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62-406: The week contains national and international competitions in disciplines such as BASE jumping , parachuting , paragliding , hanggliding , kitesurfing , climbing , longboarding , mountainbike , BMX , rafting , whitewater kayaking , and big air . The multisport race "Horgi Ned" includes skiing, biking and kayaking. In 2007 more than 1000 competitors and more than 40,000 spectators attended

124-457: A 148 metres (486 ft) object is only about 5.6 seconds from the ground if the jumper remains in free fall. Standard skydiving parachute systems are not designed for this situation, so BASE jumpers use specially designed harnesses and parachute systems. Many BASE jumps, particularly in the UK are made from around 45 metres (150 ft) due to the number of low cliffs at this height. Jumpers will use

186-458: A BASE jump off the Troll Wall . By this time the concept had spread among skydivers worldwide, with hundreds of participants making fixed-object jumps. During the early eighties nearly all BASE jumps were made using standard skydiving equipment, including two parachutes (main and reserve), and deployment components. Later on, specialized equipment and techniques were developed specifically for

248-422: A Houston skyscraper on 18 January 1981, they became the first to attain the exclusive BASE numbers (BASE #1 and #2, respectively), having already jumped from an antenna, spans , and earthen objects. Jean and Carl Boenish qualified for BASE numbers 3 and 4 soon after. A separate "award" was soon enacted for Night BASE jumping when Mayfield completed each category at night, becoming Night BASE #1, with Smith qualifying

310-463: A London double-decker bus , wanting to send it down the ski slopes, and the Swiss resort managers refused. Other Club activities included expedition hang gliding from active volcanoes ; the launching of giant (20 m) plastic spheres with pilots suspended in the centre ( zorbing ); microlight flying; and BASE jumping (in the early days of this sport). In recent decades the term extreme sport

372-436: A conventional one has as much to do with marketing as with the level of danger involved or the adrenaline generated. For example, rugby union is both dangerous and adrenaline-inducing but is not considered an extreme sport due to its traditional image, and because it does not involve high speed or an intention to perform stunts (the aesthetic criteria mentioned above) and also it does not have changing environmental variables for

434-512: A few weeks later. Upon completing a jump from all of the four object categories, a jumper may choose to apply for a "BASE number", awarded sequentially. The 1000th application for a BASE number was filed in March 2005 and BASE #1000 was awarded to Matt "Harley" Moilanen of Grand Rapids, Michigan. As of May 2017 , over 2,000 BASE numbers have been issued. In the early days of BASE jumping, people used modified skydiving gear, such as by removing

496-406: A fixed object such as a cliff and after an optional freefall delay deploy a parachute to slow their descent and land. A popular form of BASE jumping is wingsuit BASE jumping . In contrast to other forms of parachuting , such as skydiving from airplanes, BASE jumps are performed from fixed objects that are generally at much lower altitudes, and BASE jumpers only carry one parachute. BASE jumping

558-453: A height of 7,700 metres (25,300 ft) from Cho Oyu , the sixth-highest mountain in the world, landing on a glacier approximately two minutes later at an altitude of around 6,000 metres (20,000 ft). He later died while attempting another high-altitude BASE jump in Nepal in 2017. BASE competitions have been held since the early 1980s, with accurate landings or free-fall aerobatics used as

620-421: A high degree of risk of injury or death. These activities often involve speed, height, a high level of physical exertion and highly specialized gear. Extreme tourism overlaps with extreme sport. The two share the same main attraction, " adrenaline rush " caused by an element of risk , and differ mostly in the degree of engagement and professionalism . There is no precise definition of an 'extreme sport' and

682-443: A main and a reserve parachute, while BASE jumpers carry only one parachute. BASE jumping parachutes are larger than skydiving parachutes and are typically flown with a wing loading of around 3.4 kg/m (0.7 lb/sq ft). Vents are one element that make a parachute suitable for BASE jumping. BASE jumpers often use extra large pilot chutes to compensate for lower airspeed parachute deployments. On jumps from lower altitudes ,

