Thomas Erastus (original surname Lüber , Lieber , or Liebler ; 7 September 1524 – 31 December 1583) was a Swiss physician and Calvinist theologian . He wrote 100 theses (later reduced to 75) in which he argued that the sins committed by Christians should be punished by the State, and that the Church should not withhold sacraments as a form of punishment. They were published in 1589, after his death, with the title Explicatio gravissimae quaestionis . His name was later applied to Erastianism .
98-458: He was born of poor parents on 7 September 1524, probably at Baden , canton of Aargau , Switzerland. In 1540 he was studying theology at the University of Basel . The plague of 1544 drove him to the University of Bologna and from there to the University of Padua as student of philosophy and medicine. In 1553 he became physician to the count of Henneberg , Saxe-Meiningen , and in 1558 held
196-633: A learned society concerned with the study of English legal history, founded in 1887. He is also commemorated in place-names in Salvington, including "The John Selden Inn", which purports to be on the site of his dwelling; Selden Road; and the Selden medical centre. Also The Selden Arms on Lyndhurst Road in Worthing. According to the Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing , he "played
294-478: A Dutch jurist. Several of Selden's minor works were printed for the first time after his death, including a tract in defence of the 25 December birth of Christ written during the Puritan Commonwealth (1649–1660) when celebration of Christmas was prohibited. A collective edition of his writings was published by David Wilkins in 3 volumes folio in 1725, and again in 1726. Table Talk , for which he
392-541: A brass tablet was erected to his memory by the benchers of the Inner Temple in the parish church of St. Andrew's, West Tarring. It was as a prolific scholar and writer that Selden won his reputation. The early books were on English history. In 1610 three of his works came out: Jani Anglorum Facies Altera ( The Back Face [or Two Faces ] of the English Janus ) and England's Epinomis , which dealt with
490-548: A burning issue in the debate at the time in the Church of England . In 1628, at the suggestion of Sir Robert Cotton, Selden compiled, with the assistance of two other scholars, Patrick Young and Richard James , a catalogue of the Arundel marbles . He employed his leisure at Wrest in writing De successionibus in bona defuncti secundum leges Ebraeorum and De successione in pontificatum Ebraeorum , published in 1631. During
588-576: A charge of Socinianism , founded on his correspondence with Transylvania. The ban was not removed until 1575, Erastus declaring his firm adhesion to the doctrine of the Trinity. His position, however, was uncomfortable, and in 1580 he returned to the University of Basel, where in 1583 he was made professor of ethics. He died on 31 December 1583. Erastus published several pieces focused on medicine, astrology , alchemy , and attacked in his publications
686-796: A comprehensive work for centuries. It was republished in a larger and greatly revised edition in 1631 and earned for Selden the praise "monarch of letters" from his friend Ben Jonson . In 1615, the Analecton Anglobritannicon , an account of the civil administration of England before the Norman Conquest , written in 1607, was published; its title and argument imitated the Franco-Gallia of François Hotman . In 1616 appeared notes on John Fortescue 's De laudibus legum Angliae and Ralph de Hengham 's Summae magna et parva . In 1618 his controversial History of Tithes
784-436: A disputation against vestments, which the university would not allow; his thesis affirming the excommunicating power of the presbytery was sustained. The Treatise of Erastus (1589) was published by Giacomo Castelvetro , who had married Erastus's widow. It consists of seventy-five Theses , followed by a Confirmatio in six books. An appendix of letters to Erastus by Heinrich Bullinger and Rudolf Gwalther , showed that
882-458: A few years, he became a master of the bench. In the first parliament of Charles I (1625), it appears from the "returns of members" printed in 1878 that contrary to the assertion of all his biographers, he had no seat. In Charles's second parliament (1626), he was elected for Great Bedwyn in Wiltshire, and took a prominent part in the impeachment of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham . In
980-615: A job after school in the municipality. In the 2015 federal election the most popular party was the SP with 22.7% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (20.0%), the FDP (18.3%) and the GPS (11.6%). In the federal election, a total of 6,573 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 56.5%. In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SP which received 24.7% of
1078-473: A large impact on the Great Tew circle around Lucius Cary, 2nd Viscount Falkland : William Chillingworth , Dudley Digges , Henry Hammond . It was in this milieu that Selden met and befriended Thomas Hobbes . They had much in common, in political thought, but the precise connections have not been clarified. Richard Cumberland followed Selden over both Grotius and Hobbes on natural law. Selden contested
