OSGi is an open specification and open source project under the Eclipse Foundation .
44-546: Eclipse Gemini Website eclipse .org /gemini / The Eclipse Gemini project is an implementation of the OSGi enterprise framework specifications, organized by the Eclipse Foundation . It provides a modular implementation of Java EE specifications. The Gemini project is a collection of separate subprojects, each of which is a standalone project implementing
88-492: A Java interface . Bundles can implement this interface and register the service with the Service Registry. Clients of the service can find it in the registry, or react to it when it appears or disappears. The table below shows a description of OSGi System Services: The table below shows a description of OSGi Protocol Services: The table below shows a description of OSGi Miscellaneous Services: The OSGi Alliance
132-475: A reboot . Management of Java packages / classes is specified in great detail. Application life cycle management is implemented via APIs that enable remote downloading of management policies. The service registry enables bundles to detect the addition of new services or the removal of services, and adapt accordingly. The OSGi specifications have evolved beyond the original focus of service gateways, and are now used in applications ranging from mobile phones to
176-488: A Mobile Expert Group (MEG) that will specify a MIDP -based service platform for the next generation of smart mobile phones, addressing some of the needs that CLDC cannot manage – other than CDC . MEG became part of OSGi as with R4. Regulatory compliance In general, compliance means conforming to a rule, such as a specification, policy , standard or law . Compliance has traditionally been explained by reference to deterrence theory , according to which punishing
220-541: A Premium Listing of equity shares in the U.K. are required under the Listing Rules to report on how they have applied the Combined Code in their annual report and accounts. (The Codes are therefore most similar to the U.S.' Sarbanes–Oxley Act .) The U.K.'s regulatory framework requires that all its publicly listed companies should provide specific content in the core financial statements that must appear in
264-471: A behavior will decrease the violations both by the wrongdoer (specific deterrence) and by others (general deterrence). This view has been supported by economic theory , which has framed punishment in terms of costs and has explained compliance in terms of a cost-benefit equilibrium (Becker 1968). However, psychological research on motivation provides an alternative view: granting rewards (Deci, Koestner and Ryan, 1999) or imposing fines (Gneezy Rustichini 2000) for
308-580: A board of directors that provides the organization's overall governance. OSGi officers have various roles and responsibilities in supporting the alliance. Technical work is conducted within Expert Groups (EGs) chartered by the board of directors, and non-technical work is conducted in various working groups and committees. The technical work conducted within Expert Groups include developing specifications, reference implementations, and compliance tests. These Expert Groups have produced five major releases of
352-459: A certain behavior is a form of extrinsic motivation that weakens intrinsic motivation and ultimately undermines compliance. Regulatory compliance describes the goal that organizations aspire to achieve in their efforts to ensure that they are aware of and take steps to comply with relevant laws , policies, and regulations . Due to the increasing number of regulations and need for operational transparency , organizations are increasingly adopting
396-482: A complete and dynamic component model , something that does not exist in standalone Java or VM environments. It has a service-oriented architecture based on micro services each implemented as an extended Java class file archive ( JAR (file format) ). OSGi is built around a service-oriented architecture . Applications or components, come in the form of bundles for deployment , can be remotely installed, started, stopped, updated, and uninstalled without requiring
440-499: A detailed manifest MANIFEST.MF file on all its contents, as well as additional services needed to give the included group of Java classes more sophisticated behaviors, to the extent of deeming the entire aggregate a component. Below is an example of a typical MANIFEST.MF file with OSGi Headers: The meaning of the contents in the example is as follows: A Life Cycle layer adds bundles that can be dynamically installed, started, stopped, updated and uninstalled. Bundles rely on
484-525: A distinct set of functionality. External links [ edit ] Gemini - Enterprise Modules Project (official website) Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eclipse_Gemini&oldid=876571148 " Category : Free software programmed in Java (programming language) OSGi It is a continuation of the work done by the OSGi Alliance (formerly known as
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#1732801573183528-871: A product "of reactions to the changing objectives and requirements in different countries, industries, and policy contexts". Australia's major financial services regulators of deposits, insurance, and superannuation include the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA), the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA), the Australian Securities & Investments Commission (ASIC), and the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission (ACCC). These regulators help to ensure financial institutes meet their promises, that transactional information
