who used Hughes on the Tony Curtis comedy Drop Dead Darling (1965). Hughes also wrote episodes for

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