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#17328023167311176-536: A large number of coins stamped with references to the hot springs show it continued to be settled and frequented into late antiquity , but expansion of the settlement of Haselfeld came to an end. The baths were frequented again by the time of Charlemagne . A medieval necropolis in Kappelerhof has been dated as far back as the 7th century and a local lord fortifying the Stein by the 10th. The modern name Baden
1274-547: A library of several thousand manuscripts and printed books. Selden's will left his intentions for this library somewhat ambiguous, although the will and codicil seem to suggest that he intended to bequeath most of his Oriental manuscripts, Greek manuscripts, a Latin manuscript, and his printed Talmudic and Rabbinical books to the Bodleian Library , Oxford. There is some evidence to suggest that Selden intended to leave his printed books and historical manuscripts to
1372-596: A manuscript lent to him by his host or jailor, which he published two years afterwards. In 1623 he was returned to the House of Commons for the borough of Lancaster , and sat with John Coke , William Noy and John Pym on Sergeant Glanville's election committee. He was also nominated reader of Lyon's Inn , an office he declined to undertake. For this the benchers of the Inner Temple fined him £20 and disqualified him from being one of their number. Nevertheless, after
1470-585: A natural faculty in the rational soul, by the mediation of which divine intellect can intervene directly with individuals. Matthew Hale tried to merge the theory of Grotius on property with Selden's view on obligation. Cumberland and Hale both belonged to a larger group, followers in a broad sense of Selden, with backgrounds mostly of Cambridge and the law, comprising also Orlando Bridgeman , Hezekiah Burton , John Hollings , Richard Kidder , Edward Stillingfleet , John Tillotson , and John Wilkins . Giambattista Vico called Grotius, Selden and Samuel Pufendorf
1568-527: A new municipality which would have also been known as Baden. This was rejected by a popular vote in Baden on 13 June 2010. On 1 January 2024, the former municipality of Turgi was merged into Baden. Baden has a population (as of December 2020 ) of 19,621. As of 2015 , 26.7% of the population are resident foreign nationals. In 2015 a small minority (1,261 or 6.6% of the population) was born in Germany. Over
1666-500: A role of fundamental importance in the transition of English historical writing from a medieval antiquarianism to a more modern understanding of the scope and function of history than had ever before been expressed in Renaissance England". His reputation lasted well, with Mark Pattison calling him "the most learned man, not only of his party, but of Englishmen". By about 1640, Selden's views (with those of Grotius) had
1764-573: A semblance of a town ... much used for its healthful waters". This Roman vicus was to the north of the Baden gorge on the Haselfeld, founded to support the legionary camp at Vindonissa . There was a pool complex on the left bank of the Limmat fed by a system of springs with 47 °C (117 °F) water. The main axis of the vicus was the Vindonissa road, which ran parallel to the slope. It
1862-440: A small farm. It is said that his skill as a violin-player was what attracted his wife, Margaret, who was from a better family, being the only child of Thomas Baker of Rustington and descended from a knightly family of Kent . Selden was educated at the free grammar school at Chichester , The Prebendal School , and in 1600 he went on to Hart Hall , Oxford . In 1603, he was admitted to Clifford's Inn , London; in 1604 he moved to
1960-585: A total of 120 classes. Of these students, 372 were in 22 kindergarten classes. There were a total of 372 primary students in 51 classes (27 of which were multi-age classrooms ). There were 108 students attending the Realschule in the municipality, 254 in the Sekundarschule and 420 at the Bezirksschule , with the remainder in apprenticeships or other job training. In Baden about 79.5% of
2058-405: A total of 232 in 2014. In 2015 a total of 5.2% of the population received social assistance. In 2011 the unemployment rate in the municipality was 3.1%. In 2015 local hotels had a total of 87,062 overnight stays, of which 66.9% were international visitors. In 2015 the average cantonal, municipal and church tax rate in the municipality for a couple with two children earning SFr 80,000
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#17328023167312156-674: Is appended to Lee's version of the Theses . However, after much controversy, the opposite view was carried, with Lightfoot alone dissenting. The consequent chapter of the Westminster Confession of Faith ( Of Church Censures ) was not ratified by the English parliament. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia , "The Theses and Confirmatio thesium appeared together in 1589. The central question about which
2254-478: Is being made once again after a lapse of some years. 2 km (1.2 mi) south of Baden, on a distinct peninsula of the Limmat, is the Cistercian Wettingen Abbey (1227–1841), with old painted glass in the cloisters and early 17th century carved stalls in the choir of the church. 8 km (5 mi) west of Baden is the small town of Brugg (9,500 inhabitants) in a fine position on
2352-611: Is first attested in 1040. Around that time, its land was held by the Lenzburgs , some of whom styled themselves as the "Counts of Baden" in the 12th century and erected a castle. Upon their extinction around 1172, their domains were divided among the Hohenstaufens , Zähringens , and Kyburgs , with the Kyburgs gaining control of Baden through the marriage of Harmanns III with its heiress Richenza. Around 1230, they founded
