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107-792: The Electronic Surveillance Modernization Act ( H.R. 5825 of the 109th Congress ) was passed on September 28, 2006, by a vote 232 to 191. It has been referred to the United States Senate and the Senate Committee for the Judiciary for further debate. It died in the Senate. This United States federal legislation article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . United States Congress Minority (49) Minority (212) Vacant (3) [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The United States Congress
214-1662: A Conservative , lost re-election as a Republican in 1976 [REDACTED] Harry F. Byrd Jr. Virginia 1965–1983 Switched from Democratic to independent in 1970 [REDACTED] Wayne Morse Oregon 1945–1969 Switched from Republican to independent in 1953, then to Democratic in 1955 [REDACTED] John E. Miller Arkansas 1937–1941 Elected as an independent, served as Democratic [REDACTED] Ernest Lundeen Minnesota 1937–1940 Elected as Farmer-Labor [REDACTED] George W. Norris Nebraska 1913–1943 Switched from Republican to independent in 1936 [REDACTED] Elmer Austin Benson Minnesota 1935–1936 Elected as Farmer-Labor [REDACTED] Robert M. La Follette Jr. Wisconsin 1925–1947 Switched from Republican to Progressive in 1934, then back to Republican in 1946 [REDACTED] Magnus Johnson Minnesota 1923–1925 Elected as Farmer-Labor [REDACTED] Henrik Shipstead Minnesota 1923–1947 Elected as Farmer-Labor , switched to Republican in 1940 [REDACTED] Miles Poindexter Washington 1911–1923 Switched from Republican to Progressive in 1912, switched back to Republican in 1915 [REDACTED] Joseph M. Dixon Montana 1907–1913 Switched from Republican to Progressive in 1912 [REDACTED] Henry Heitfeld Idaho 1897–1903 Elected as
321-541: A Liberal , re-elected as Democratic [REDACTED] Leo Isacson New York 24th 1948–1949 Elected from the American Labor Party ticket [REDACTED] Harold Hagen Minnesota 9th 1943–1955 Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1942 [REDACTED] John Bernard Minnesota 8th 1937–1939 Elected as
428-492: A Liberal Republican in 1872 [REDACTED] Morgan C. Hamilton Texas 1870–1877 Switched from Republican to Liberal Republican in 1872, switched back to Republican in 1875 [REDACTED] Charles Sumner Massachusetts 1851–1874 Elected as Free Soil Democratic in 1851, became a Republican in 1855, then became a Liberal Republican in 1872 [REDACTED] David T. Patterson Tennessee 1866–1869 Elected as
535-469: A Populist Charles Martin North Carolina 6th 1897–1899 Elected as a Populist [REDACTED] Samuel Maxwell Nebraska 3rd 1897–1899 Elected as a Populist [REDACTED] Nelson B. McCormick Kansas 6th 1897–1899 Elected as a Populist [REDACTED] Mason S. Peters Kansas 2nd 1897–1899 Elected as
642-474: A Populist [REDACTED] Albert Taylor Goodwyn Alabama 5th 1896–1897 Elected as a Populist [REDACTED] John F. Shafroth Colorado 1st 1895–1904 Switched from Republican to Silver Republican in 1897 [REDACTED] Milford W. Howard Alabama 7th 1895–1899 Elected as a Populist in 1894 [REDACTED] Harry Skinner North Carolina 1st 1895–1899 Elected as
749-433: A Populist [REDACTED] Alonzo C. Shuford North Carolina 7th 1893–1899 Elected as a Populist [REDACTED] Thomas Jefferson Hudson Kansas 3rd 1893–1895 Elected as a Populist [REDACTED] Haldor Boen Minnesota 7th 1893–1895 Elected as a Populist [REDACTED] Bill Harris Kansas at-large 1893–1895 Elected as
856-412: A Populist [REDACTED] Bill Baker Kansas 6th 1891–1897 Elected as a Populist [REDACTED] Benjamin H. Clover Kansas 3rd 1891–1893 Elected as a Populist [REDACTED] John Davis Kansas 5th 1891–1895 Elected as a Populist [REDACTED] Kittel Halvorson Minnesota 5th 1891–1893 Elected as
963-437: A Populist [REDACTED] Edwin R. Ridgely Kansas 3rd 1897–1901 Elected as a Populist [REDACTED] William Ledyard Stark Nebraska 4th 1897–1903 Elected as a Populist [REDACTED] Roderick Dhu Sutherland Nebraska 5th 1897–1901 Elected as a Populist [REDACTED] William D. Vincent Kansas 5th 1897–1899 Elected as
1070-461: A Populist [REDACTED] James Gunn Idaho at-large 1897–1899 Elected as a Populist [REDACTED] William Carey Jones Washington at-large 1897–1899 Elected as a Silver Republican [REDACTED] John Edward Kelley South Dakota at-large 1897–1899 Elected as a Populist [REDACTED] Freeman Knowles South Dakota at-large 1897–1899 Elected as
1177-422: A Populist [REDACTED] James H. Kyle South Dakota 1891–1901 Elected as a Populist [REDACTED] Marion Butler North Carolina 1895–1901 Elected as a Populist [REDACTED] William A. Peffer Kansas 1891–1897 Elected as a Populist [REDACTED] Harrison H. Riddleberger Virginia 1883–1889 Elected as
SECTION 10
#17327797634891284-492: A Populist [REDACTED] Jeremiah D. Botkin Kansas at-large 1897–1899 Elected as a Populist [REDACTED] Curtis H. Castle California 7th 1897–1899 Elected as a Populist [REDACTED] John Edgar Fowler North Carolina 3rd 1897–1899 Elected as a Populist [REDACTED] William Laury Greene Nebraska 6th 1897–1899 Elected as
1391-420: A Populist [REDACTED] Omer Madison Kem Nebraska 3rd 1891–1897 Elected as a Populist [REDACTED] William A. McKeighan Nebraska 2nd 1891–1895 Elected as a Populist [REDACTED] John G. Otis Kansas 4th 1891–1893 Elected as a Populist [REDACTED] Jerry Simpson Kansas 7th 1891–1895 Elected as
1498-669: A Populist [REDACTED] Thomas E. Watson Georgia 10th 1891–1893 Elected as a Populist Lewis P. Featherstone Arkansas 1st 1889–1891 Elected as a member of the Labor Party Samuel I. Hopkins Virginia 6th 1887–1889 Elected as a member of the Labor Party [REDACTED] John Nichols North Carolina 4th 1887–1889 Elected as an independent [REDACTED] Henry Smith Wisconsin 4th 1887–1889 Elected as
1605-1217: A Populist [REDACTED] William Alexander Harris Kansas 1897–1903 Elected as a Populist [REDACTED] Henry Moore Teller Colorado 1876–1909 Switched from Republican to Silver Republican in 1896, then to Democratic in 1903 [REDACTED] Fred Dubois Idaho 1891–1897 Switched from Republican to Silver Republican in 1896 [REDACTED] Frank J. Cannon Utah 1896–1899 Switched from Republican to Silver Republican in 1896 [REDACTED] Richard F. Pettigrew South Dakota 1889–1901 Switched from Republican to Silver Republican in 1896 [REDACTED] Lee Mantle Montana 1895–1899 Switched from Republican to Silver Republican in 1896 [REDACTED] John P. Jones Nevada 1873–1903 Switched from Republican to Silver in 1895, then back to Republican in 1901 [REDACTED] William Morris Stewart Nevada 1887–1905 Switched from Republican to Silver in 1893, then back to Republican in 1901 [REDACTED] William V. Allen Nebraska 1893–1901 Elected as