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744-567: A person or object by parachute, helicopter, or other airborne means, except in emergencies involving public safety or serious property loss, or pursuant to the terms and conditions of a permit." Under that Regulation, BASE is not banned, but is allowable if a permit is issued by the Superintendent. The 2001 National Park Service Management Policies state that BASE "is not an appropriate public use activity within national park areas ..." (2001 Management Policy 8.2.2.7.) However, Policy 8.2.2.7 in

806-453: A somewhat necessary part of its appeal, which is partially a result of pressure for athletes to make more money and provide maximum entertainment. Extreme sports is a sub-category of sports that are described as any kind of sport "of a character or kind farthest removed from the ordinary or average". These kinds of sports often carry out the potential risk of serious and permanent physical injury and even death. However, these sports also have

868-416: A static line method to ensure their canopy is extracted as they jump, as at this height, it is too low to freefall. BASE jumps generally entail slower airspeeds than typical skydives (due to the limited altitude), a BASE jumper does not always reach terminal velocity . Skydivers use the airflow to stabilize their position. BASE jumpers, falling at lower speeds, have less aerodynamic control. The attitude of

930-573: A successful outcome" by Dr. Rhonda Cohen (2012). While the use of the term "extreme sport" has spread everywhere to describe a multitude of different activities, exactly which sports are considered 'extreme' is debatable. There are, however, several characteristics common to most extreme sports. While they are not the exclusive domain of youth, extreme sports tend to have a younger-than-average target demographic. Extreme sports are also rarely sanctioned by schools for their physical education curriculum. Extreme sports tend to be more solitary than many of

992-490: A tendency to reject unified judging methods, with different sports employing their own ideals and indeed having the ability to evolve their assessment standards with new trends or developments in the sports. The origin of the divergence of the term "extreme sports" from "sports" may date to the 1950s in the appearance of a phrase usually, but wrongly, attributed to Ernest Hemingway . The phrase is; There are only three sports: bullfighting, motor racing, and mountaineering; all

1054-548: A typical skydiving dropzone. BASE jumping is significantly more dangerous than similar sports such as skydiving from aircraft. BASE jumping is generally not illegal in most places. However, in some cases such as building and antenna jumps, jumping is often done covertly without the permission of owners, which can lead to charges such as trespassing. In some jurisdictions it may be permissible to use land until specifically told not to. The Perrine Bridge in Twin Falls, Idaho ,

1116-629: A year, on the third Saturday in October (" Bridge Day "), permission to BASE jump has explicitly been granted at the New River Gorge Bridge in Fayetteville, West Virginia . The New River Gorge Bridge deck is 267 metres (876 ft) above the river. This annual event attracts about 450 BASE jumpers and nearly 200,000 spectators. 1,100 jumps may occur during the six hours that it is legal, providing conditions are suitable. During

1178-516: Is also a music festival. In 2007 the festival included the national and international artists Beenie Man , Definition of Ill Sound System Show, "Delfinen", DJ Barabass, Hjalmar, Horace Andy & Dub Asante Band, Me First & The Gimme Gimmes , Mira Craig , Nico D with Admiral P and Daniel Lion of Manifest Sound, No Means No , Raggabalder Riddim Rebels, Sly & Robbie with Bitty McLean , Svenska Akademien, Theodor Babeuf and Valentourettes. In 2012, an American parachute jumper died, crashing into

1240-520: Is an example of a man-made structure in the United States where BASE jumping is allowed year-round without a permit. In U.S. National Parks, BASE jumping is generally prohibited, unless special permission is given. Other U.S. public land, including land controlled by the Bureau of Land Management , does not ban air delivery, and there are numerous jumpable objects on BLM land. The legal position

1302-620: Is different at other sites and in other countries. For example, in Norway's Lysefjord (from the mountain Kjerag ), BASE jumpers are made welcome. Many sites in the European Alps, near Chamonix and on the Eiger , are also open to jumpers. Some other Norwegian places, like the Troll Wall , are banned because of dangerous rescue missions in the past. In Austria, jumping from mountain cliffs