2450-413: Is perhaps best known, did not appear until 1689. It was edited by his amanuensis , Richard Milward , who affirms that "the sense and notion is wholly Selden's" and that "most of the words" are his also. Its genuineness has sometimes been questioned. Selden arrived at an Erastian position in church politics. He also believed in free will , which was inconsistent with Calvinism . He was sceptical of
2548-514: Is remarkable for its early use of the comparative method, on Semitic mythology . Also, in 1642, he published a part of the Arabic chronicle of Patriarch Eutychius of Alexandria , under the title Eutychii Aegyptii, Patriarchae Orthodoxorum Alexandrini, ... ecclesiae suae origines . Controversial was the discussion in it of the absence in Alexandria of the distinction between priests and bishops,
2646-534: Is the first book ever printed in Japan using moveable type, Sanctos no gosagueo no uchi nuqigaqi (Arch.b.f.69). The printed books included in the Selden collection contain many that are significant in part because they originated in the libraries of other famous figures, including Sir Robert Cotton , John Donne , and John Dee . According to Geoffrey Keynes , several of the books Selden received from John Donne's library include inscriptions from both men. One such book
2744-605: The Aare , and close to the remains of the Roman colony of Vindonissa (today Windisch ), as well as to the monastery (founded 1310) of Königsfelden , formerly the burial-place of the early Habsburgs (the castle of Habsburg is but a short way off), still retaining much fine medieval painted glass. Other areas surrounding Baden along the Limmat are Obersiggenthal (pop. 8170 in 2008), Untersiggenthal (pop. 6424 in 2008), Turgi (pop. 2879 in 2008), all of which have also seen population growth in
2842-707: The Codex Mendoza and the Selden Map of China . He died at Friary House in Whitefriars , London on 30 November 1654, and was buried in the Temple Church , London. His tomb is today clearly visible through glass plates in the floor of this church. Furthermore, he is commemorated by a monumental inscription on the south side of the Temple Church. More than two centuries after his death, in 1880,
2940-510: The Helvetii "). Hippocrates had counseled against the use of water from mineral springs , but by the time of Vitruvius , Pliny , and Galen they were being selectively employed for certain ailments. In addition to their medical use, the Romans also revered natural springs for recreational and religious use. Tacitus mentions the town obliquely, describing it as "a place built up into
3038-570: The Inner Temple but that this transaction did not occur because the Temple did not possess a large enough library. By 1656, two years after Selden's death, his executors (Edward Heyward, John Vaughan, Matthew Hale , and Rowland Jewks) were in negotiation with the Bodleian library to transfer Selden's entire collection. In 1659, the executors stipulated that Selden's manuscripts "bee forever heerafter kepte together in one distincte pile and body under
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3136-590: The Inner Temple ; and in 1612 he was called to the bar . His earliest patron was Sir Robert Bruce Cotton , the antiquary, who seems to have employed him to copy and summarise some of the parliamentary records then held at the Tower of London . For some reason, Selden very rarely practised in court, but his practice in barristers' chambers as a conveyancer and consulting counsel was large and apparently lucrative. In 1618, his History of Tithes appeared. Although it had passed censorship and licensing, this dissertation on
3234-451: The Theses , written in 1568, had been circulated in manuscript form. An English translation of the Theses , with a brief account of the life of Erastus (based on Melchior Adam 's account), was issued in 1659, entitled The Nullity of Church Censures; it was reprinted as A Treatise of Excommunication (1682) and was revised by Robert Lee , D.D., in 1844. In his Theses , he argued that the sins committed by Christians should be punished by
3332-604: The Toggenburg War among the Protestant and Catholic Swiss cantons in 1718. Baden was the capital of the canton of Baden from 1798 until 1803, when the canton of Aargau was created. In the 19th century, the waters were considered efficacious for gout and rheumatism . They were frequented by Goethe , Nietzsche , Thomas Mann , and particularly often by Hermann Hesse , who visited the town annually over almost thirty years. The SNB connecting Zürich to Baden
3430-432: The primary economic sector , of which two employed a total of 49 employees. The secondary sector employed 9,081 workers in 174 separate businesses. There were 10 mid-sized businesses with a total of 1,138 employees and 6 large businesses which employed 6,519 people (for an average size of 1,087). Finally, the tertiary sector provided 20,708 jobs in 2,173 businesses. In 2013 there were 5 and 123 new companies founded in
3528-590: The reformers but a substantial bloc emerged on their behalf as well. Johann Pistorius held a disputation in the city in 1589. Stein was refortified sometime between 1658 and 1670 but the fortress was abandoned in 1712. In 1714, the treaties of Rastatt and Baden ended hostilities between France and the Habsburgs, the last theater of the War of the Spanish Succession . Another Treaty of Baden ended