1712-507: A Populist [REDACTED] William Franklin Strowd North Carolina 4th 1895–1899 Elected as a Populist [REDACTED] John Calhoun Bell Colorado 2nd 1893–1903 Elected as a Populist [REDACTED] Marion Cannon California 6th 1893–1895 Elected as a Populist [REDACTED] Lafe Pence Colorado 1st 1893–1895 Elected as
1819-516: A Progressive [REDACTED] Harry Sauthoff Wisconsin 2nd 1935–1945 Elected as a Progressive [REDACTED] George J. Schneider Wisconsin 8th 1935–1939 Elected as a Progressive [REDACTED] Merlin Hull Wisconsin 9th 1935–1944 Elected as a Progressive [REDACTED] Vito Marcantonio New York 20th 1935–1937, 1939–1945 Elected from
1926-509: A Progressive in 1913 William Josiah MacDonald Michigan 12th 1913–1915 Elected as a Progressive in 1913 [REDACTED] Milton William Shreve Pennsylvania 25th 1913–1915, 1919–1933 Re-elected as an Independent Republican in 1920 [REDACTED] Henry Wilson Temple Pennsylvania 24th 1913–1915 Elected as a Progressive in 1913 [REDACTED] Charles M. Thomson Illinois 10th 1913–1915 Elected as
2033-495: A Progressive in 1913 [REDACTED] James W. Bryan Washington at-large 1913–1915 Elected as a Progressive in 1913 [REDACTED] Jacob Falconer Washington at-large 1913–1915 Elected as a Progressive in 1913 [REDACTED] William H. Hinebaugh Illinois 12th 1913–1915 Elected as a Progressive in 1913 [REDACTED] Willis James Hulings Pennsylvania 28th 1913–1915 Elected as
2140-488: A Progressive in 1913 [REDACTED] William Stephens California 10th 1911–1917 Switched parties from a Republican to a Progressive in 1913 [REDACTED] Roy O. Woodruff Michigan 10th 1913–1915 Elected as a Progressive in 1913 [REDACTED] Bill Kent California 1st 1913–1917 Elected as an independent [REDACTED] Ira C. Copley Illinois 11th 1911–1923 Switched from
2247-454: A Readjuster [REDACTED] William Mahone Virginia 1881–1887 Elected as a Readjuster [REDACTED] David Davis Illinois 1877–1883 Elected as an independent [REDACTED] Newton Booth California 1875–1881 Elected as an Anti-Monopolist , served as an Independent Republican [REDACTED] Orris S. Ferry Connecticut 1867–1875 Elected as
SECTION 20
#17327797634892354-443: A Silver [REDACTED] John Wilbur Atwater North Carolina 4th 1899–1901 Elected as a Populist [REDACTED] William Neville Nebraska 6th 1899–1903 Elected as a Populist [REDACTED] Edgar Wilson Idaho at-large 1899–1901 Elected as a Silver Republican [REDACTED] Charles A. Barlow California 6th 1897–1899 Elected as
2461-506: A Socialist [REDACTED] Whitmell P. Martin Louisiana 3rd 1915–1929 Elected as a Progressive [REDACTED] Thomas D. Schall Minnesota 10th 1915–1925 Elected as a Progressive [REDACTED] Charles Hiram Randall California 9th 1915–1921 Elected as a Prohibitionist [REDACTED] Walter M. Chandler New York 19th 1913–1919 Elected as
2568-587: A U.S. citizen for seven years for the House and nine years for the Senate, and be an inhabitant of the state which they represent. Members in both chambers may stand for re-election an unlimited number of times. The Congress was created by the U.S. Constitution and first met in 1789, replacing the Congress of the Confederation in its legislative function. Although not legally mandated, in practice since
2675-494: A Union Democrat in 1861, switched to Democratic by 1867 [REDACTED] John S. Carlile Virginia 1861–1865 Elected as a Unionist in 1861 [REDACTED] Waitman T. Willey Virginia 1861–1863 Elected as a Unionist in 1861 House of Representatives [ edit ] Image Representative District Term Notes [REDACTED] Paul Mitchell Michigan 10th 2017–2021 First elected as
2782-463: A Union Emancipationist in 1863, became a Radical Unionist (Republican) by 1865 [REDACTED] Peter G. Van Winkle West Virginia 1863–1869 Elected as a Unionist in 1863, became a Republican by 1867 [REDACTED] Reverdy Johnson Maryland 1863–1868 Elected as a Unionist in 1863, switched to Democratic by 1865 [REDACTED] Lemuel J. Bowden Virginia 1863–1864 Elected as
2889-489: A Unionist in 1863 [REDACTED] Thomas Holliday Hicks Maryland 1862–1865 Elected as an Unconditional Unionist in 1862 [REDACTED] Robert Wilson Missouri 1862–1863 Appointed as a Unionist in 1862 [REDACTED] John B. Henderson Missouri 1862–1869 Elected as a Unionist in 1862, became a Republican by 1865 [REDACTED] Garrett Davis Kentucky 1861–1872 Elected as
2996-494: A Unionist in 1866, became a Republican by 1867 [REDACTED] Joseph S. Fowler Tennessee 1866–1871 Elected as an Unconditional Unionist in 1866, became a Republican by 1867 [REDACTED] John Creswell Maryland 1865–1867 Elected as an Unconditional Unionist in 1864 [REDACTED] Benjamin Gratz Brown Missouri 1863–1867 Elected as
3103-478: A federal structure with two overlapping power centers so that each citizen as an individual is subject to the powers of state government and national government. To protect against abuse of power, each branch of government – executive, legislative, and judicial – had a separate sphere of authority and could check other branches according to the principle of the separation of powers . Furthermore, there were checks and balances within
3210-492: A Democrat, switched to independent in 2024 [REDACTED] Kyrsten Sinema Arizona 2019–present Elected as a Democrat, switched to independent in 2022 [REDACTED] Angus King Maine 2013–present Elected as an independent; caucuses with the Democrats [REDACTED] Bernie Sanders Vermont 2007–present Elected as an independent; caucuses with
3317-474: A Republican to a Progressive in 1915 [REDACTED] Victor L. Berger Wisconsin 5th 1911–1929 Elected as a Socialist [REDACTED] Peter A. Porter New York 34th 1907–1909 Elected as an Independent Republican [REDACTED] Caldwell Edwards Montana at-large 1901–1903 Elected as a Populist [REDACTED] Thomas L. Glenn Idaho at-large 1901–1903 Elected as
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3424-664: A Republican, re-elected as an independent due to state law, then rejoined Republicans in early 1997 [REDACTED] Bernie Sanders Vermont at-large 1991–2007 Elected as an independent [REDACTED] William Carney New York 1st 1979–1987 Elected as a Conservative and later sat with Republicans, switched to Republican in 1985 [REDACTED] Frazier Reams Ohio 9th 1951–1955 Elected as an independent [REDACTED] Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. New York 20th 1949–1955 Elected as
