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58-457: East London Bus & Coach Company Limited , trading as Stagecoach London , is a bus company operating in East London . The East London brand is a subsidiary of Stagecoach London and operates services under contract to Transport for London from seven garages. On 1 April 1989, London Buses was divided into 11 separate business units , one of which was East London. In 1994, East London

116-420: A DBA must be registered with a local or state government, or both, depending on the jurisdiction. For example, California, Texas and Virginia require a DBA to be registered with each county (or independent city in the case of Virginia) where the owner does business. Maryland and Colorado have DBAs registered with a state agency. Virginia also requires corporations and LLCs to file a copy of their registration with

174-467: A DBA statement, though names including the first and last name of the owner may be accepted. This also reduces the possibility of two local businesses operating under the same name, although some jurisdictions do not provide exclusivity for a name, or may allow more than one party to register the same name. Note, though, that this is not a substitute for filing a trademark application. A DBA filing carries no legal weight in establishing trademark rights. In

232-516: A businessperson writes a trade name on a contract, invoice, or cheque, they must also add the legal name of the business. Numbered companies will very often operate as something other than their legal name, which is unrecognizable to the public. In Chile , a trade name is known as a nombre de fantasía ('fantasy' or 'fiction' name), and the legal name of business is called a razón social (social name). In Ireland , businesses are legally required to register business names where these differ from

290-821: A deal with London Buses for use by Gillmoss depot in Liverpool . These Titans, following mechanical assessment by MTL Engineering and an initial period of running in London configuration, would be extensively refurbished to have centre exit doors removed, seats retrimmed into standard MTL moquette, fitted with accessibility features recommended by the Disabled Persons Transport Advisory Committee (DiPTAC) and being painted into standard Merseybus livery before re-entering service in Liverpool to replace life-expired Leyland Atlanteans in

348-574: A final batch of 240 ordered in 1984, with Leyland focusing on the Olympian. The orders from London Transport were as follows: The first production Titans were delivered in August 1978 and entered service at Hornchurch in December 1978 on routes 165, 246 and 252 . The Titan's London Transport service career saw it working in the eastern and south eastern half of the capital, though a surplus of

406-499: A further 30 added for the trolleybus conversion program in 1959. RT operation at Leyton ended in 1972. When the London buses subsidiaries were established, Leyton was taken up by the London Forest subsidiary. In 1991, plans to close the garage were a contributing factor in strike action by all of the company's staff, which ultimately resulted in the winding-up of London Forest, with Leyton garage passing to East London. Leyton

464-501: A further ten Titans from Workington in 1983, five of which had high-ratio rear axles and coach seats for express services into London. However, planned orders for Greater Glasgow PTE , Lothian Regional Transport , Maidstone & District , Merseyside Transport , Southend Transport and Tyne & Wear Transport were eventually cancelled due to the production delays. One Titan was exported to Hong Kong and entered service with China Motor Bus . A 36 feet (11 m) long version of

522-509: A major market, so the specification was heavily influenced by their preferences. LT was suffering problems with its Daimler/Leyland Fleetline one-person-operated double-deckers and wanted more input into the design. Leyland, too wanted to gain more operator input than had been the case with the Leyland National. Five prototypes (B15.01-B15.05) were constructed between 1975 and 1977, two of which were evaluated in London. The Titan

580-643: A mixed-density social housing development named The Forge . As at May 2015, East London had a peak vehicle requirement of 607 buses. Trade name In a number of countries, the phrase " trading as " (abbreviated to t/a ) is used to designate a trade name. In the United States , the phrase " doing business as " (abbreviated to DBA , dba , d.b.a. , or d/b/a ) is used, among others, such as assumed business name or fictitious business name . In Canada , " operating as " (abbreviated to o/a ) and " trading as " are used, although " doing business as "

638-519: A new 6 acres (2.4 ha) garage and company headquarters for East London at Chadwell Heath . However, the Chadwell Heath complex would not be built due to the land for it being contaminated, resulting in only Seven Kings garage closing. Thus, by 1994, Barking found itself with a scheduled requirement for 109 buses, mainly Titans and Optare Deltas . Bow garage operates routes 8 , 25 , 205 , 425 , N8 , N25 , N205 and N277 . Opened as

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696-567: A productivity-related redundancy package negotiated, production increased dramatically. Whereas Park Royal had taken 14 months to build the first 100 vehicles, it took just seven months to build the final 150. Efforts to transfer production to Eastern Coach Works in Lowestoft failed, again due to difficult industrial relations, so it was finally decided that production would recommence at an expanded facility in Workington , which also built