572-402: A reminder of how compliance and risk should operate together, as "colleagues" sharing a common framework with some nuances to account for their differences. The ISO also produces international standards such as ISO/IEC 27002 to help organizations meet regulatory compliance with their security management and assurance best practices. Some local or international specialized organizations such as
616-482: A separate store for meeting reporting requirements. Compliance software is increasingly being implemented to help companies manage their compliance data more efficiently. This store may include calculations, data transfers, and audit trails. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and its ISO 37301:2021 (which deprecates ISO 19600:2014 ) standard is one of the primary international standards for how businesses handle regulatory compliance, providing
660-407: A yearly report, including balance sheet, comprehensive income statement, and statement of changes in equity, as well as cash flow statement as required under international accounting standards. It further demonstrates the relationship that subsists among shareholders, management, and the independent audit teams. Financial statements must be prepared using a particular set of rules and regulations hence
704-402: Is a Java framework for developing and deploying modular software programs and libraries. Each bundle is a tightly coupled, dynamically loadable collection of classes, jars, and configuration files that explicitly declare their external dependencies (if any). The framework is conceptually divided into the following areas: A bundle is a group of Java classes and additional resources equipped with
748-519: Is becoming very difficult. Laws like the CAN-SPAM Act and Fair Credit Reporting Act in the U.S. require that businesses give people the right to be forgotten . In other words, they must remove individuals from marketing lists if it is requested, tell them when and why they might share personal information with a third party, or at least ask permission before sharing that data. Now, with new laws coming out that demand longer data retention despite
792-407: Is controlled and managed, and investigate illegal action such as money laundering and terrorist financing. On a provincial level, each province maintain individuals laws and agencies. Unlike any other major federation, Canada does not have a securities regulatory authority at the federal government level. The provincial and territorial regulators work together to coordinate and harmonize regulation of
836-559: Is well documented, and that competition is fair while protecting consumers. The APRA in particular deals with superannuation and its regulation, including new regulations requiring trustees of superannuation funds to demonstrate to APRA that they have adequate resources (human, technology and financial), risk management systems, and appropriate skills and expertise to manage the superannuation fund, with individuals running them being "fit and proper". Other key regulators in Australia include
880-591: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) also develop standards and regulation codes. They thereby provide a wide range of rules and directives to ensure compliance of the products to safety, security or design standards. Regulatory compliance varies not only by industry but often by location. The financial, research, and pharmaceutical regulatory structures in one country, for example, may be similar but with particularly different nuances in another country. These similarities and differences are often
924-786: The Australian Communications & Media Authority (ACMA) for broadcasting, the internet, and communications; the Clean Energy Regulator for "monitoring, facilitating and enforcing compliance with" energy and carbon emission schemes; and the Therapeutic Goods Administration for drugs, devices, and biologics; Australian organisations seeking to remain compliant with various regulations may turn to AS ISO 19600:2015 (which supersedes AS 3806-2006). This standard helps organisations with compliance management, placing "emphasis on
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#1732801573183968-583: The Open Services Gateway initiative ), which was an open standards organization for software founded in March 1999. The foundation originally specified and maintained the OSGi standard . The alliance transferred its work to the Eclipse Foundation at the end of 2020. The OSGi specification describes a modular system and a service platform for the Java programming language that implements
1012-650: The Sarbanes–Oxley Act developed by two U.S. congressmen, Senator Paul Sarbanes and Representative Michael Oxley in 2002 which defined significantly tighter personal responsibility of corporate top management for the accuracy of reported financial statements; and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act . The Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) is an agency of the United States Department of