3531-538: A Republican, switched to independent in 2020 [REDACTED] Justin Amash Michigan 3rd 2011–2021 First elected as a Republican, switched to independent in 2019 and then to Libertarian in 2020 [REDACTED] Virgil Goode Virginia 5th 1997–2009 Switched from Democratic to independent in 2000, then to Republican in 2002 [REDACTED] Jo Ann Emerson Missouri 8th 1996–2013 First elected as
3638-579: A member of the Labor Party [REDACTED] Benjamin F. Shively Indiana 13th 1884–1885 Elected as an Anti-Monopolist [REDACTED] James Ronald Chalmers Mississippi 6th 1883–1885 Elected as an independent [REDACTED] Ted Lyman Massachusetts 9th 1883–1885 Elected as an independent [REDACTED] Thomas P. Ochiltree Texas 7th 1883–1885 Elected as an independent [REDACTED] Charles N. Brumm Pennsylvania 13th 1881–1909 Elected as
3745-460: A member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1918 [REDACTED] Fiorello La Guardia New York 14th , New York 20th 1917–1919, 1923–1933 Re-elected as a Socialist in 1924, ran as a Republican in all other elections [REDACTED] John A. Elston California 6th 1915–1921 Elected as a Progressive in 1915 [REDACTED] Meyer London New York 12th 1915–1923 Elected as
3852-446: A member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1928 [REDACTED] Knud Wefald Minnesota 9th 1923–1927 Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1922 [REDACTED] Ole J. Kvale Minnesota 7th 1923–1929 Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1922 [REDACTED] William Leighton Carss Minnesota 8th 1919–1929 Elected as
3959-513: A member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1932 [REDACTED] Ernest Lundeen Minnesota 5th , Minnesota at-large , Minnesota 3rd 1933–1937 Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1932 [REDACTED] Francis Shoemaker Minnesota at-large 1933–1935 Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1932 [REDACTED] Paul John Kvale Minnesota 7th , Minnesota at-large 1929–1939 Elected as
4066-417: A member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1936 [REDACTED] Dewey Johnson Minnesota 5th 1937–1939 Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1936 [REDACTED] Franck R. Havenner California 4th 1937–1941, 1945–1953 Elected as a Progressive [REDACTED] Henry Teigan Minnesota 3rd 1937–1939 Elected as
4173-526: A member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1936 [REDACTED] Thomas Ryum Amlie Wisconsin 1st 1935–1939 Elected as a Progressive [REDACTED] Gerald J. Boileau Wisconsin 7th 1935–1939 Elected as a Progressive [REDACTED] Rich T. Buckler Minnesota 9th 1935–1943 Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1934 [REDACTED] Bernard J. Gehrmann Wisconsin 10th 1935–1943 Elected as
4280-493: A member of the United States Greenback Party [REDACTED] Emory Speer Georgia 9th 1879–1883 Elected as an independent [REDACTED] James Weaver Iowa 6th 1879–1889 Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party in 1878 [REDACTED] Hendrick Bradley Wright Pennsylvania 12th 1879–1881 Elected as a member of
4387-419: A member of the United States Greenback Party in 1878 [REDACTED] George Jones Texas 5th 1879–1883 Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party [REDACTED] George W. Ladd Maine 4th 1879–1883 Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party [REDACTED] William M. Lowe Alabama 8th 1879–1882 Elected as
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4494-558: A member of the United States Greenback Party in 1878 [REDACTED] Gilbert De La Matyr Indiana 7th 1879–1881 Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party in 1878 [REDACTED] Thompson H. Murch Maine 5th 1879–1883 Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party [REDACTED] Henry Persons Georgia 4th 1879–1881 Elected as an independent [REDACTED] Daniel Lindsay Russell North Carolina 3rd 1879–1881 Elected as
4601-481: A member of the United States Greenback Party in 1878 [REDACTED] Nicholas Ford Missouri 9th 1879–1883 Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party in 1878 Albert P. Forsythe Illinois 15th 1879–1881 Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party in 1878 [REDACTED] Edward H. Gillette Iowa 7th 1879–1881 Elected as
4708-457: A member of the United States Greenback Party in 1880 [REDACTED] Joseph Henry Burrows Missouri 10th 1881–1883 Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party in 1880 [REDACTED] Ira S. Haseltine Missouri 6th 1881–1883 Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party in 1880 [REDACTED] James Mosgrove Pennsylvania 25th 1881–1883 Elected as
4815-404: A member of the United States Greenback Party in 1880 [REDACTED] Theron Moses Rice Missouri 7th 1881–1883 Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party in 1880 [REDACTED] J. Hyatt Smith New York 3rd 1881–1883 Elected as an independent [REDACTED] Bradley Barlow Vermont 3rd 1879–1881 Elected as
4922-444: A powerful effect of waking up a somewhat dormant Congress which investigated presidential wrongdoing and coverups; the scandal "substantially reshaped" relations between the branches of government, suggested political scientist Bruce J. Schulman . Partisanship returned, particularly after 1994; one analyst attributes partisan infighting to slim congressional majorities which discouraged friendly social gatherings in meeting rooms such as
5029-524: A revised constitution with a two-chamber or bicameral Congress. Smaller states argued for equal representation for each state. The two-chamber structure had functioned well in state governments. A compromise plan, the Connecticut Compromise , was adopted with representatives chosen by population (benefiting larger states) and exactly two senators chosen by state governments (benefiting smaller states). The ratified constitution created
5136-401: A six-year term, with terms staggered , so every two years approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, so currently, there are 100 senators for the 50 states. Article One of the U.S. Constitution requires that members of Congress be at least 25 years old for the House and at least 30 years old for the U.S. Senate, be