754-458: A registered legal name and a fictitious business name, or trade name, is important because fictitious business names do not always identify the entity that is legally responsible . Legal agreements (such as contracts ) are normally made using the registered legal name of the business. If a corporation fails to consistently adhere to such important legal formalities like using its registered legal name in contracts, it may be subject to piercing of

812-540: A standard London Buses red livery with a grey skirt, though a fleet of dual-door Optare Deltas delivered to the company in 1992 wore a silver and red livery. Following privatisation, Selkent adopted an all-red livery with white Stagecoach East London fleetnames. This was replaced by a new standard bus livery of a dark blue skirt and orange and light blue swirl at the rear, with Stagecoach's standard off-white replaced by red to conform with Transport for London contractual requirements for buses on TfL services to be 80% red. While

870-407: A tram depot by the north Metropolitan Tramways Company in 1908 on land once occupied by an asylum, it was converted to operate trolley buses in 1939. It was converted to motor bus operation in 1959 including the installation of large overground fuel tanks. Shortly after its conversion, it took up the allocation of the nearby Clay Hall garage when that closed. The garage has had a long association with

928-563: Is also called North Street (hence its NS code) as London Transport already had a 'country bus' garage: Romford (London Road). It was opened in 1953 to take the strain off nearby Hornchurch garage, and also to cope with the new Harold Hill estate. Built in the post-war style of a London Underground station, it was initially able to house 115 buses, although only 67 were allocated when opened. The allocation grew to 90 by 1958. In 1992, along with Barking and Seven Kings (which did subsequently close although due to loss of routes by competitive tender),

986-454: Is also sometimes used. A company typically uses a trade name to conduct business using a simpler name rather than using their formal and often lengthier name. Trade names are also used when a preferred name cannot be registered, often because it may already be registered or is too similar to a name that is already registered. Using one or more fictitious business names does not create additional separate legal entities. The distinction between

1044-486: Is called a razón social . Leyland Titan (B15) The Leyland B15 Titan is a rear-engined double-decker bus manufactured by Leyland between 1977 and 1984, primarily for London Transport . The Titan was conceived in 1973 as project B15 and was intended as a replacement for the Bristol VRT , Daimler Fleetline and Leyland Atlantean . Following the success of the single-decker Leyland National , it

1102-514: The AEC Routemaster , receiving its first examples in the early 1960s, some of which remained right up until August 2004 when the type was withdrawn from route 8. In December 2007, Bow took over the running of route 15H from the closed Waterden Road garage until this moved to West Ham in June 2009. Leyton garage operates routes 20 , 55 , 56 , 215 , 275 , 616 and N55 . Leyton garage

1160-550: The Leyland National . It took almost a year to expand the facility, transfer the jigs and tooling from Park Royal and recommence production. As well as the production difficulties, other aspects of the Titan specification, which was strongly influenced by London Transport, were unpopular. Power hydraulic brakes, a fixed height of 14 feet 5 inches (4.39 m) and an inability to specify local bodywork all limited

1218-466: The United Kingdom , there is no filing requirement for a "business name", defined as "any name under which someone carries on business" that, for a company or limited liability partnership, "is not its registered name", but there are requirements for disclosure of the owner's true name and some restrictions on the use of certain names. A minority of U.S. states, including Washington , still use

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1276-484: The B15 prototype, NHG 732P, for a brief period during 1997-98 before being acquired by MTL in 1998. Other users of ex-London Titans around this time included Oxford Bus Company and Kinchbus . Further buses remained on London work under the ownership of independent contractors such as London Suburban Buses, London & Country , BTS and London Coaches (later Atlas Bus ). One of the final Titan deliveries, fleet number T990,

1334-621: The East London name and Thames sailing barge logo. In October 2010, Stagecoach reacquired its old London operations for a reduced sum of £53   million (equivalent to £85,834,000 in 2023), with East London once again rebranded as Stagecoach London. In August 2022, East London purchased buses from HCT Group that the social enterprise carried out on behalf of Transport for London . The deal saw around 500 members of staff and 160 buses transfer, along with leases on depots at Ash Grove and Walthamstow Avenue. When privatised, East London had

