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57-435: The first element is the genitive case of the word eid ( Old Norse : eið ) and the last element is voll (Old Norse: vǫllr ) which means " meadow " or " field ". The meaning of the word eid in this case is "a road passing around a waterfall". People from the districts around the lake ( Mjøsa ) who were sailing down the river Vorma , and people from Romerike sailing up the same river, both had to enter this area by passing

114-458: A conventional genitive case. That is, Modern English indicates a genitive construction with either the possessive clitic suffix " - 's ", or a prepositional genitive construction such as "x of y". However, some irregular English pronouns do have possessive forms which may more commonly be described as genitive (see English possessive ). The names of the astronomical constellations have genitive forms which are used in star names, for example

171-457: A grammatical case, although they are sometimes referred to as genitives or as belonging to a possessive case . One of the reasons that the status of ' s as a case ending is often rejected is that it does not behave as such, but rather as a clitic marking that indicates that a dependency relationship exists between phrases. One can say the King's war , but also the King of France's war , where

228-406: A painting. The altarpiece was restored after a fire in 1883, the next restoration occurred in 1915 and a third restoration occurred late 1960s. Access to the church is a well traveled tourist destination is via Rv181 and Fv502 / Rv177. Pilegrimsleden goes through Eidsvoll. Eidsvoll church is one of the more prominent stops along the path, which was officially opened on 16 June 2002. The coat-of-arms

285-606: A short time the site of a minor gold rush when gold was found in 1758, and these areas are still known as Gullverket . Eidsvoll Verk was opened to smelt iron ore by King Christian IV of Denmark in 1624, relying on the excellent water power from the Andelva river. In 1688, it was owned by the director of the Kongsberg Silver Mines , Schlanbusch , and remained in his family until 1781. Carsten Anker came into possession of works in 1794, at which time it

342-803: A synchronic mutation of a final m into n in Finnish, e.g. genitive sydämen vs. nominative sydän .) This homophony has exceptions in Finnish , where a separate accusative -(e)t is found in pronouns, e.g. kenet "who (telic object)", vs. kenen "whose". A difference is also observed in some of the related Sámi languages , where the pronouns and the plural of nouns in the genitive and accusative are easily distinguishable from each other, e.g., kuä'cǩǩmi "eagles' (genitive plural)" and kuä'cǩǩmid "eagles (accusative plural)" in Skolt Sami . The genitive singular definite article for masculine and neuter nouns

399-439: Is des , while the feminine and plural definite article is der . The indefinite articles are eines for masculine and neuter nouns, and einer for feminine and plural nouns (although the bare form cannot be used in the plural, it manifests in keiner , meiner , etc.) Singular masculine and neuter nouns of the strong declension in the genitive case are marked with -(e)s . Generally, one-syllable nouns favour

456-619: Is electrified and 274 km double track . There are 697 tunnels and 2,760 bridges . The Norwegian Railway Directorate manages the railway network in Norway on behalf of the Ministry of Transportation . Bane NOR is a state enterprise which builds and maintains all railway tracks, while other companies operate them. These companies include Vy and subsidiaries Vy Gjøvikbanen and CargoNet , Flytoget , Go-Ahead , SJ Norge , Green Cargo , Grenland Rail and Hector Rail . Norway

513-689: Is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Norway is 76. The first railway in Norway was the Hoved Line between Oslo and Eidsvoll and opened in 1854. The main purpose of the railway was to move lumber from Mjøsa to the capital, but passenger service was also offered. In the period between the 1860s and the 1880s Norway saw a boom of smaller railways being built, including isolated railways in Central and Western Norway. The predominant gauge at

570-416: Is as follows: The genitive personal pronouns are quite rare and either very formal, literary or outdated. They are as follows (with comparison to the nominative pronouns): Some examples: Unlike the personal ones, the genitive relative pronouns are in regular use and are as follows (with comparison to the nominative relative pronouns): Some examples: The genitive case is often used to show possession or

627-701: Is bordered on the north by Østre Toten (in Oppland county on the west side of Mjøsa ) and by Stange (on the east side of the lake) and to the east by Nord-Odal (both in Hedmark county). In the county of Akershus to the southeast lies Nes , to the south lies Ullensaker , and to the west lies Nannestad and Hurdal . In addition to being a commuter town for Oslo , it also has agriculture and forestry industries. The main population and commercial centres are Sundet and Råholt . The following cities are twinned with Eidsvoll: Genitive case In grammar ,