5243-529: A state's at-large representation to the federal government by senators. Most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent. The historical records of the House of Representatives and the Senate are maintained by the Center for Legislative Archives, which is a part of the National Archives and Records Administration . Congress
5350-693: Is directly responsible for the governing of the District of Columbia , the current seat of the federal government. The First Continental Congress was a gathering of representatives from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies . On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence , referring to the new nation as the "United States of America". The Articles of Confederation in 1781 created
5457-440: Is elected and gives each House the power to create its own structure. Section Seven lays out the process for creating laws, and Section Eight enumerates numerous powers. Section Nine is a list of powers Congress does not have, and Section Ten enumerates powers of the state, some of which may only be granted by Congress. Constitutional amendments have granted Congress additional powers. Congress also has implied powers derived from
SECTION 50
#17327797634895564-493: Is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the great public policy issues of the day. Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux. In recent times, the American South and West have gained House seats according to demographic changes recorded by the census and includes more women and minorities . While power balances among the different parts of government continue to change,
5671-433: Is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress: Congress reflects us in all our strengths and all our weaknesses. It reflects our regional idiosyncrasies, our ethnic, religious, and racial diversity, our multitude of professions, and our shadings of opinion on everything from the value of war to the war over values. Congress is the government's most representative body ... Congress
5778-660: Is quite uncommon. Article One of the United States Constitution states, "All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives." The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process – legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers. The Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while
5885-688: Is the legislature of the federal government of the United States . It is bicameral , composed of a lower body, the United States House of Representatives , and an upper body, the United States Senate . It meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. Members are chosen through direct election , though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a governor 's appointment. Congress has 535 voting members: 100 senators and 435 representatives. The vice president of
5992-529: The tabloidization of media coverage. Others saw pressure to squeeze a political position into a thirty-second soundbite. A report characterized Congress in 2013 as unproductive, gridlocked, and "setting records for futility". In October 2013, with Congress unable to compromise, the government was shut down for several weeks and risked a serious default on debt payments, causing 60% of the public to say they would "fire every member of Congress" including their own representative. One report suggested Congress posed
6099-405: The American Labor Party ticket in 1938 [REDACTED] Gardner R. Withrow Wisconsin 3rd 1935–1939 Elected as a Progressive [REDACTED] Henry M. Arens Minnesota at-large 1933–1935 Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1932 [REDACTED] Magnus Johnson Minnesota at-large 1933–1935 Elected as
6206-544: The Board of Education . Congress began reasserting its authority. Lobbying became a big factor despite the 1971 Federal Election Campaign Act . Political action committees or PACs could make substantive donations to congressional candidates via such means as soft money contributions. While soft money funds were not given to specific campaigns for candidates, the money often benefited candidates substantially in an indirect way and helped reelect candidates. Reforms such as
6313-541: The Commerce Clause , the enumerated power to regulate commerce, in rulings such as McCulloch v. Maryland , have effectively widened the scope of Congress's legislative authority far beyond that prescribed in Section Eight. Constitutional responsibility for the oversight of Washington, D.C. , the federal district and national capital, and the U.S. territories of Guam , American Samoa , Puerto Rico ,
6420-469: The Congress of the Confederation , a unicameral body with equal representation among the states in which each state had a veto over most decisions. Congress had executive but not legislative authority, and the federal judiciary was confined to admiralty and lacked authority to collect taxes, regulate commerce, or enforce laws. Government powerlessness led to the Convention of 1787 which proposed
6527-609: The Conservative Coalition . Democrats maintained control of Congress during World War II . Congress struggled with efficiency in the postwar era partly by reducing the number of standing congressional committees. Southern Democrats became a powerful force in many influential committees although political power alternated between Republicans and Democrats during these years. More complex issues required greater specialization and expertise, such as space flight and atomic energy policy. Senator Joseph McCarthy exploited
SECTION 60
#17327797634896634-523: The Northern Mariana Islands . These six members of Congress enjoy floor privileges to introduce bills and resolutions, and in recent Congresses they vote in permanent and select committees, in party caucuses and in joint conferences with the Senate. They have Capitol Hill offices, staff and two annual appointments to each of the four military academies. While their votes are constitutional when Congress authorizes their House Committee of
6741-584: The U.S. Virgin Islands , and the Northern Mariana Islands rests with Congress. The republican form of government in territories is devolved by congressional statute to the respective territories including direct election of governors, the D.C. mayor and locally elective territorial legislatures. Third-party members of the United States House of Representatives (Redirected from Third-party members of