1392-737: The Merseybus fleet. Parent company MTL Trust Holdings Ltd also transferred ex-London Titans to Merseyside from its London division, and ultimately, approximately 400 ex-London Titans came to Merseyside with Merseybus and the other companies within MTL. as well as many other bus companies within the Merseyside region like Aintree Coachlines, Avon Buses , GTL , Liverpool City Coaches/Citybus, Merseyline Travel and Village Group. A few of these Merseyside operators also used ex-Greater Manchester and West Midlands Titans as well and Village Group also operated

1450-497: The Titan and the MCW Metrobus, but production of Titan for London alone was proving uneconomic. Strong pressure was brought to bear to increase the Titan share of the London orders. As a result, Leyland received the entire order for 275 vehicles in 1982. This led to layoffs at Metro Cammell Weymann . The 1983 order also favoured Leyland, with 210 Titan and 150 Metrobuses. The decision was made to end production, upon completion of

1508-515: The Titan had been planned for this operator but that too was cancelled as a result of the difficulties at Park Royal, with two Leyland Victory Mark 2s built instead. A demonstrator, built in 1982, failed to secure any further orders, operators preferring the flexibility and lower cost of the Leyland Olympian . This vehicle was eventually sold to a Scottish independent operator, Ian Glass of Haddington . London's orders were split between

1566-574: The Titan's appeal. The continued delays and unpopular specification both caused the loss of further Titan orders. Outside London, only two of the passenger transport executives of the United Kingdom would ultimately take delivery of Titans, albeit in reduced numbers. These were the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive , who ordered 190 Titans in 1979 but only took delivery of 15 of

1624-418: The U.S., trademark rights are acquired by use in commerce, but there can be substantial benefits to filing a trademark application. Sole proprietors are the most common users of DBAs. Sole proprietors are individual business owners who run their businesses themselves. Since most people in these circumstances use a business name other than their own name, it is often necessary for them to get DBAs. Generally,

1682-459: The company was owned by Macquarie Bank, an all-red livery was introduced, which was retained by Stagecoach to remain compliant with updated TfL livery regulations. East London operates seven bus garages . Ash Grove garage operates routes 26 , 242 , 309 , 310 , 388 , 394 , D6 , D7 , N26 , N242 , N550 and N551 . Barking garage operates routes 62 , 145 , 167 , 169 , 173 , 179 , 238 , 362 , 462 , 667 and 673 . Barking garage

1740-484: The corporate veil . In English , trade names are generally treated as proper nouns . In Argentina , a trade name is known as a nombre de fantasía ('fantasy' or 'fiction' name), and the legal name of business is called a razón social (social name). In Brazil , a trade name is known as a nome fantasia ('fantasy' or 'fiction' name), and the legal name of business is called razão social (social name). In some Canadian jurisdictions , such as Ontario , when

1798-552: The country. Stagecoach East London's last Titans were withdrawn in September 2001 and Selkent's in November 2001, leaving London Central with a small number of spare buses which were eventually whittled down. Amid a small ceremony, the last one, T1018 was retired from route 40 on 19 June 2003. Also, Blue Triangle and Sullivan Buses had also withdrawn Leyland Titans in 2006 and other operators in United Kingdom have retired all of

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1856-534: The county or city to be registered with the State Corporation Commission. DBA statements are often used in conjunction with a franchise . The franchisee will have a legal name under which it may sue and be sued, but will conduct business under the franchiser's brand name (which the public would recognize). A typical real-world example can be found in a well-known pricing mistake case, Donovan v. RRL Corp. , 26 Cal. 4th 261 (2001), where

1914-666: The driver of the route 30 bus, George Psaradakis, escaped serious injury and was able to return to work in September alongside Mark Maybanks, who was driving a route 26 bus that was involved in a thwarted bomb attempt in Haggerston on 21 July. The route 30 bus was replaced in October 2005 by the first Alexander Dennis Enviro400 off the production line, which was named " Spirit of London ". Stratford garage closed in February 2008, with operations transferred to West Ham, to allow

1972-497: The garage operated the X15 Beckton Express using ex-Green Line AEC Routemaster RMCs. The service was a trial, and sold newspapers to commuters on board. On 16 September 2011, Upton Park garage closed, with drivers, buses and routes redeployed to West Ham, Barking and Bow garages. A small number of non-driving staff were made redundant as a result of the closure. The garage was demolished in 2016 and redeveloped into

2030-433: The garage was earmarked for closure in favour of the new garage and company headquarters at Chadwell Heath, which ultimately was never built. By 1994, Romford was allocated 84 buses, mainly Leyland Titans . In 2004, the allocation had dropped slightly to 76, although with a good year of tender wins in 2005 the garage is up to full capacity. The garage was home to East London Coaches private hire operation from 1990 to 2005 when