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684-670: Is connected to the Norwegian network at the Swedish stations of Charlottenberg , Storlien and Kornsjø . 2,622 km (64%) of the railway network is electrified, all of it at 15 kV  16.7 Hz AC with overhead wires . The only sections that are not electrified are the lines north of Mjøsa , with the sole exception of the Dovre Line and the Ofoten Line . On non-electrified sections diesel locomotives are used. All of

741-706: Is double track. In addition there are some industrial tracks and minor branch lines and some abandoned and heritage railways . The entire main network is 1,435 mm ( 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ) ( standard gauge ), as are the urban railways in Oslo and Bergen . Of the operational railways in Norway, only the Trondheim Tramway has a different gauge, the meter gauge , 1,000 mm ( 3 ft  3 + 3 ⁄ 8  in ). Some heritage railways, though, operate with various kinds of narrow gauge . The Kirkenes–Bjørnevatn Line used to be

798-535: Is from modern times. They were granted on 20 November 1987. The arms show a balance as a symbol of justice . In the early Middle Ages a local court was established in Eidsvoll. The parish of Eidsvold was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt ). The municipality of Feiring was merged with Eidsvoll on 1 January 1964. Eidsvoll is mentioned in Old Norse manuscripts. In

855-402: Is homophonic to the genitive case. This case does not indicate possession, but is a syntactic marker for the object, additionally indicating that the action is telic (completed). In Estonian , it is often said that only a "genitive" exists. However, the cases have completely different functions, and the form of the accusative has developed from * -(e)m . (The same sound change has developed into

912-431: Is left in the nominative case. For example: If the possessor is not the predicate of the sentence, the genitive is not used. Instead, the possessive suffixes ( -(j)e or -(j)a in the third person singular, depending on vowel harmony ) mark the possessed object. The possessor is left in the nominative if it directly precedes the possessed object (otherwise it takes a dative -nak/-nek suffix). For example: In addition,

969-563: Is part of the Norwegian Church and belongs to Øvre Romerike deanery in the Diocese of Borg . The Romanesque building is in stone. Eidsvoll church is repeatedly burned and rebuilt. The old church records were lost in a fire. The altarpiece in Eidsvoll church is from 1765. It is a wooden structure with three floors, decreasing towards the top, where each floor concludes with gilded pilasters with capitals and rococo decor on each side of

1026-597: Is today a famous museum. In 1854, Eidsvoll became the end point for the first railroad line in Norway from Oslo . This became the transit point for travel with the steamship Skibladner to Hamar , Gjøvik , and Lillehammer on the lake Mjøsa . In addition to the historic Eidsvoll Church, Eidsvoll is the site of the Langset Church ( Langset kirke ) which dates to 1859 and the Feiring Church ( Feiring Kirke ) which dates to 1875. Eidsvoll municipality

1083-399: The -es ending, and it is obligatory with nouns ending with a sibilant such as s or z . Otherwise, a simple -s ending is usual. Feminine and plural nouns remain uninflected: Singular masculine nouns (and one neuter noun) of the weak declension are marked with an -(e)n (or rarely -(e)ns ) ending in the genitive case: The declension of adjectives in the genitive case

1140-552: The Kansai dialect of Japanese will in rare cases allow accusative case to convert to genitive, if specific conditions are met in the clause in which the conversion appears. This is referred to as "Accusative-Genitive conversion." The genitive is one of the cases of nouns and pronouns in Latin . Latin genitives still have certain modern scientific uses: The Irish language also uses a genitive case ( tuiseal ginideach ). For example, in

1197-631: The Kirkenes–Bjørnevatn Line is proposed to be connected to Russia's Murmansk–Nikel Railway , and the line is also proposed for connection to the Finnish network in Rovaniemi (there has been a line between Rovaniemi and the Murmansk railway). Russia has generally dismissed this proposal in favour of using Russian ports instead of Kirkenes. Another proposal has been to build a line from Kolari to Skibotn and Tromsø , even if connecting to

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1254-641: The Krøder Line , Setesdal Line , Urskog–Høland Line , Thamshavn Line , Rjukan Line , Valdres Line , Nesttun–Os Railway and Old Voss Line . The Norwegian Railway Museum is located in Hamar and includes exhibits of train hardware, related objects, as well as document and photography archives. Sweden is the only country with which Norway shares railway borders. Sweden and Norway share gauge, loading gauge, signaling system, electric system, GSM-R and automatic trains stop systems. Most rolling stock can cross