6848-565: The United States Greenback Party in 1878 [REDACTED] Seth Hartman Yocum Pennsylvania 20th 1879–1881 Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party in 1878 References [ edit ] ^ Broadwater, Luke (May 31, 2024). "Manchin Becomes an Independent, Leaving Options Open for Another Run" . The New York Times . Retrieved May 31, 2024 . ^ Hulse, Carl; Victor, Daniel (December 9, 2022). "Kyrsten Sinema Says She Will Leave
6955-449: The second-wave feminism movement , when activists moved into electoral politics. Beginning in the 1970s, donors and political action committees like EMILY's List began recruiting, training and funding women candidates. Watershed political moments like the confirmation of Clarence Thomas and the 2016 presidential election created momentum for women candidates, resulting in the Year of
7062-484: The "biggest risk to the U.S. economy" because of its brinksmanship , "down-to-the-wire budget and debt crises" and "indiscriminate spending cuts", resulting in slowed economic activity and keeping up to two million people unemployed. There has been increasing public dissatisfaction with Congress, with extremely low approval ratings which dropped to 5% in October 2013. In 2009, Congress authorized another delegate for
7169-439: The 1960s opened the possibility for Black, Asian American, Latina and other non-white women candidates to run for Congress. Racially polarized voting, racial stereotypes and lack of institutional support still prevent women of color from reaching Congress as easily as white people . Senate elections, which require victories in statewide electorates, have been particularly difficult for women of color. Carol Moseley Braun became
7276-591: The 19th century, members of Congress are typically affiliated with one of the two major parties , the Democratic Party or the Republican Party , and only rarely with a third party or independents affiliated with no party. In the case of the latter, the lack of affiliation with a political party does not mean that such members are unable to caucus with members of the political parties. Members can also switch parties at any time, although this
7383-846: The 2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act limited campaign donations but did not limit soft money contributions. One source suggests post-Watergate laws amended in 1974 meant to reduce the "influence of wealthy contributors and end payoffs" instead "legitimized PACs" since they "enabled individuals to band together in support of candidates". From 1974 to 1984, PACs grew from 608 to 3,803 and donations leaped from $ 12.5 million to $ 120 million along with concern over PAC influence in Congress. In 2009, there were 4,600 business, labor and special-interest PACs including ones for lawyers , electricians , and real estate brokers . From 2007 to 2008, 175 members of Congress received "half or more of their campaign cash" from PACs. From 1970 to 2009,
7490-574: The American response as a "police action". According to Time magazine in 1970, "U.S. presidents [had] ordered troops into position or action without a formal congressional declaration a total of 149 times." In 1993, Michael Kinsley wrote that "Congress's war power has become the most flagrantly disregarded provision in the Constitution," and that the "real erosion [of Congress's war power] began after World War II." Disagreement about
7597-462: The Constitution's Necessary and Proper Clause . Congress has authority over financial and budgetary policy through the enumerated power to "lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States". There is vast authority over budgets, although analyst Eric Patashnik suggested that much of Congress's power to manage
7704-8560: The Democratic Party" . The New York Times . Retrieved December 9, 2022 . v t e Third-party and independent members of the United States House of Representatives Law and Order Party Henry Y. Cranston Elisha R. Potter Constitutional Union Party William Appleton James S. Rollins Liberal Republican Party Nathaniel P. Banks Henry B. Banning James G. Blair Alexander Boarman Frederick George Bromberg John Edwards Gustavus A. Finkelnburg William Joseph Hynes George A. Sheridan Greenback Party Bradley Barlow Charles N. Brumm Joseph Henry Burrows Nicholas Ford Albert P. Forsythe Edward H. Gillette Ira Sherwin Hazeltine George W. Jones George W. Ladd William M. Lowe Gilbert De La Matyr James Mosgrove Thompson H. Murch Theron Moses Rice Daniel Lindsay Russell James B. Weaver Luman Hamlin Weller Hendrick Bradley Wright Seth Hartman Yocum Readjuster Party Henry Bowen Benjamin Stephen Hooper Harry Libbey Robert Murphy Mayo John Paul John Sergeant Wise Labor Party Lewis P. Featherstone Samuel I. Hopkins Henry Smith Populist Party John Wilbur Atwater William Baker Charles A. Barlow John Calhoun Bell Haldor Boen Jeremiah D. Botkin Marion Cannon Curtis H. Castle Benjamin H. Clover John Davis Caldwell Edwards John Edgar Fowler Albert Taylor Goodwyn William Laury Greene James Gunn Kittel Halvorson William Alexander Harris Milford W. Howard Thomas Jefferson Hudson John Edward Kelley Omer Madison Kem Freeman Knowles Charles H. Martin William A. McKeighan Samuel Maxwell Nelson B. McCormick William Neville John G. Otis Lafe Pence Mason S. Peters Edwin R. Ridgely Jerry Simpson Alonzo C. Shuford Harry Skinner William Ledyard Stark William Franklin Strowd Roderick Dhu Sutherland William D. Vincent Thomas E. Watson Silver Republican Party Thomas L. Glenn William Carey Jones John F. Shafroth Edgar Wilson Socialist Party Victor L. Berger Fiorello La Guardia Meyer London Progressive Parties Thomas Ryum Amlie Gerald J. Boileau Walter M. Chandler Ira C. Copley Jacob Falconer Bernard J. Gehrmann Franck R. Havenner William H. Hinebaugh Willis James Hulings Merlin Hull Melville Clyde Kelly William Josiah MacDonald Whitmell P. Martin Harry Sauthoff Thomas D. Schall George J. Schneider William Stephens Henry Wilson Temple Charles M. Thomson Gardner R. Withrow Roy O. Woodruff Farmer–Labor Party Henry M. Arens John Bernard Rich T. Buckler William Leighton Carss Harold Hagen Dewey Johnson Magnus Johnson Ole J. Kvale Paul John Kvale Ernest Lundeen Francis Shoemaker Henry Teigan Knud Wefald American Labor