2088-402: The law is to protect the public from fraud, by compelling the business owner to first file or register his fictitious business name with the county clerk, and then making a further public record of it by publishing it in a newspaper. Several other states, such as Illinois , require print notices as well. In Uruguay , a trade name is known as a nombre fantasía , and the legal name of business

2146-461: The named defendant, RRL Corporation, was a Lexus car dealership doing business as " Lexus of Westminster ", but remaining a separate legal entity from Lexus, a division of Toyota Motor Sales, USA, Inc. . In California , filing a DBA statement also requires that a notice of the fictitious name be published in local newspapers for some set period of time to inform the public of the owner's intent to operate under an assumed name . The intention of

2204-541: The order, while the five demonstrators were later sold to London Transport as non-standard for use by London Buses subsidiary Selkent . The first deliveries for each operator were displayed at the 1978 British Motor Show at the National Exhibition Centre in Birmingham . Reading Transport took delivery of two Park Royal Titans to full London specification in 1979, later taking delivery of

2262-449: The section moved to the now closed Waterden Road garage. On 2 March 2013, route 86 was partially transferred from this garage to West Ham (WH). Walthamstow Avenue garage operates routes 379 , 385 , 397 , W5 , W11 , W12 , W16 and W19 . West Ham garage operates routes 241 , 277 , 323 , 330 , 474 and 667 . The present West Ham garage was opened in February 2008 as the replacement for Stratford garage. Whilst construction work

2320-401: The site to be redeveloped for the 2012 Olympic Games . Waterden Road garage opened early in 2004 with space for approximately 100 buses, mainly articulated Mercedes-Benz Citaros for route 25 . By 2005, East London had relocated both its training centre and its private hire fleet here. The private hire fleet was disbanded in 2007. The garage was open for less than four years. In December 2007

2378-480: The site was closed to allow redevelopment for the 2012 Olympic Games . The training centre moving to West Ham. Prior to West Ham being built Upton Park was the largest garage in the east end of London. It was opened by the LRCC in 1907 but was requisitioned for the war effort in 1915 and was not returned to use until 1919. In 1931, the site was revamped and enlarged; capacity was increased to just over 200 buses. In 1988,

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2436-459: The surname(s) of the sole trader or partners, or the legal name of a company. The Companies Registration Office publishes a searchable register of such business names. In Japan , the word yagō ( 屋号 ) is used. In Colonial Nigeria , certain tribes had members that used a variety of trading names to conduct business with the Europeans. Two examples were King Perekule VII of Bonny , who

2494-469: The term trade name to refer to "doing business as" (DBA) names. In most U.S. states now, however, DBAs are officially referred to using other terms. Almost half of the states, including New York and Oregon , use the terms assumed business name or assumed name ; nearly as many, including Pennsylvania , use the term fictitious name . For consumer protection purposes, many U.S. jurisdictions require businesses operating with fictitious names to file

2552-573: The type due to the closure of the Park Royal factory, replacing the remainder with an order for 160 MCW Metrobuses , and the West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive , who took delivery of five Titan demonstrators for use across its network and later ordered 80 production examples, later cancelling this order and purchasing 101 locally-produced MCW Metrobuses as well as 35 Leyland Nationals to replace

2610-475: The type following tendering reverses in the later 1980s, saw Titans spread to some north London garages. Withdrawals began in December 1992, just after the Daimler Fleetline buses withdrawal and large numbers passing to other operators. The most significant user of former London Titans was Merseyside 's largest bus operator Merseybus , who between 1992 and 1994, purchased approximately 250 Titans in

2668-506: Was 9.56 metres (31.4 ft) long, 2.50 metres (8 ft 2 in) wide and 4.4 metres (14 ft) high. The main body structure was aluminium and the body was assembled using Avdel 'Avdelok' rivets similar to the Leyland National . Single and dual-door layouts were offered, with a number of options for the location of the staircase. Mechanically, independent front suspension and a drop-centre rear axle were used, with air suspension and power hydraulic brakes as standard. The prototype engine

2726-694: Was a large yard on an old industrial estate by the River Lea , opposite the Hackney garage which was owned by First London . It was originally called Bow Midibus Base as it housed midibuses which had been previously based at Bow and West Ham. It also operated buses with rooftop flashing beacons for the London City Airport contract. One vehicle from this garage was destroyed in the London bombings of 7 July 2005 . Thirteen passengers were killed, but