1311-676: The Nordland Line and the completion of the Sørland Line . After the war the main effort was to complete the Nordland Line (which reached Bodø in 1962) and the decision to electrify 50% of the network, a task not completed until 1970. This allowed the retirement of steam locomotives , which were replaced with electric engines like the El 11 and El 13 or the diesel powered Di 3 . In 1966 Norway's only rapid transit , Oslo T-bane

1368-527: The Sundfossen waterfall . Because of this, the site became an important meeting place long before the introduction of Christianity . Prior to 1918, the name was spelled "Eidsvold". The town of Eidsvold in Queensland , Australia and Eidsvold Township, Lyon County, Minnesota , United States still use this old spelling. Eidsvoll Church ( Eidsvoll Kirke ) is a cruciform church from approx 1200. It

1425-680: The Sørlandet Line from Oslo to Stavanger. In October 2018 this package was awarded to Go-Ahead Norge . In March 2018, the Norwegian Railway Directorate launched tenders for Traffic Package 2, passenger services on the Røros Line , Meråker Line , Rauma Line , and Nordland Line , plus regional services in Trøndelag county. SJ will commence operating the package on 7 June 2020. On 21 December 2018,

1482-630: The Turkic languages . Depending on the language, specific varieties of genitive-noun–main-noun relationships may include: Depending on the language, some of the relationships mentioned above have their own distinct cases different from the genitive. Possessive pronouns are distinct pronouns, found in Indo-European languages such as English, that function like pronouns inflected in the genitive. They are considered separate pronouns if contrasting to languages where pronouns are regularly inflected in

1539-492: The genitive case ( abbreviated gen ) is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun , as modifying another word, also usually a noun—thus indicating an attributive relationship of one noun to the other noun. A genitive can also serve purposes indicating other relationships. For example, some verbs may feature arguments in the genitive case; and the genitive case may also have adverbial uses (see adverbial genitive ). The genitive construction includes

1596-482: The 11th century, it became the site of court and assembly ( ting ) for eastern parts of Norway, replacing Vang , now a part of Hamar in Hedmark . Because of its access to the river Vorma and the lake Mjøsa , Eidsvoll has long provided a thoroughfare to northern parts of inland Norway. Historically the main industry of Eidsvoll was agriculture , though the soil is rich in clay. Eastern parts of Eidsvoll were for

1653-466: The 1920s, including a second line, the Dovre Line , to Trondheim. This period also saw the first electrified railways and a steady conversion from narrow gauge to standard gauge. Norway chose to electrify its network at 15 kV  16.7 Hz AC . During World War II there was a massive construction by the German Forces as part of creating Festung Norwegen , including large sections of

1710-521: The NSB subsidiary CargoNet. The national main routes in Norway are considered to be among the slowest in Europe, and slower than parts of East Africa , with average speeds below 80 km/h. The main railway network consists of 4,087 km of lines, of which 262 km is double track and 60 km high-speed rail (210 km/h). In addition there is 225 km of urban railways , of which 218 km

1767-553: The Norwegian Railway Directorate launched tenders for Traffic Package 3, passenger services on the Oslo to Bergen line starting on 13 December 2020. Until the 1990s only commuter and regional trains were operated with multiple units , but since then Vy has ordered numerous multiple units for its regional and express lines. Express trains are operated with 16 BM 73 units with tilting technology , regional trains with 16 BM 70 , 6 BM 73b (both electric) and 15 BM 93 (diesel) units while

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1824-689: The border. There are four border crossings: the Østfold Line – Norway/Vänern Line , the Kongsvinger Line – Värmland Line , the Meråker Line – Central Line and the Ofoten Line – Iron Ore Line . All crossings have electric traction on the Swedish side, but the Meråker Line lacks it on the Norwegian side. There have previously been operational train ferries to Denmark . There are proposals to connect Northern Norway to Finland (the planned Arctic Railway ) and Russia . At Kirkenes ,

1881-437: The companies have been split into 10 separate corporations. In 1998 the first new line in 36 years was opened when the high-speed Gardermoen Line was opened to allow travel at 210 km/h between Oslo, Oslo Airport and Eidsvoll. The 1990s also saw the massive introduction of multiple units on passenger trains. In the 2000s the freight segment was deregulated and a number of freight companies have started competing with

1938-553: The contract was won by the NSB subsidiary NSB Anbud and the following red-green government has cancelled further PSO contracting. Also the Airport Express Train has been made a separate company. In 2017 Norway's Ministry of Transport and Communications decided to develop tenders for the operation of passenger rail services. On 4 February 2018, it launched a tender to deliver Traffic Package 1 that will commence on 15 December 2019, comprising long-distance services on