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1364-589: Is generally allowed, whereas the use of bridges (such as the Europabruecke near Innsbruck , Tirol ) or dams is generally prohibited. Australia has some of the toughest stances on BASE jumping: it specifically bans BASE jumping from certain objects, such as the Sydney Harbour Bridge . The National Park Service has banned BASE jumping in U.S. National Parks . The authority comes from 36 CFR 2.17(3), which prohibits, "Delivering or retrieving

1426-401: Is no reserve parachute, there is little need to cut-away their parachute, and many BASE harnesses do not contain a 3-ring release system . A modern ultralight BASE system including parachute, container, and harness can weigh as little as 3.9 kilograms (8.6 lb). When jumping from high mountains, BASE jumpers will often use special clothing to improve control and flight characteristics in

1488-461: Is significantly more hazardous than other forms of parachuting and is widely considered to be one of the most dangerous extreme sports . Fausto Veranzio is widely believed to have been the first person to build and test a parachute, by jumping from St Mark's Campanile in Venice in 1617 when he was more than 65 years old. However these and other sporadic incidents were one-time experiments, not

1550-640: Is surfing, invented centuries ago by the inhabitants of Polynesia , it will become national sport of Hawaii . Disabled people participate in extreme sports. Nonprofit organizations such as Adaptive Action Sports seek to increase awareness of the participation in action sports by members of the disabled community, as well as increase access to the adaptive technologies that make participation possible and to competitions such as The X Games. Extreme sports may be perceived as extremely dangerous, conducive to fatalities, near-fatalities and other serious injuries. The perceived risk in an extreme sport has been considered

1612-478: Is the use of a slider reefing device to control the opening speed of the parachute, and whether the jumper falls long enough to reach terminal velocity . Low BASE jumps are those where the jumper does not reach terminal velocity. Sometimes referred to as "slider down" jumps because they are typically performed without a slider reefing device on the parachute. The lack of a slider enables the parachute to open more quickly. Other techniques for low BASE jumps include

1674-623: The Mount Everest massif) from a height of 7,220 metres (23,690 ft). Using a specially-developed wingsuit, he glided down to the Rongbuk glacier more than 1,000 meters below, setting a new world record for highest altitude base jump. He had previously jumped off mountains in Asia, Antarctica and South America in 2004, 2007, 2008, 2010 and 2012. On October 5, 2016, Rozov broke his own record for highest altitude BASE jump when he leapt from

1736-572: The freefall tracking technique . While BASE jumps had been made prior to that time, the El Capitan activity was the effective birth of what is now called BASE jumping. After 1978 the filmed jumps from El Capitan were repeated, not as an actual publicity exercise or as a movie stunt but as a true recreational activity. It was this that popularized BASE jumping more widely among parachutists. Carl Boenish continued to publish films and informational magazines on BASE jumping until his death in 1984 after

1798-425: The slider is removed for faster parachute opening. BASE jumpers use a single-parachute harness and container system. Since there is only a single parachute, BASE jumping containers are mechanically much simpler than skydiving containers. This simplicity contributes to the safety and reliability of BASE jumping gear by eliminating many malfunctions that can occur with more complicated skydiving equipment. Since there

1860-638: The 11-year period from 1995 to 2005, or one in every 2,317 jumps. However, at that site, one in every 254 jumps over that period resulted in a nonfatal accident. BASE jumping is one of the most dangerous recreational activities in the world, with a fatality and injury rate 43 times higher than that of parachuting from a plane. As of 4 January 2023 , the BASE Fatality List records 480 deaths for BASE jumping since April 1981. Extreme sports Action sports , adventure sports or extreme sports are activities perceived as involving

1922-400: The 2006 volume of National Park Service Management Policies, which superseded the 2001 edition, states "Parachuting (or BASE jumping), whether from an aircraft, structure, or natural feature, is generally prohibited by 36 CFR 2.17(a)(3). However, if determined through a park planning process to be an appropriate activity, it may be allowed pursuant to the terms and conditions of a permit." Once