1056-479: The food and beverage industry , and the Joint Commission and HIPAA in healthcare. In some cases other compliance frameworks (such as COBIT ) or even standards ( NIST ) inform on how to comply with regulations. Some organizations keep compliance data—all data belonging or pertaining to the enterprise or included in the law, which can be used for the purpose of implementing or validating compliance—in
1100-1154: The Canadian capital markets through the Canadian Securities Administrators (CSA). Other key regulators in Canada include the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) for food safety, animal health, and plant health; Health Canada for public health; and Environment and Climate Change Canada for environment and sustainable energy. Canadian organizations seeking to remain compliant with various regulations may turn to ISO 19600:2014 , an international compliance standard that "provides guidance for establishing, developing, implementing, evaluating, maintaining and improving an effective and responsive compliance management system within an organization". For more industry specific guidance, e.g., financial institutions, Canada's E-13 Regulatory Compliance Management provides specific compliance risk management tactics. The financial sector in
1144-731: The Eclipse Foundation, where an “OSGi Working Group" continues to maintain and evolve the specification. The OSGi specification is developed by the members in an open process and made available to the public free of charge under the OSGi Specification License. The OSGi Alliance has a compliance program that is open to members only. As of November 2010, there are seven certified OSGi framework implementations . A separate page lists both certified and non-certified OSGi Specification Implementations , which include OSGi frameworks and other OSGi specifications. OSGi
1188-558: The Netherlands is heavily regulated. The Dutch Central Bank (De Nederlandsche Bank N.V.) is the prudential regulator while the Netherlands Authority for Financial Markets (AFM) is the regulator for behavioral supervision of financial institutions and markets. A common definition of compliance is:'Observance of external (international and national) laws and regulations, as well as internal norms and procedures, to protect
1232-590: The OSGi specifications (As of 2012 ). Dedicated Expert Groups exist for the enterprise, mobile, vehicle and the core platform areas. The Enterprise Expert Group (EEG) is the newest EG and is addressing Enterprise / Server-side applications. In November 2007 the Residential Expert Group (REG) started to work on specifications to remotely manage residential/home-gateways. In October 2003, Nokia , Motorola , IBM , ProSyst and other OSGi members formed
1276-680: The Treasury under the auspices of the Under Secretary of the Treasury for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence. OFAC administers and enforces economic and trade sanctions based on U.S. foreign policy and national security goals against targeted foreign states, organizations, and individuals. Compliance in the U.S. generally means compliance with laws and regulations. These laws and regulations can have criminal or civil penalties. The definition of what constitutes an effective compliance plan has been elusive. Most authors, however, continue to cite
1320-762: The United Kingdom . Important compliance issues for all organizations large and small include the Data Protection Act 2018 and, for the public sector, Freedom of Information Act 2000 . The U.K. Corporate Governance Code (formerly the Combined Code) is issued by the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) and "sets standards of good practice in relation to board leadership and effectiveness, remuneration, accountability, and relations with shareholders". All companies with
1364-488: The approach of identifying and assessing potential risks of money laundering and terrorist financing and implementing regulatory measures proportional to those risks. However, the shared enforcement powers between EU and national authorities in the implementation and enforcement of AML/CFT regulations can create legal implications and challenges. The potential for inconsistent application of AML regulations across different jurisdictions can create regulatory arbitrage and undermine
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1408-628: The effectiveness of AML efforts. Additionally, a lack of clear and consistent legal frameworks defining the roles and responsibilities of EU and national authorities in AML enforcement can lead to situations where accountability is difficult to establish. Corporate scandals and breakdowns such as the Enron case of reputational risk in 2001 have increased calls for stronger compliance and regulations, particularly for publicly listed companies. The most significant recent statutory changes in this context have been
1452-707: The guidance provided by the United States Sentencing Commission in Chapter 8 of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines. On October 12, 2006, the U.S. Small Business Administration re-launched Business.gov (later Business.USA.gov and finally SBA.Gov) which provides a single point of access to government services and information that help businesses comply with government regulations. The U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA)