1995-424: The existing line to Narvik is the main suggestion. Traditionally, all trains were operated by Vy (formerly NSB), but the deregulation in the 2000s has led to the introduction of a number of new freight operators, including CargoNet , Hector Rail , Tågåkeriet and Ofoten Line . The conservative-liberal government tried to introduce public service obligation bids on subsidized passenger routes in 2005, but

2052-591: The genitive case may be found in inclusio – that is, between the main noun's article and the noun itself. Old English had a genitive case, which has left its mark in modern English in the form of the possessive ending ' s (now sometimes referred to as the "Saxon genitive"), as well as possessive adjective forms such as his , their , etc., and in certain words derived from adverbial genitives such as once and afterwards . (Other Old English case markers have generally disappeared completely.) The modern English possessive forms are not normally considered to represent

2109-422: The genitive case, but is a broader category. Placing a modifying noun in the genitive case is one way of indicating that it is related to a head noun , in a genitive construction. However, there are other ways to indicate a genitive construction. For example, many Afroasiatic languages place the head noun (rather than the modifying noun) in the construct state . Possessive grammatical constructions, including

2166-421: The genitive is marked with -n , e.g. maa – maan "country – of the country". The stem may change, however, with consonant gradation and other reasons. For example, in certain words ending in consonants, -e- is added, e.g. mies – miehen "man – of the man", and in some, but not all words ending in -i , the -i is changed to an -e- , to give -en , e.g. lumi – lumen "snow – of

2223-458: The genitive marker is attached to the full noun phrase the King of France , whereas case markers are normally attached to the head of a phrase. In languages having a true genitive case, such as Old English, this example may be expressed as þes cynges wyrre of France , literally "the King's war of France", with the ' s attaching to the King . Finnic languages ( Finnish , Estonian , etc.) have genitive cases. In Finnish, prototypically

2280-430: The genitive. For example, English my is either a separate possessive adjective or an irregular genitive of I , while in Finnish, for example, minun is regularly agglutinated from minu- "I" and -n (genitive). In some languages, nouns in the genitive case also agree in case with the nouns they modify (that is, it is marked for two cases). This phenomenon is called suffixaufnahme . In some languages, nouns in

2337-399: The local trains are operated by 71 BM 69 and 36 BM 72 (both electric) while the local trains around Trondheim, Trøndelag Commuter Rail , uses 14 BM 92 diesel multiple unit . The Airport Express Train uses 16 BM 71 and Vy Gjøvikbanen operates 9 BM 69g units. The Ofoten Line operates three BM 68 electric multiple units. Vy still uses locomotive hauled passenger trains on a few of

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2394-476: The long-distance lines. For this task they use 22 El 18s and 5 Di 4s in addition to six El 17 on the Flåm Line . Most of the cars are B7 on long-distance services and B5 on regional services. Most of the locomotives have been transferred to the freight division CargoNet. CargoNet uses a combination of 30 El 14 , 15 El 16 , 19 Di 8 and 6 CD66 . The other companies use stock retired by NSB, including

2451-601: The northernmost railway in the world, but was in 2010 beaten by the Obskaya–Bovanenkovo Line in Russia. Still, Narvik is one of the northernmost towns in the world to have a railway connection, as the terminus for the Ofoten Line . It connects to Kiruna , Sweden , but not to Bodø , the northern terminus of the Norwegian railway network. Kiruna is, however, connected to the Swedish railway network , which again

2508-579: The only one, started with horse cars, the others were electrified from the beginning. Electric cars were introduced in Oslo in 1894 and the last horse car operated in 1900. Bergen closed down its first generation system between 1944 and 1965, but (re-)introduced light rail transit (LRT) in 2006. The second construction boom of the main railway arose in the 1910s and included the Bergen Line across Finse to Bergen , connecting Eastern and Western Norway. A number of other larger projects were also built in

2565-760: The phrase bean an tí (woman of the house), tí is the genitive case of teach , meaning "house". Another example is barr an chnoic , "top of the hill", where cnoc means "hill", but is changed to chnoic , which also incorporates lenition . In Mandarin Chinese , the genitive case is made by use of the particle 的 (de). 我 wǒ 的 de 猫 māo [ 我的貓 ]   我 的 猫 wǒ de māo Rail transport in Norway The Norwegian railway system comprises 4,109 km of 1,435 mm ( 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ) ( standard gauge ) track of which 2,644 km

2622-402: The possessive case, may be regarded as subsets of the genitive construction. For example, the genitive construction "pack of dogs” is similar, but not identical in meaning to the possessive case "dogs' pack" (and neither of these is entirely interchangeable with "dog pack", which is neither genitive nor possessive). Modern English is an example of a language that has a possessive case rather than

