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42-602: Never intended for residence, the Hermitage Hunting Lodge was built as a setting for hosting royal banquets during hunts in Dyrehaven, which surrounds the building. It originally featured a hoisting apparatus able to hoist the table from the basement to the dining room, allowing the King and his guests to dine without any waiters present, or "en ermitage" (in solitude), hence the name of the castle. The apparatus

84-489: A distinct relief to Frederick, even though the Polish War was full of latent peril to Denmark. Frederick was resolved upon a rupture with Sweden at the first convenient opportunity. When Rigsdagen assembled on 23 February 1657, it willingly granted considerable subsidies for mobilization and other military expenses. On 23 April he received the assent of the majority of Rigsraadet to attack Sweden's German dominions . In

126-535: A further assault on his neighbor. Terror was the first feeling produced at Copenhagen by the landing of the main Swedish army at Korsør on Zealand on 17 July 1658. None had anticipated the possibility of such a sudden and brutal attack, and everyone knew that the Danish capital was very inadequately fortified and garrisoned. During this war, Frederick attained great popularity in the general public, as he rebuked

168-502: Is located at Gammel Strand on Nybrogade opposite Slotsholmen . Originally, it was a three-winged building. Its construction started in 1729. In 1765, it was expanded with the complex with a new wing facing the canal which was designed was added by architect Philip de Lange (c. 1705-1766). The building served from 1759 to c.  1950 as site of the Royal Pawn ( Det Kongelige Assistenshus ). The Danish Ministry of Culture

210-857: The Holy Roman Empire . He was granted administration of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen (1635–45), the Prince-Bishopric of Verden (1623–29 and again 1634–44), and named coadjutor of the Bishopric of Halberstadt . Thus, from an early age, he had considerable experience as an administrator. At the age of eighteen, he was the chief commandant of the Bremian fortress of Stade . During the Torstenson War of 1643–45, Frederick lost control of his possessions within

252-554: The Danish monarchy. The war was ended by the Treaty of Copenhagen in May 1660, which confirmed the cession of Scania , Halland , and Blekinge from the Treaty of Roskilde, while Bornholm and parts of Schleswig reverted to Denmark. Frederick III profited by his spirited defense of the common interests of the country and the dynasty. The traditional loyalty of the Danish middle classes

294-665: The Hermitage at 11.15, ending absolute monarchy in Denmark. Five years later, on 5 June 1854 it was the center of the first, large celebration of the Constitution of Denmark during which 30,000 people assembled before it. During the 1890s, architect Ferdinand Meldahl supervised a thorough renovation taking great care to restore its original exterior decorations. The interior decorations, which had been painted over, were cleaned up and renovated with an almost religious attention to

336-800: The Return Fleet from the Dutch East Indies from the English navy. The English had blocked the English Channel , forcing the Return Fleet to sail all around the British Isles. The Dutch took refuge in Bergen, Norway , pursued by English warships. There they were protected by the fortress at the harbor, whose commander treated them as Danish allies. The English urged Frederick to seize the Return Fleet for himself, claiming that it

378-594: The administrative structure from chancellery to resort colleges and replaced the administrative divisions of fiefs with amt counties. In 1665, the Kongeloven ( Lex Regia ) was introduced: the “constitution” of Danish-Norwegian absolute monarchy, and the first assertion of divine right underpinned by a written constitution in Europe. It decreed that the Monarch "shall from this day forth be revered and considered

420-409: The advice of his counsellors to flee Copenhagen with the memorable words "I will die in my nest" and actively led the defense of the city. On 8 August, representatives from all Estates in the capital urged the necessity of a vigorous resistance, and the citizens of Copenhagen, headed by the mayor Hans Nansen , protested their unshakable loyalty to the king and their determination to defend Copenhagen to

462-407: The area was mainly used for military exercises. The lodge was still in use, but mainly for lunches for the king and officers. When Christian VIII became king in 1839, the hunts resumed. Additionally, the Hermitage became the centre of large, public gatherings, and in this period it was often the site of political negotiations. On 5 June 1849, king Frederik VII signed the fresh Danish constitution at

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504-561: The beginning of May, the still pending negotiations with that power were broken off, and on 1 June Frederick signed the manifesto justifying a war, which was never formally declared. The Swedish king confounded all the plans of his enemies with the March across the Belts in January and February 1658. The effect of this unheard-of achievement of crossing the frozen sea to invade Danish territory