Party Leo Isacson Vito Marcantonio Liberal Party Irwin D. Davidson Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr. Other parties ▌ Justin Amash ( Libertarian ) ▌ William Carney ( Conservative ) ▌ Charles Randall ( Prohibition ) ▌ Benjamin F. Shively ( Anti-Monopoly ) Independents William B. Anderson Alexander Campbell James Ronald Chalmers Jo Ann Emerson Thomas M. Foglietta Virgil Goode William Kent Caleb Lyon Paul Mitchell John Nichols Thomas P. Ochiltree Peter A. Porter Frazier Reams Bernie Sanders Julius Hawley Seelye Milton William Shreve J. Hyatt Smith Amos Tuck George Washington Wright Portal:Politics Third party (U.S. politics) Notable third-party performances in United States elections v t e Third-party United States senators Nullifier John C. Calhoun ( SC ) Robert Y. Hayne ( SC ) Stephen D. Miller ( SC ) William C. Preston ( SC ) Know Nothing John Bell ( TN ) John J. Crittenden ( KY ) Anthony Kennedy ( MD ) John B. Thompson ( KY ) Free Soil Lawrence Brainerd ( VT ) Salmon P. Chase ( OH ) Francis Gillette ( CT ) John P. Hale ( NH ) James Harlan ( IA ) Charles Sumner ( MA ) Henry Wilson ( MA ) Union Lemuel J. Bowden ( VA ) B. Gratz Brown ( MO ) John S. Carlile ( VA ) John Creswell ( MD ) Garrett Davis ( KY ) Joseph S. Fowler ( TN ) John B. Henderson ( MO ) Thomas H. Hicks ( MD ) Reverdy Johnson ( MD ) David T. Patterson ( TN ) Peter G. Van Winkle ( WV ) Waitman T. Willey ( WV ) Robert Wilson ( MO ) Liberal Republican Reuben Fenton ( NY ) Orris S. Ferry ( CT ) Morgan C. Hamilton ( TX ) Carl Schurz ( MO ) Charles Sumner ( MA ) Lyman Trumbull ( IL ) Readjuster William Mahone ( VA ) Harrison H. Riddleberger ( VA ) Populist William V. Allen ( NE ) Marion Butler ( NC ) William A. Harris ( KS ) Henry Heitfeld ( ID ) James H. Kyle ( SD ) William A. Peffer ( KS ) Silver or Silver Republican Frank J. Cannon ( UT ) Fred Dubois ( ID ) John P. Jones ( NV ) Lee Mantle ( MT ) Richard F. Pettigrew ( SD ) William M. Stewart ( NV ) Henry M. Teller ( CO ) Nonpartisan League Lynn Frazier ( ND ) William Langer ( ND ) Farmer–Labor Elmer A. Benson ( MN ) Magnus Johnson ( MN ) Ernest Lundeen ( MN ) Henrik Shipstead ( MN ) Other ▌ Dean Barkley ( Independence – MN ) ▌ Newton Booth ( Anti-Monopoly – CA ) ▌ James L. Buckley ( Conservative – NY ) ▌ Joseph Cilley ( Liberty – NH ) ▌ John B. Francis ( Law and Order – RI ) ▌ Robert M. La Follette Jr. ( Progressive – WI ) ▌ Miles Poindexter ( Progressive – WA ) Independents Harry F. Byrd Jr. ( VA ) David Davis ( IL ) John P. Hale ( NH ) Jim Jeffords ( VT ) Angus King ( ME ) Joe Lieberman ( CT ) Joe Manchin ( WV ) Wayne Morse ( OR ) George W. Norris ( NE ) Bernie Sanders ( VT ) Kyrsten Sinema ( AZ ) Bob Smith ( NH ) [REDACTED] Politics portal Third party (U.S. politics) Notable third-party performances in United States elections Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third-party_and_independent_members_of_the_United_States_Congress&oldid=1256921127 " Categories : Lists of members of
7811-835: The Democrats; Democratic Party member from 2015–2016 and 2019–2020 while running for President [REDACTED] Joe Lieberman Connecticut 1989–2013 Re-elected on the Connecticut for Lieberman ticket after losing the 2006 Democratic nomination [REDACTED] Dean Barkley Minnesota 2002–2003 Appointed for Independence Party of Minnesota [REDACTED] Jim Jeffords Vermont 1989–2007 Switched from Republican to independent in 2001 [REDACTED] Bob Smith New Hampshire 1990–2003 Switched from Republican to independent in 1999 but switched back to Republican in 2000 [REDACTED] James L. Buckley New York 1971–1977 Elected as
7918-604: The Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof". Article Four gives Congress the power to admit new states into the Union. One of Congress's foremost non-legislative functions is the power to investigate and oversee the executive branch. Congressional oversight is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by Congress's subpoena power. Some critics have charged that Congress has in some instances failed to do an adequate job of overseeing
8025-491: The House expanded delegates, along with their powers and privileges representing U.S. citizens in non-state areas, beginning with representation on committees for Puerto Rico's resident commissioner in 1970. In 1971, a delegate for the District of Columbia was authorized, and in 1972 new delegate positions were established for U.S. Virgin Islands and Guam . In 1978, an additional delegate for American Samoa were added. In
8132-448: The House initiates revenue -raising bills. The House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before an impeached person can be removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a particular meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years; the current one, the 118th Congress , began on January 3, 2023, and will end on January 3, 2025. Since
8239-477: The House of Representatives have equal legislative authority, although only the House may originate revenue and appropriation bills . Congress has an important role in national defense , including the exclusive power to declare war, to raise and maintain the armed forces , and to make rules for the military. Some critics charge that the executive branch has usurped Congress's constitutionally defined task of declaring war. While historically presidents initiated
8346-625: The Jeffersonian Republican Party and began the era of the First Party System . In 1800, Thomas Jefferson 's election to the presidency marked a peaceful transition of power between the parties. John Marshall , 4th chief justice of the Supreme Court , empowered the courts by establishing the principle of judicial review in law in the landmark case Marbury v. Madison in 1803, effectively giving
8453-635: The Supreme Court a power to nullify congressional legislation. The Civil War , which lasted from 1861 to 1865, which resolved the slavery issue and unified the nation under federal authority but weakened the power of states' rights . The Gilded Age (1877–1901) was marked by Republican dominance of Congress. During this time, lobbying activity became more intense, particularly during the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant in which influential lobbies advocated for railroad subsidies and tariffs on wool. Immigration and high birth rates swelled