2679-442: The relation between nouns: A simple s is added to the end of a name: The genitive case is also commonly found after certain prepositions: The genitive case can sometimes be found in connection with certain adjectives: The genitive case is occasionally found in connection with certain verbs (some of which require an accusative before the genitive); they are mostly either formal or legal: The ablative case of Indo-European

2736-530: The singular genitive is sometimes (in a subset of words ending with a vocal in nominative) identical in form to nominative. In Finnish, in addition to the uses mentioned above, there is a construct where the genitive is used to mark a surname. For example, Juhani Virtanen can be also expressed Virtasen Juhani ("Juhani of the Virtanens"). A complication in Finnic languages is that the accusative case -(e)n

2793-402: The snow". The genitive is used extensively, with animate and inanimate possessors. In addition to the genitive, there is also a partitive case (marked -ta/-tä or -a/-ä ) used for expressing that something is a part of a larger mass, e.g. joukko miehiä "a group of men". In Estonian, the genitive marker -n has elided with respect to Finnish. Thus, the genitive always ends with a vowel, and

2850-520: The star Mintaka in the constellation Orion (genitive Orionis) is also known as Delta Orionis or 34 Orionis. Many languages have a genitive case, including Albanian , Arabic , Armenian , Basque , Danish , Dutch , Estonian , Finnish , Georgian , German , Greek , Gothic , Hungarian , Icelandic , Irish , Kannada , Latin , Latvian , Lithuanian , Malayalam , Nepali , Romanian , Sanskrit , Scottish Gaelic , Swedish , Tamil , Telugu , all Slavic languages except Macedonian , and most of

2907-600: The suffix -i ('of') is also used. For example: Japanese construes the genitive by using the grammatical particle no の. It can be used to show a number of relationships to the head noun. For example: The archaic genitive case particle -ga ～が is still retained in certain expressions, place names, and dialects. Possessive ga can also be written as a small ke ( ヶ ), for example in Kasumigaoka ( 霞ヶ丘 ) . Typically, languages have nominative case nouns converting into genitive case. It has been found, however, that

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2964-629: The time was 1,067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ) ( narrow gauge ), but some lines were built in 1,435 mm ( 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ) ( standard gauge ). The height of the era came in 1877 when the Røros Line connected Central Norway to the capital. In 1883 the entire main railway network was taken over by Norwegian State Railways (NSB), though a number of industrial railways and branch lines continued to be operated by private companies. Three urban railways, in Oslo , Bergen and Trondheim , were started as in 1875 (Oslo), 1897 (Bergen) and Trondheim (1901). Oslo's system, as

3021-458: The urban railways use 600 or 750 V DC , via overhead wires on the tramways and via third-rail on the Oslo T-bane . In its plans, Bane NOR will concentrate its expansions primarily on the cramped network around Oslo and the larger cities. The question about building a high-speed railway between the largest Southern Norwegian cities has been discussed at political level, and a report

3078-513: Was absorbed into the genitive in Classical Greek. This added to the usages of the "genitive proper", the usages of the "ablatival genitive". The genitive occurs with verbs, adjectives, adverbs and prepositions. See also Genitive absolute . The Hungarian genitive is constructed using the suffix -é . The genitive -é suffix is only used with the predicate of a sentence: it serves the role of mine, yours, hers, etc. The possessed object

3135-543: Was in decay since many of the surrounding forests required for charcoal had been depleted. He restored it and set up the production of stoves and similar iron goods. He also took residence in Eidsvoll in 1811, rebuilding the manor house which is now the Eidsvollsbygningen , the site where the constitutional assembly met to draft and sign the Constitution of Norway on 17 May 1814. Eidsvollsbygningen

3192-627: Was opened, but in the same decade the Bergen tramway was closed. In the 1970s and 80s many branch lines were also abandoned. In 1980 the massive project of connecting the eastern and western railway networks around Oslo was completed with the opening of the Oslo Tunnel and Oslo Central Station . In 1996 NSB was split into the Norwegian Railway Inspectorate , Jernbaneverket and an operating company NSB BA. Since then,

3249-461: Was ready by the end of 2007. Advocates for rail transport and environmentalists have wanted to build high speed railways, including upgrades to 250 km/h on the Sørland Line , Bergen Line , and Dovre Line while others, including Norsk Bane , have suggested construction of a new line through Haukeli to Stavanger, Haugesund and Bergen. There are current proposed figures: There are also several operational museum railways in Norway, including

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