3626-625: The "Theses" turned was that of excommunication. The term is not, however, used by Erastus in the Catholic sense as excluding the delinquent from the society or membership of the Church. The excommunication to which [it] alludes was the exclusion of those of bad life from participation in the sacraments." Baden, Switzerland Baden ( German for " baths "), sometimes unofficially, to distinguish it from other Badens , called Baden bei Zürich ("Baden near Zürich") or Baden im Aargau ("Baden in
3724-415: The "three princes" of the "natural right of the gentes". He went on to criticise their approach foundationally. In his Autobiography he specifies that they had conflated the natural law of the "nations", based on custom, with that of the philosophers, based on human abstractions. Isaiah Berlin comments on Vico's admiration for Grotius and Selden. By the time of his death in 1654, Selden had accumulated
3822-403: The 1982 amount. Over the same time period, the amount of recreational space in the municipality increased by 4 ha (9.9 acres) and is now about 3.18% of the total area. Of the agricultural land, 14 ha (35 acres) is used for orchards and vineyards and 107 ha (260 acres) is fields and grasslands. Since 1982 the amount of agricultural land has decreased by 53 ha (130 acres). Over
3920-600: The 2000 census , 7,059 or 43.4% are Roman Catholic , while 4,636 or 28.5% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church . Of the rest of the population, there are 31 individuals (or about 0.19% of the population) who belong to the Christian Catholic faith. Attribution: John Selden John Selden (16 December 1584 – 30 November 1654) was an English jurist , a scholar of England's ancient laws and constitution and scholar of Jewish law. He
4018-404: The 2004/09 survey) of 13.17 km (5.08 sq mi). Of this area, about 8.6% is used for agricultural purposes, while 55.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 33.7% is settled (buildings or roads) and 1.8% is unproductive land. In the 2004/09 survey a total of 275 ha (680 acres) or about 20.8% of the total area was covered with buildings, an increase of 44 ha (110 acres) over
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4116-722: The Aargau"), is a town and a municipality in Switzerland . It is the main town or seat of the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau . Located 25 km (16 mi) northwest of Zürich in the Limmat Valley ( German : Limmattal ) mainly on the western side of the river Limmat , its mineral hot springs have been famed since at least the Roman era . Its official language is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German , but
4214-593: The Commons for the maintenance of the Protestant religion according to the doctrines of the Church of England , the authority of the Crown, and the liberty of the subject. He was equally opposed to the court on the question of the commissions of lieutenancy of array and to the parliament on the question of the militia ordinance. In the end, he supported Parliament against King Charles, because, according to him, Charles
4312-752: The Hotel Verenahof, the Hotel Zum wilden Mann , the spa-theater with a glass foyer at Parkstrasse 20, the Restaurant Paradies on Cordulaplatz, Villa Boveri (since 1943 Clubhaus BBC/ABB) and the Villa Langmatt (now Museum Langmatt , an art museum ) at Römerstrasse 30. The village of Baden is designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites . Baden is also known for the traditional delicacy Spanisch Brötli , which
4410-690: The Records in the Tower, which duty passed to the Master of the Rolls in 1651. In 1645 he was named one of the parliamentary commissioners of the admiralty and was elected master of Trinity Hall, Cambridge , an office that he declined to accept. In 1646, he subscribed to the Solemn League and Covenant and, in 1647, was voted £5000 by the parliament as compensation for his pains under the monarchy. After
4508-591: The State, and that the Church should not withhold sacraments as a form of punishment. This view is now known as Erastianism . In his Theses , Erastus explained that sins of professing Christians are to be punished by civil authority, and not by the withholding of sacraments on the part of the clergy. Those holding this view in the Westminster Assembly included John Selden , John Lightfoot , Thomas Coleman and Bulstrode Whitelocke , whose speech in 1645
4606-623: The Swiss Reformed parish church and the Synagogue on Parkstrasse 17. Perhaps included in the last two groups is the Crematorium and memorial hall on Zürcherstrasse 108. The wooden bridge between Untere Halde and Wettingerstrasse is also included in the list. A number of individual buildings are also included in the inventory. These include; Bernerhaus at Weite Gasse 13, Haus Zum Schwert on Schwertstrasse or Oelrainstrasse 29,
4704-784: The Zwinglian doctrine of the Lord's Supper , replying in 1565 to the counter-arguments of the Lutheran Johann Marbach , of Strasbourg . He ineffectually resisted the efforts of the Calvinists , led by Caspar Olevian , to introduce the Presbyterian polity and discipline, which were established at Heidelberg in 1570, on the Geneva model. One of the first acts of the new church system was to excommunicate Erastus on