8560-500: The Uniform Congressional Redistricting Act requires that they be elected from single-member constituencies or districts . It is also required that the congressional districts be apportioned among states by population every ten years using the U.S. census results, provided that each state has at least one congressional representative. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for
8667-476: The United States , as President of the Senate, has a vote in the Senate only when there is a tie. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members . Congress convenes for a two-year term , commencing every other January. Elections are held every even-numbered year on Election Day . The members of the House of Representatives are elected for the two-year term of a Congress. The Reapportionment Act of 1929 established that there be 435 representatives, and
8774-860: The United States House of Representatives ) Third-party and independent members of the United States Congress are generally rare. Although the Republican and Democratic parties have dominated U.S. politics in a two-party system since 1856, some independents and members of other political parties have also been elected to the House of Representatives or Senate , or changed their party affiliation during their term. Senate [ edit ] Image Senator State Term Notes [REDACTED] Joe Manchin West Virginia 2010–present Elected as
8881-554: The White House a little more in favor of the executive branch", according to one account. Past presidents, including Ronald Reagan , George H. W. Bush , Bill Clinton , and George W. Bush , have made public statements when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it, and commentators, including the American Bar Association , have described this practice as against
8988-504: The Whole votes, recent Congresses have not allowed for that, and they cannot vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives. On January 6, 2021, the Congress gathered to confirm the election of Joe Biden, when supporters of the outgoing president Donald Trump attacked the building . The session of Congress ended prematurely, and Congress representatives evacuated. Trump supporters occupied Congress until D.C police evacuated
9095-552: The Woman and the election of members of The Squad , respectively. Women of color faced additional challenges that made their ascension to Congress even more difficult. Jim Crow laws , voter suppression and other forms of structural racism made it virtually impossible for women of color to reach Congress prior to 1965. The passage of the Voting Rights Act that year , and the elimination of race-based immigration laws in
9202-544: The adoption of the Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution , the Congress has started and ended at noon on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators; members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. Scholar and representative Lee H. Hamilton asserted that the "historic mission of Congress has been to maintain freedom" and insisted it
9309-662: The area. The event was the first time since the Burning of Washington by the British during the War of 1812 that the United States Congress was forcefully occupied. Various social and structural barriers have prevented women from gaining seats in Congress. In the early 20th century, women's domestic roles and the inability to vote forestalled opportunities to run for and hold public office. The two party system and
9416-417: The budget has been lost when the welfare state expanded since "entitlements were institutionally detached from Congress's ordinary legislative routine and rhythm." Another factor leading to less control over the budget was a Keynesian belief that balanced budgets were unnecessary. The Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 extended congressional power of taxation to include income taxes without apportionment among
9523-612: The early years as political parties became pronounced. With the passage of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights , the anti-federalist movement was exhausted. Some activists joined the Anti-Administration Party that James Madison and Thomas Jefferson were forming about 1790–1791 to oppose policies of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton ; it soon became the Democratic-Republican Party or
9630-487: The electorate. Lame duck reforms according to the Twentieth Amendment reduced the power of defeated and retiring members of Congress to wield influence despite their lack of accountability. The Great Depression ushered in President Franklin Roosevelt and strong control by Democrats and historic New Deal policies. Roosevelt 's election in 1932 marked a shift in government power towards
9737-425: The exclusive power of removal , allowing impeachment and removal of the president, federal judges and other federal officers. There have been charges that presidents acting under the doctrine of the unitary executive have assumed important legislative and budgetary powers that should belong to Congress. So-called signing statements are one way in which a president can "tip the balance of power between Congress and
9844-595: The executive branch. Numerous New Deal initiatives came from the White House rather initiated by Congress. President Roosevelt pushed his agenda in Congress by detailing Executive Branch staff to friendly Senate committees (a practice that ended with the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946). The Democratic Party controlled both houses of Congress for many years. During this time, Republicans and conservative southern Democrats formed
9951-463: The extent of congressional versus presidential power regarding war has been present periodically throughout the nation's history. Congress can establish post offices and post roads, issue patents and copyrights , fix standards of weights and measures, establish Courts inferior to the Supreme Court , and "make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in
10058-507: The fear of communism during the Second Red Scare and conducted televised hearings. In 1960, Democratic candidate John F. Kennedy narrowly won the presidency and power shifted again to the Democrats who dominated both chambers of Congress from 1961 to 1980, and retained a consistent majority in the House from 1955 to 1994. Congress enacted Johnson's Great Society program to fight poverty and hunger. The Watergate Scandal had