1496-578: The individual’s desires, it can create some real difficulties. Money laundering and terrorist financing pose significant threats to the integrity of the financial system and national security. To combat these threats, the EU has adopted a risk-based approach to Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism (AML/CFT) that relies on cooperation and coordination between EU and national authorities. In this context, risk-based regulation refers to
1540-462: The industry segment in addition to the geographical mix. Most regulation comes in the following broad categories: economic regulation, regulation in the public interest, and environmental regulation. India has also been characterized by poor compliance - reports suggest that only around 65% of companies are fully compliant to norms. The Monetary Authority of Singapore is Singapore 's central bank and financial regulatory authority. It administers
1584-431: The integrity of the organization, its management and employees with the aim of preventing and controlling risks and the possible damage resulting from these compliance and integrity risks'. In India, compliance regulation takes place across three strata: Central, State, and Local regulation. India veers towards central regulation, especially of financial organizations and foreign funds. Compliance regulations vary based on
1628-570: The module layer for class loading but add an API to manage the modules in run time. The life cycle layer introduces dynamics that are normally not part of an application. Extensive dependency mechanisms are used to assure the correct operation of the environment. Life cycle operations are fully protected with the security architecture. Below is an example of a typical Java class implementing the BundleActivator interface: The OSGi Alliance has specified many services. Services are specified by
1672-477: The open-source Eclipse IDE . Other application areas include automobiles , industrial automation , building automation , PDAs , grid computing , entertainment , fleet management and application servers . In October 2020, the OSGi Alliance announced the transition of the standardization effort to the Eclipse Foundation, subsequent to which it would shut down. All artifacts have been transferred to
1716-610: The organisational elements that are required to support compliance" while also recognizing the need for continual improvement . In Canada , federal regulation of deposits, insurance, and superannuation is governed by two independent bodies: the OSFI through the Bank Act , and FINTRAC , mandated by the Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act, 2001 (PCMLTFA). These groups protect consumers, regulate how risk
1760-508: The rationale behind allowing the companies to apply the provisions of company law, international financial reporting standards (IFRS), as well as the U.K. stock exchange rules as directed by the FCA. It is also possible that shareholders may not understand the figures as presented in the various financial statements, hence it is critical that the board should provide notes on accounting policies as well as other explanatory notes to help them understand
1804-527: The report better. Data retention is a part of regulatory compliance that is proving to be a challenge in many instances. The security that comes from compliance with industry regulations can seem contrary to maintaining user privacy. Data retention laws and regulations ask data owners and other service providers to retain extensive records of user activity beyond the time necessary for normal business operations. These requirements have been called into question by privacy rights advocates. Compliance in this area
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1848-409: The use of consolidated and harmonized sets of compliance controls. This approach is used to ensure that all necessary governance requirements can be met without the unnecessary duplication of effort and activity from resources. Regulations and accrediting organizations vary among fields, with examples such as PCI-DSS and GLBA in the financial industry, FISMA for U.S. federal agencies, HACCP for
1892-673: The various statutes pertaining to money, banking, insurance, securities and the financial sector in general, as well as currency issuance . There is considerable regulation in the United Kingdom , some of which is derived from European Union legislation. Various areas are policed by different bodies, such as the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), Environment Agency , Scottish Environment Protection Agency , Information Commissioner's Office , Care Quality Commission , and others: see List of regulators in
1936-570: Was founded by Ericsson , IBM , Motorola , Sun Microsystems and others in March 1999. Before incorporating as a nonprofit corporation, it was called the Connected Alliance. Among its members are (as of February 2015 ) more than 35 companies from quite different business areas, for example Adobe Systems , Deutsche Telekom , Hitachi , IBM , Liferay , Makewave, NEC , NTT , Oracle , Orange SA , ProSyst , Salesforce , Siemens , Software AG and TIBCO Software . The Alliance has
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