4802-596: The castle and its records in 1415 during its conquest of Aargau . Thus, the County of Baden was established. Under the Confederation, their bailiff held a castle on the right bank of the Limmat, controlling access to the bridge. The Swiss Diet met at Baden repeatedly from 1426 to about 1712, making Baden a kind of capital for Switzerland. The Town Hall ( Rathaus ), where the Diet met, can still be visited. Over
4900-422: The course of the 15th century, the town regained its popularity as a Spa Resort ( Kurort ). The town was the site of a famous debate on transubstantiation from May 21 to June 18, 1526. Although Zwingli refused to attend in person, he printed broadsheets throughout its duration and sent his assistant Johannes Oecolampadius to debate Johann Eck and Thomas Murner . In the end, a majority decided against
4998-495: The death of the Earl of Kent in 1639, Selden lived permanently under the same roof with the earl's widow, the former Elizabeth Talbot . It is believed that he married her, although their marriage does not seem to have ever been publicly acknowledged. He assembled a famous library which eventually became part of the Bodleian Library 's collection in 1659. In addition to a wide range of Greek, Arabic, Hebrew and Latin works, it included
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#17328023167315096-425: The decades after Selden's death that part of his library had remained in London and was destroyed by a fire. The 1704 edition of Edward Chamberlayne 's The Present State of England claimed that a fire at the Inner Temple destroyed "8 Chests full" of Selden's manuscripts. Still, the collection the Bodleian received was large enough that it required several years and multiple librarians to fully catalogue. Since then,
5194-413: The following year, in Darnell's Case (the Five Knights' Case), he was counsel for Sir Edmund Hampden in the Court of King's Bench . In 1628 he was returned to the third parliament of Charles for Ludgershall , Wiltshire, and was involved in drawing up and carrying the Petition of Right . In the session of 1629 he was one of the members responsible for the tumultuous passage in the House of Commons of
5292-417: The former Brown Boveri Company . Most industrial facilities have moved, but Baden is still the seat of many of the engineering services of ABB and several branches of GE 's Power business which was acquired from Alstom in 2015. The former industrial quarter to the north of the city is now being redeveloped into offices, shopping and leisure facilities. There is also a Casino in Baden. The blazon of
5390-407: The historical basis of the tithe system caused anxiety among the bishops and provoked the intervention of the king, James I . The author was summoned before the Privy Council and was compelled to retract his opinions. Also, his work was suppressed, and he was forbidden to reply to anyone who might come forward to answer it. This all seems to have caused Selden's entry into politics. Although he
5488-421: The history of English historical writing through its mixture of antiquarian -philological scholarship with historical narrative, two approaches to the study of the past previously seen as distinct. In 1623 he produced an edition of Eadmer 's Historia Novarum . It was notable for including in appendices information from the Domesday Book , which at the time had not been published and could only be consulted in
5586-409: The inherent flexibility of the tradition that was being cited. His Mare clausum was written to dismantle the pretensions advanced by Grotius in The Free Sea ( Mare liberum ), on behalf of the Dutch fishermen, to poach in the waters off the English coasts. The circumstances of its delayed publication, in 1635, suggest that during the early 1630s Selden inclined towards the court rather than
5684-408: The last 5 years (2010–2015) the population has changed at a rate of 6.04%. The birth rate in the municipality, in 2015, was 12.4, while the death rate was 6.9 per thousand residents. Most of the population (as of 2000 ) speaks German (83.8%), with Italian being second most common (3.3%) and Serbo-Croatian being third (3.0%). As of 2015 , children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 17.6% of
5782-406: The law both in England and internationally. These include Some manuscripts touch on contemporary events. For instance MS. Arch. Selden B. 8 includes a Latin speech given in Oxford on the return of Prince Charles from Spain in 1623 . Still others contain classical works of philosophy and literature, such as Beyond manuscripts, the Selden collection contains several notable printed works. Among them
5880-409: The legend of King Arthur as it had grown up, but believed Arthur had existed. The Druids , he suggested in comments on Poly-Olbion , were ancient and presumed esoteric thinkers. The popular image of a Druid descends via a masque of Inigo Jones from a reconstruction by Selden, based (without good foundations) on ancient German statuary. Selden is commemorated in the name of the Selden Society ,
5978-414: The line S12 and a terminal station on the line S6 . The A1 motorway tunnel Baregg is a major junction in the area. It was undergoing construction until 2004 and has been subject to controversy. In 2003, a third tunnel hole was opened to vehicles on the motorway. FC Baden is the local football team. They play their home games at the Esp Stadium in Fislisbach , a short distance from Baden. From