2784-530: Was a turbocharged version of the Leyland 500 series, although this was changed to Gardner 6LXB for production, as a result of customer preference and concerns over fuel economy and reliability of the 500 series. The Leyland TL11 engine was available for later production versions. The engine was mounted vertically at the rear, with the radiator located separately in a compartment above the engine. This led to an unusual off-centre square rear window. The overall design

2842-509: Was advanced for the time and improved on noise and emission requirements by considerable margins. The Titan name, previously used for a front-engined double-decker , was revived for production in June 1977. It was intended that Park Royal Vehicles would build the first 100 vehicles, with production then transferring to AEC in Southall . This caused industrial relations problems at Park Royal and some 200 skilled craftspeople left. Production

2900-561: Was built in 1912 by the London General Omnibus Company to replace an existing garage acquired from London Metropolitan, and was in an ideal position to benefit from developing areas. During the Second World War the garage suffered bomb damage but was not rebuilt until a major renovation in 1955. The garage was the first to receive post-war AEC Regent III RTs , 78 of which were allocated by 1947, with

2958-572: Was decided, from the outset, that the vehicle would be very standardised and of integral construction. This allowed more flexibility in the location of mechanical components and allowed a reduced step-height. The move away from body-on-chassis construction caused concern for the bodybuilders, who had already lost market share to the Leyland National. Talks regarding licensing agreements were held with Alexander and Northern Counties , both major suppliers to their respective local markets, but no agreements were reached. Leyland saw London Transport (LT) as

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3016-610: Was destroyed in the Aldwych bus bombing in 1996. Upon the privatisation of the London Buses subsidiaries, the remaining Titans were distributed between London Central , Stagecoach East London and Stagecoach Selkent . All bus operators had to replace Titans with Volvo Olympians and subsequently low-floor buses, Dennis Trident 2/Alexander ALX400 for Stagecoach and Volvo B7TL/Plaxton President for London Central, while Titans were cascaded to other operators, spreading them throughout

3074-553: Was known as Captain Pepple in trade matters, and King Jubo Jubogha of Opobo , who bore the pseudonym Captain Jaja . Both Pepple and Jaja would bequeath their trade names to their royal descendants as official surnames upon their deaths. In Singapore , there is no filing requirement for a "trading as" name, but there are requirements for disclosure of the underlying business or company's registered name and unique entity number. In

3132-525: Was opened in 1924 by the London General Omnibus Company to cater for the increased demand from the new housing estates springing up in Becontree . Barking was the last London Transport garage to operate AEC Regent III RT buses in revenue-earning service, the type being withdrawn following a final running day on route 62 on 7 April 1979. In 1992, it was intended to close this garage, along with those at North Street (Romford) and Seven Kings, in favour of

3190-613: Was sold to Stagecoach Holdings at the same time as fellow subsidiary Selkent for £42 million (equivalent to £105,516,000 in 2023), with operations subsequently rebranded to Stagecoach East London. In November 2000, in line with the rebranding of the wider Stagecoach Group, Stagecoach East London and Selkent were consolidated under the Stagecoach London brand. In August 2006, Stagecoach sold its London bus operations to Macquarie Bank for £264   million (equivalent to £482,478,000 in 2023). The new owner restored

3248-592: Was the first garage for another bus type in May 1999 when Stagecoach began taking delivery of an order of over 100 low-floor Alexander ALX400 bodied Dennis Trident 2s , 62 of which were allocated to the garage. These were the first of the type to enter service with the Stagecoach Group. Romford garage operates routes 86 , 128 , 193 , 247 , 256 (AM peak journey), 294 , 296 , 365 (night service only on this 24-hour route), 498 and N86 . Romford garage

3306-524: Was underway, all major engineering work on its buses was carried out at Rainham. The garage became fully operational in November 2009, taking over its own maintenance, and was formally opened in July 2010. The garage is capable of holding over 320 buses. It is the biggest bus garage in England and is the new location for Stagecoach London 's head office and training centre. Stratford garage opened in 1992. It

3364-599: Was very slow and the first vehicle was not delivered until August 1978. In October 1978, Leyland announced the AEC factory would close, with the intention of keeping Titan production at Park Royal. The very slow production rate continued, causing cancellation of a number of existing orders. The industrial relations problems continued, as Leyland sought to replace the skilled staff, who had left, with semi-skilled workers. Finally, Leyland announced in October 1979 that Park Royal would close in May 1980. Once this decision had been made and

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