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1984-492: The 50 metres (150 ft) mark, due to the number of low cliffs at this height. Base jumpers have been known to jump from objects as low as 30 metres (100 ft), which leaves little to no canopy time and requires an immediate flare to land safely. Many BASE jumpers are motivated to make jumps from higher objects involving free fall . High BASE jumps are those which are high enough for the jumper to reach terminal velocity. High BASE jumps are often called "slider up" jumps due to

2046-592: The actual systematic pursuit of a new form of parachuting. There are precursors to the sport dating back hundreds of years. In 1966 Michael Pelkey and Brian Schubert jumped from El Capitan in Yosemite National Park . The acronym B.A.S.E. (now more commonly BASE) was later coined by filmmaker Carl Boenish , his wife Jean Boenish, Phil Smith and Phil Mayfield. Carl Boenish was an important catalyst behind modern BASE jumping and in 1978 he filmed jumps from El Capitan made using ram-air parachutes and

2108-456: The air. Wingsuit flying has become a popular form of BASE jumping in recent years, that allows jumpers to glide over long horizontal distances. Tracking suits inflate like wingsuits to give additional lift to jumpers, but maintain separation of arms and legs to allow for greater mobility and safety. BASE jumps can be broadly classified into low jumps and high jumps. The primary distinguishing characteristic of low BASE jumps versus high BASE jumps

2170-445: The athletes. A feature of such activities in the view of some is their alleged capacity to induce an adrenaline rush in participants. However, the medical view is that the rush or high associated with the activity is not due to adrenaline being released as a response to fear, but due to increased levels of dopamine , endorphins and serotonin because of the high level of physical exertion. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that

2232-400: The body at the moment of jumping determines the stability of flight in the first few seconds, before sufficient airspeed has built up to enable aerodynamic stability. On low BASE jumps, parachute deployment takes place during this early phase of flight. If the parachute is deployed while the jumper is unstable, there is a high risk of entanglement or malfunction. The jumper may also not be facing

2294-409: The deployment bag and slider , stowing the lines in a tail pocket, and fitting a large pilot chute . However, modified skydiving gear is then prone to kinds of malfunction that are rare in normal skydiving (such as "line-overs" and broken lines). Modern purpose-built BASE jumping equipment is considered to be much safer and more reliable. The biggest difference in gear is that skydivers jump with both

2356-612: The early days of BASE jumping, the NPS issued permits that authorized jumps from El Capitan . This program ran for three months in 1980 and then collapsed amid allegations of abuse by unauthorized jumpers. The NPS has since vigorously enforced the ban, charging jumpers with "aerial delivery into a National Park". One jumper drowned in the Merced River while evading arresting park rangers, having declared "No way are they gonna get me. Let them chase me—I'll just laugh in their faces and jump in

2418-413: The emotion of intense thrill, usually associated with the extreme sports. Even though some extreme sports present a higher level of risk, people still choose to embark in the experience of extreme sports for the sake of the adrenaline. According to Sigmund Freud , we have an instinctual 'death wish', which is a subconscious inbuilt desire to destroy ourselves, proving that in the seek for the thrill, danger

2480-457: The event. The festival was covered by more than 250 reporters from both the Norwegian media as well as the international media. "Veko" does not employ many people as they base the organizing and execution of the event mostly on volunteers. In 2007 more than 600 volunteers assisted in getting the festival running smoothly. In 2007 "Veko" received two rewards. One reward was "Best sponsor object of

2542-870: The first modern jumps on 1 April 1979, from the Clifton Suspension Bridge , Bristol, England . They followed the Clifton Bridge effort with a jump from the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, California (including the first female bungee jump by Jane Wilmot), and with a televised leap from the Royal Gorge Suspension Bridge in Colorado , sponsored by and televised on the popular American television program That's Incredible! Bungee jumping

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2604-735: The judging criteria. Recent years have seen a formal competition held at the 452 metres (1,483 ft) high Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, judged on landing accuracy. In 2012 the World Wingsuit League held their first wingsuit BASE jumping competition in China. BASE jumps are typically performed from much lower altitudes than in skydiving. Skydivers are required to deploy their main parachute above 610 metres (2,000 ft) altitude. BASE jumps are frequently made from less than 148 metres (486 ft). A BASE jump from