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#17328023167316076-428: The lowest level of academic difficulty and typically leads to an apprenticeship or vocational school . The Sekundarschule leads to an apprenticeship, vocational education or professional training at a Fachmittelschule . Bezirksschule is the most demanding track and it usually leads to a Mittelschule or Gymnasium . During the 2016/17 school year there were a total of 2,204 students attending mandatory schools in
6174-499: The main spoken language is the local Alemannic Swiss-German dialect. As of 2018 the town had a population of over 19,000. Downtown Baden is located on the left bank of the river Limmat in its eponymous valley . Its area is divided into the Kappelerhof, Allmend, Meierhof, and Chrüzliberg. In 1962, Baden also absorbed the adjacent village of Dättwil. On the right bank of the river is the village of Ennetbaden, formerly "Little Baden" ( Kleine Bäder ). Baden has an area, (as of
6272-402: The medieval city of Baden, holding markets and erecting a bridge across the river in 1242. Upon the death of the childless Hartman IV in 1264, his lands were seized by Rudolf von Habsburg by right of his wife Gertrude 's claim. Stein Castle was held by Habsburg bailiffs and maintained the administration and archives for their surrounding territory. The Confederacy besieged and destroyed
6370-410: The municipal coat of arms is Argent a Pale Sable and a chief Gules. The Heisse Brunnen is a pool with hot water, built in 2021. It can be used from 7 am to 10 pm. The use is for free. The old town, the Tagsatzung room in the city hall, the 1847 railway station and the building of the Stiftung Langmatt are listed as heritage sites of national significance . In addition to the Roman city ,
6468-420: The municipality were single family homes, which is much less than the percentage in the canton (67.4%) and less than the percentage nationally (57.4%). Of the 2,858 inhabited buildings in the municipality, in 2000, about 53.9% were single family homes and 25.2% were multiple family buildings. Additionally, about 19.4% of the buildings were built before 1919, while 11.1% were built between 1991 and 2000. In 2014
6566-444: The name of Mr. Selden’s Library." The Bodleian agreed, and the library received Selden's collection in June 1659. Selden's collection was the largest received by the Bodleian in the seventeenth century, comprising around 8,000 items. Even this massive collection did not represent the extent of Selden's library. Duplicates, meaning books the library already owned, were given to Gloucester Cathedral library. A rumor also circulated in
6664-441: The original at Westminster, on the payment of a fee. He published in 1642 Privileges of the Baronage of England when they sit in Parliament and Discourse concerning the Rights and Privileges of the Subject . In 1652 he wrote a preface and collated some of the manuscripts for Sir Roger Twysden's Historiae Anglicanae scriptores X . In 1617, his De dis Syris was issued, and immediately established his fame as an orientalist. It
6762-503: The original collection has been enhanced by further acquisitions, most notably by a group of forty Selden manuscripts purchased by the Bodleian from James Fairhurst in 1947. The Selden collection at the Bodleian houses more than 400 manuscript volumes taking up more than 40 meters (approx. 130 feet) of shelf space. The linguistic range of these manuscripts reflects Selden's interest in eastern and other languages. The languages represented include Many manuscripts relate to Selden's study of
6860-415: The per person average of SFr 35,825. As of 2000 there were 9,223 total workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 5,567 or about 60.4% of the residents worked outside Baden while 15,103 people commuted into the municipality for work. There were a total of 18,759 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality. In the 19th and 20th century Baden became an industrial town, main seat of
6958-426: The popular party and even secured the personal favour of the king, Charles I . It had been written sixteen or seventeen years earlier, but for political reasons Charles's predecessor, James I , had prohibited its publication. When it eventually appeared, a quarter of a century after Mare liberum , it was under Charles's royal patronage, as a kind of state paper, and with a dedication to him. The fact that Selden
7056-453: The population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule ). Of the school age population (in the 2008/2009 school year ), there are 995 students attending primary school , there are 377 students attending secondary school, there are 633 students attending tertiary or university level schooling , there are 25 students who are seeking
7154-462: The population, while adults (20–64 years old) are 66.9% of the population and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 15.6%. In 2015 there were 9,390 single residents, 7,371 people who were married or in a civil partnership, 744 widows or widowers, 1,506 divorced residents and 1 people who did not answer the question. In 2015 there were 8,996 private households in Baden with an average household size of 2.09 persons. In 2015 about 52.2% of all buildings in