10165-412: The first woman of color to reach the Senate in 1993. The second, Mazie Hirono , won in 2013. In 2021, Kamala Harris became the first female President of the Senate , which came with her role as the first female Vice President of the United States . Article One of the Constitution creates and sets forth the structure and most of the powers of Congress. Sections One through Six describe how Congress
10272-402: The internal structure of Congress is important to understand along with its interactions with so-called intermediary institutions such as political parties , civic associations , interest groups , and the mass media . The Congress of the United States serves two distinct purposes that overlap: local representation to the federal government of a congressional district by representatives and
10379-486: The lack of term limits favored incumbent white men, making the widow's succession – in which a woman temporarily took over a seat vacated by the death of her husband – the most common path to Congress for white women. Women candidates began making substantial inroads in the later 20th century, due in part to new political support mechanisms and public awareness of their underrepresentation in Congress. Recruitment and financial support for women candidates were rare until
10486-430: The late 20th century, the media became more important in Congress's work. Analyst Michael Schudson suggested that greater publicity undermined the power of political parties and caused "more roads to open up in Congress for individual representatives to influence decisions". Norman Ornstein suggested that media prominence led to a greater emphasis on the negative and sensational side of Congress, and referred to this as
10593-488: The law. Generally militia forces are controlled by state governments, not Congress. Congress also has implied powers deriving from the Constitution's Necessary and Proper Clause which permit Congress to "make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof". Broad interpretations of this clause and of
10700-441: The legislature since there were two separate chambers. The new government became active in 1789. Political scientist Julian E. Zelizer suggested there were four main congressional eras, with considerable overlap, and included the formative era (1780s–1820s), the partisan era (1830s–1900s), the committee era (1910s–1960s), and the contemporary era (1970–present). Federalists and anti-federalists jostled for power in
10807-584: The other branches of government. In the Plame affair , critics including Representative Henry A. Waxman charged that Congress was not doing an adequate job of oversight in this case. There have been concerns about congressional oversight of executive actions such as warrantless wiretapping , although others respond that Congress did investigate the legality of presidential decisions. Political scientists Ornstein and Mann suggested that oversight functions do not help members of Congress win reelection. Congress also has
10914-597: The process for going to war, they asked for and received formal war declarations from Congress for the War of 1812 , the Mexican–American War , the Spanish–American War , World War I , and World War II , although President Theodore Roosevelt 's military move into Panama in 1903 did not get congressional approval. In the early days after the North Korean invasion of 1950 , President Truman described
11021-703: The ranks of citizens and the nation grew at a rapid pace. The Progressive Era was characterized by strong party leadership in both houses of Congress and calls for reform; sometimes reformers said lobbyists corrupted politics. The position of Speaker of the House became extremely powerful under leaders such as Thomas Reed in 1890 and Joseph Gurney Cannon . By the beginning of the 20th century, party structures and leadership emerged as key organizers of Senate proceedings. A system of seniority, in which long-time members of Congress gained more and more power, encouraged politicians of both parties to seek long terms. Committee chairmen remained influential in both houses until
11128-504: The reforms of the 1970s. Important structural changes included the direct popular election of senators according to the Seventeenth Amendment , ratified on April 8, 1913. Supreme Court decisions based on the Constitution's commerce clause expanded congressional power to regulate the economy. One effect of popular election of senators was to reduce the difference between the House and Senate in terms of their link to
11235-413: The several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration. The Constitution also grants Congress the exclusive power to appropriate funds, and this power of the purse is one of Congress's primary checks on the executive branch. Congress can borrow money on the credit of the United States, regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states, and coin money. Generally, the Senate and
11342-736: The spirit of the Constitution. There have been concerns that presidential authority to cope with financial crises is eclipsing the power of Congress. In 2008, George F. Will called the Capitol building a "tomb for the antiquated idea that the legislative branch matters". The Constitution enumerates the powers of Congress in detail. In addition, other congressional powers have been granted, or confirmed, by constitutional amendments. The Thirteenth (1865), Fourteenth (1868), and Fifteenth Amendments (1870) gave Congress authority to enact legislation to enforce rights of African Americans, including voting rights , due process , and equal protection under
11449-540: Was a "driving force in American government" and a "remarkably resilient institution". Congress is the "heart and soul of our democracy", according to this view, even though legislators rarely achieve the prestige or name recognition of presidents or Supreme Court justices ; one wrote that "legislators remain ghosts in America's historical imagination." One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played an active role in shaping government policy and
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