2666-467: The link to adrenaline and 'true' extreme sports is tentative. Brymer and Gray's study defined 'true' extreme sports as a leisure or recreation activity where the most likely outcome of a mismanaged accident or mistake was death. This definition was designed to separate the marketing hype from the activity. Eric Brymer also found that the potential of various extraordinary human experiences, many of which parallel those found in activities such as meditation,

2728-624: The mountainside after jumping from a helicopter during Extremsportveko. In 2021, at least 19 people from 9 different Norwegian municipalities were infected with SARS‑CoV‑2 during the Veko. BASE jumping BASE jumping ( / b eɪ s / ) is the recreational sport of jumping from fixed objects, using a parachute to descend to the ground. BASE is an acronym that stands for four categories of fixed objects from which one can jump: buildings , antennas (referring to radio masts ), spans ( bridges ) and earth ( cliffs ). Participants jump from

2790-628: The origin of the term is unclear but it gained popularity in the 1990s when it was picked up by marketing companies to promote the X Games and when the Extreme Sports Channel and Extreme International launched. More recently, the commonly used definition from research is "a competitive (comparison or self-evaluative) activity within which the participant is subjected to natural or unusual physical and mental challenges such as speed, height, depth or natural forces and where fast and accurate cognitive perceptual processing may be required for

2852-670: The outcome of the given activity or event. In a traditional sporting event, athletes compete against each other under controlled circumstances. While it is possible to create a controlled sporting event such as X Games, there are environmental variables that cannot be held constant for all athletes. Examples include changing snow conditions for snowboarders , rock and ice quality for climbers , and wave height and shape for surfers . Whilst traditional sporting judgment criteria may be adopted when assessing performance (distance, time, score, etc.), extreme sports performers are often evaluated on more subjective and aesthetic criteria. This results in

2914-402: The overall experience in the tourism industry. Ekstremsportveko is definitely a worthy winner," says the director of tourism, Per-Arne Tuftin from Innovation Norway. As "Veko" has grown and become more and more popular, the organizers of the festival have also created a smaller winter version of the festival called Vinterveko (Winter week). This is an event that only lasts from Friday-Sunday and

2976-453: The popular traditional sports (rafting and paintballing are notable exceptions, as they are done in teams). Activities categorized by media as extreme sports differ from traditional sports due to the higher number of inherently uncontrollable variables. These environmental variables are frequently weather and terrain-related, including wind, snow, water and mountains. Because these natural phenomena cannot be controlled, they inevitably affect

3038-459: The potential to produce drastic benefits on mental and physical health and provide opportunity for individuals to engage fully with life. Extreme sports trigger the release of the hormone adrenaline , which can facilitate performance of stunts. It is believed that the implementation of extreme sports on mental health patients improves their perspective and recognition of aspects of life. In outdoor adventure sports, participants get to experience

3100-502: The rest are merely games. The implication of the phrase was that the word "sport" defined an activity in which one might be killed, other activities being termed "games." The phrase may have been invented by either writer Barnaby Conrad or automotive author Ken Purdy . The Dangerous Sports Club of Oxford University , England was founded by David Kirke, Chris Baker, Ed Hulton and Alan Weston . They first came to wide public attention by inventing modern day bungee jumping , by making

3162-491: The right direction. Such an off-heading opening is not as problematic in skydiving, but an off-heading opening that results in object strike has caused many serious injuries and deaths in BASE jumping. BASE jumps are more hazardous than skydives primarily due to proximity to the object serving as the jump platform. BASE jumping frequently occurs in mountainous terrain, often having much smaller areas in which to land in comparison to

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3224-570: The river". Despite incidents like this one, illegal jumps continue in Yosemite at a rate estimated at a few hundred per year, often at night or dawn. El Capitan, Half Dome , and Glacier Point have been used as jump sites. A study of BASE jumping fatalities estimated that the overall annual fatality risk in 2002 was one fatality per 60 participants. A study of 20,850 BASE jumps from the Kjerag Massif in Norway reported nine fatalities over