7252-530: The progress of English law down to Henry II ; and The Duello, or Single Combat , in which he traced the history of trial by battle in England from the Norman Conquest. In 1613 he supplied a series of notes, including quotations and references, to the first eighteen cantos of Michael Drayton 's Poly-Olbion . In 1614 he published Titles of Honor , which, in spite of defects and omissions, remained
7350-533: The progress of the constitutional conflict, he was absorbed in research, publishing De jure naturali et gentium juxta disciplinam Ebraeorum in 1640. It was a contribution to the theorising of the period on natural law . In the words of John Milton , this "volume of naturall & national laws proves, not only by great authorities brought together, but by exquisite reasons and theorems almost mathematically demonstrative, that all opinions, yea errors, known, read, and collated, are of main service & assistance toward
7448-442: The rate of construction of new housing units per 1000 residents was 5.25. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2016 , was 0.34%. The historical population is given in the following chart: Baden is a medium-sized regional center and the center of the agglomeration of Baden – Brugg. As of 2014 , there were a total of 29,858 people employed in the municipality. Of these, a total of 69 people worked in 8 businesses in
7546-703: The resolution against the illegal levy of tonnage and poundage, and, along with Sir John Eliot , Denzil Holles , Long, Valentine, William Strode , and the rest, he was sent back to the Tower. There he remained for eight months, deprived for a part of the time of the use of books and writing materials. He was then removed, under less rigorous conditions, to the Marshalsea , until Archbishop Laud arranged for him to be freed. Some years before, he had been appointed steward to Henry Grey, 8th Earl of Kent , to whose seat, Wrest in Bedfordshire, he now retired. He
7644-458: The ruins of castle Stein and the other sites listed above, Baden is home to a number of other Swiss Heritage Sites. The industrial sites include the ABB Schweiz archive along with the former offices of Brown Boveri Company as well as the regional former utilities plant on Haselstrasse 15. There are three designated religious buildings in Baden; the Catholic city church and Sebastians chapel,
7742-473: The same 5-6% per year over the last several years. The Volksschule Baden , the municipal public primary and secondary school, serves levels Kindergarten through Sekundarstufe I . The Canton of Aargau school system requires students to attend 11 years of schooling (two kindergarten , six primary school and three lower secondary ). The lower secondary level is divided into three tracks, Realschule , Sekundarschule and Bezirksschule . The Realschule has
7840-493: The same post with the elector-palatine, Otto Heinrich , being at the same time professor of medicine and pharmacology at the University of Heidelberg until 1580; Anselmus Boetius de Boodt was one of his students. His patron's successor, Frederick III , made him a privy Councillor and member of the church consistory in 1559. In theology he followed Huldrych Zwingli , and at the sacramentarian conferences of Heidelberg (1560) and Maulbronn (1564) he advocated by voice and pen
7938-415: The same time period the amount of forested land has decreased by 3 ha (7.4 acres). Rivers and lakes cover 26 ha (64 acres) in the municipality. The hot sulfur springs , which given Baden its name, lie north of downtown and number about 20. They vary in temperature from 98 to 126 °F (37 to 52 °C). Baden is first attested in Roman sources as Aquae Helveticae ("Waters of
8036-522: The scholastic position, after Cicero , that "right reason" could by its dictates alone generate obligation , by claiming that a formal obligation required a superior in authority. In his De legibus Cumberland rejects Selden's solution by means of the Noahide laws, in De jure naturali , in favour of Selden's less developed alternate solution. The latter is more orthodox for a Thomist , an intellectus agens as
8134-402: The secondary and tertiary sector, respectively. In 2014 a total of 12,672 employees worked in 2,124 small companies (less than 50 employees). There were 45 mid-sized businesses with 4,896 employees and 4 large businesses which employed 3,140 people (for an average size of 785). In 2014 the number of new businesses was 9 and 133. These new businesses employed a total of 204 workers in 2013, and
8232-533: The speedy attainment of what is truest." It develops into a theory of international law , taking as its basis the Seven Laws of Noah . In 1644, he published Dissertatio de anno civili et calendario reipublicae Judaicae , in 1646 his treatise on marriage and divorce among the Jews entitled Uxor Ebraica , and in 1647 the earliest printed edition of the old English law-book Fleta . In 1650 Selden began to print
8330-576: The system of Paracelsus . In doing so, he defended medieval tradition in general, and Galen in particular, while conceding some merit to specific points in Paracelsus. His name is permanently associated with a posthumous publication, written in 1568. Its immediate occasion was the disputation at Heidelberg in 1568 for the doctorate of theology by George Withers , an English Puritan (subsequently Archdeacon of Colchester ), silenced in 1565 at Bury St Edmunds by Archbishop Parker . Withers had proposed
8428-565: The town was rebuilt in stone. The town shrank some after the closing of the Vinonissa camp in AD ;101 but survived on trade. Reginus's pottery workshop and Gemellianus's bronze works flourished during the second half of the 2nd century. Around the middle of the 3rd century, however, the settlement was threatened by multiple Alemanni invasions and the Huns . The pools were fortified and
8526-549: The trilogy he planned on the Sanhedrin , as the first part of De synedriis et prefecturis juridicis veterum Ebraeorum through the press, the second and third parts being severally published in 1653 and 1655. The aim of this work was to counter the use by the Presbyterians, in particular, of arguments and precedents drawn from Jewish tradition; it was a very detailed study aimed at refuting such arguments, and pointing out
8624-663: The vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (21.2%), the FDP (16.4%) and the Green Party (15.6%). Baden was the destination of the first railway in Switzerland, the Spanisch Brötli Bahn transporting the richer people from Zürich to the baths of Baden. Today Baden is a regular stop on the railway lines Zürich- Basel and Zürich- Bern . Baden is a stop of the S-Bahn Zürich on
8722-468: The work. There were further replies by William Sclater ( The Quaestion of Tythes Revised , 1623), and by Stephen Nettles ( Answer to the Jewish Part of Mr. Selden's History of Tithes 1625). In it Selden tried to demonstrate that tithing depended on the civil law, rather than canon law . He also made much of the complexities of the ancient Jewish customs on tithes. The work was also a milestone in
8820-440: Was 4% while the rate for a single person earning SFr 150,000 was 14.5%, both of which are close to the average for the canton. In 2013 the average income in the municipality per tax payer was SFr 87,822 and the per person average was SFr 44,022, which is greater than the cantonal averages of SFr 79,140 and SFr 35,073 respectively It is also greater than the national per tax payer average of SFr 82,682 and
8918-474: Was Switzerland's first railway, opening in 1847. Prior to the First World War, foreign visitors were few in number, but the summer tourist season was thought to swell the town. Around the same time, an industrial quarter opened up NW of the baths. Modern excavations have discovered three Roman bathing pools . The municipalities of Baden and Neuenhof were considering a merger on 1 January 2012 into
9016-428: Was certainly acting illegally; but Selden was not certain if Parliament was doing the same. In 1643, he participated in the discussions of the Westminster Assembly , where his Erastian views were opposed by George Gillespie . Selden's allies included Thomas Coleman , John Lightfoot , and Bulstrode Whitelocke . In October 1643, Selden was appointed by Commons to take control of the office of Clerk and Keeper of
9114-529: Was flanked by porticos , beyond which lay commercial and residential buildings. The center of the settlement had some wealthy villa-like structures. The resort, residential, and commercial districts all grew to a respectable size over the first half of the 1st century. In AD 69, however, the 21st Legion burned the town amid the conflicts of the Year of the Four Emperors . Its wooden buildings destroyed,
9212-445: Was known as a polymath ; John Milton hailed Selden in 1644 as "the chief of learned men reputed in this land". He was born at Salvington , in the parish of West Tarring , West Sussex (now part of the town of Worthing ), and was baptised at St Andrew's , the parish church . The cottage in which he was born survived until 1959 when it was destroyed by a fire caused by an electrical fault. His father, also named John Selden, had
9310-584: Was not elected to the Short Parliament of 1640; but to the Long Parliament , summoned in the autumn, he was returned without opposition for Oxford University . He opposed the resolution against episcopacy which led to the exclusion of the bishops from the House of Lords , and printed an answer to the arguments used by Sir Harbottle Grimston on that occasion. He joined in the protestation of
9408-588: Was not in the Parliament of England , he was the instigator and perhaps the draughtsman of the Protestation of 1621 on the rights and privileges of the House, affirmed by the House of Commons on 18 December 1621. He and several others were imprisoned, at first in the Tower and later under the charge of Sir Robert Ducie , sheriff of London . During his brief detention, he occupied himself in preparing an edition of medieval historian Eadmer 's History from
9506-499: Was not retained in the great case of ship money in 1637 by John Hampden , the cousin of Sir Edmund, his former client in the Five Knights' Case, may be taken as additional evidence that his zeal for the popular cause was neither so warm nor so unquestioned as it had once been. His last publication was a vindication of himself from certain charges advanced against him and his Mare clausum around 1653 by Theodore Graswinckel ,
9604-439: Was published. A first sign of the coming storm was the 1619 book controverting Selden, Sacrilege Sacredly Handled in two parts; with an Appendix, answering some objections by James Sempill . Selden hit back, but was soon gagged. The churchmen Richard Tillesley (1582–1621) ( Animadversions upon M. Seldens History of Tithes , 1619) and Richard Montagu ( Diatribae upon the first part of the late History of Tithes , 1621) attacked
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