3286-430: The unique needs of BASE jumping. Nowadays, recognizing the sport's growing appeal and the potential for high-impact marketing, companies such as Red Bull have stepped in to sponsor athletes, further elevating the sport's profile. BASE numbers are awarded to those who have made at least one jump from each of the four categories (buildings, antennae, spans and earth). When Phil Smith and Phil Mayfield jumped together from

3348-402: The use of a static line , direct bag, or P.C.A. (pilot chute assist). These devices form an attachment between the parachute and the jump platform, which stretches out the parachute and suspension lines as the jumper falls, before separating and allowing the parachute to inflate. This enables the very lowest jumps—below 60 metres (200 ft) to be made. It is common in the UK to jump from around

3410-659: The use of a wingsuit . Tandem BASE jumping is when a skilled pilot jumps with a passenger attached to their front. It is similar to skydiving and is offered in the US and many other countries. Tandem BASE is becoming a more accessible and legal form of BASE jumping. On May 23, 2006, Australians Glenn Singleman and Heather Swan made a BASE jump from an altitude of 6,604 metres (21,667 ft) off Meru Peak in Northern India. They jumped in wingsuits. On May 5, 2013, Russian Valery Rozov jumped off Changtse (the northern peak of

3472-409: The use of a slider reefing device. High BASE jumps present different hazards than low BASE jumps. With greater height and airspeed, jumpers can fly away from the cliff during freefall, allowing them to deploy their parachute far away from the cliff they jumped from and significantly reduce the chance of object striking. However, high BASE jumps also present new hazards such as complications resulting from

3534-448: The year". The Norwegian Sponsor and Event association gave the prize to Ekstremsportveko stating; "Ekstremsportveko has moved away from a focus on commercialism to pure focus on their own identity where the sponsors have a more intimate presence than what was the case earlier when the activity was mentioned by the name of the sponsor". The second was "The tourism prize of the year". Innovation Norway states "With this prize we wish to focus on

3596-503: Was an important part of the extreme sport experience. Those experiences put the participants outside their comfort zone and are often done in conjunction with adventure travel . Some of the sports have existed for decades and their proponents span generations, some going on to become well known personalities. Rock climbing and ice climbing have spawned publicly recognizable names such as Edmund Hillary , Chris Bonington , Wolfgang Güllich and more recently Joe Simpson . Another example

3658-428: Was conceived as a result of efforts to equip a surfboard with a sailing boat's propulsion system (mast and sail). Kitesurfing on the other hand was conceived by combining the propulsion system of kite buggying (a parafoil ) with the bi-directional boards used for wakeboarding . Wakeboarding is in turn derived from snowboarding and waterskiing . Some contend that the distinction between an extreme sport and

3720-545: Was first set up in 2007. The 2008 event is scheduled to take place 28–30 March. Karianne Finne, the chief organizer of the 2007 version of Vinterveko, says that Vinterveko shall remain a smaller winter version of "Veko" and they have no plans of making it into a full week festival. In 2014 the Vinterveko was shut down to focus on the main festival, Ekstremsportveko. Air-based activities operate out of Voss Airport, Bømoen . As well as being an extreme sport festival, "Veko"

3782-483: Was further promoted after the Extreme Sports Channel , Extremesportscompany.com launched and then the X Games, a multi-sport event was created and developed by ESPN . The first X Games (known as 1995 Extreme Games) were held in Newport , Providence , Mount Snow , and Vermont in the United States. Certain extreme sports clearly trace back to other extreme sports, or combinations thereof. For example, windsurfing

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3844-513: Was treated as a novelty for a few years, then became a craze for young people, and is now an established industry for thrill seekers. The club also pioneered a surrealist form of skiing, holding three events at St. Moritz , Switzerland , in which competitors were required to devise a sculpture mounted on skis and ride it down a mountain. The event reached its limits when the Club arrived in St. Moritz with

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