546-526: The building and asked the king for permission to acquire it as his private property in exchange for the Rantzau residence in Jægersborg and for giving the king access to it. In 1794, the project succeeded, and Rantzau began a renovation of the building at a cost of 4,000 rigsdaler. It did not take long for Rantzau to find its location inconvenient and remote. He decided to sell and by 1797 the hunting lodge

588-522: The compensating virtues of moderation and self-control. On 1 October 1643 Frederick wed Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg , the daughter of George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg , who had an energetic, passionate, and ambitious character. He was an enthusiastic collector of books and his collection became the foundation for the Copenhagen Royal Library . In his youth, Frederick became the instrument of his father's political schemes in

630-416: The desire to make the personal acquaintance of his conqueror and Charles X consented to be his guest for three days, 3 to 5 March, at Frederiksborg Palace . Splendid banquets lasting far into the night and intimate conversations between princes who had only just emerged from a mortal struggle seemed to point to nothing but peace and friendship in the future. Charles's suspicion of Denmark-Norway led him to

672-622: The empire. He was then appointed commander in the royal shares in the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein by his father. His command was not successful, chiefly owing to his quarrels with the Earl-Marshal Anders Bille , who commanded the Danish forces. This was Frederick's first collision with the Danish nobility , who afterwards regarded him with extreme distrust. The death of his elder brother Christian in June 1647 opened

714-490: The financial problems faced after the wars, Frederick played the different Estates against each other. He succeeded in gaining support for the hereditary monarchy, the annulment of the Haandfæstning , and the institution of absolute monarchical rule by decree. During the last ten years of his reign, the king again took a relative obscure position while the new monarchy was built up and the country tried to recover after

756-413: The hounds, a landscape with straight paths laid out to meet in star-shaped intersections, from which the hunters would be able to see the prey and the hounds whenever they crossed one of the paths, was required. The fencing of the larger area resulted in a compulsory relocation of the residents, and among other things the village of Stokkerup was demolished, and today only the village pond remains, south of

798-505: The hunting lodge. The first hunting lodge on the site, the Hubertus chalet (Danish: Hubertushuset ), was built by Hans van Steenwinckel III for Christian V, and was completed around 1694. It was a half-timbered house in two storeys, but the structure was most likely far too weak, and in spite of extensive repairs in 1731, the chalet was in such a poor condition in 1734 that it was deemed necessary to tear it down and Lauritz de Thurah

840-662: The most perfect and supreme person on the Earth by all his subjects, standing above all human laws and having no judge above his person, neither in spiritual nor temporal matters, except God alone." This law consequently authorized the king to abolish all other centers of power. Most important was the abolition of the Council of the Realm . In 1665, Frederick had an opportunity to repay the Netherlands for their support, by protecting

882-664: The original detail. Today the castle is run by the Agency for Palaces & Cultural Properties, an agency of the Ministry of Culture and is made available to the royal family. In June 2013, it was re-opened by Margrethe II of Denmark after an extensive refurbishment. 55°47′43″N 12°34′16″E  /  55.79528°N 12.57111°E  / 55.79528; 12.57111 Frederick III of Denmark Frederick III ( Danish : Frederik ; 18 March 1609 – 9 February 1670 )

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924-629: The possibility for Frederick to be elected heir apparent to the Danish-Norwegian throne. However, this issue was still unsettled when Christian IV died on 28 February 1648. After long deliberation among the Danish Estates and in Rigsraadet (royal council), he was finally accepted as his father's successor. On 6 July, Frederick received the homage of his subjects, and he was crowned on 23 November. However, due to misgivings about

966-533: The rule of Christian IV, as well as Frederick's previous confrontational administrations in Bremen and Verden and his quarrels with Anders Bille , he was only elected after he had signed a Haandfæstning charter. The Haandfæstning included provisions curtailing the already diminished royal prerogative in favour of increased influence for the Rigsraadet . In the first years of his reign, Rigsraadet

1008-624: The throne after the death of his older brother Prince Christian in 1647. He instituted absolute monarchy in Denmark-Norway in 1660, confirmed by law in 1665 as the first in Western historiography . He also ordered the creation of the Throne Chair of Denmark . After failed and costly aggressive wars under Christian IV, most Danes did not want to go to war again. According to Cathal Nolan, when Frederick III became king in 1648, he

1050-573: The time, archbishop of Bremen and not heir to the throne, and was not expected to succeed to the throne. The couple had the following children: Also, he had with Margarethe Pape one illegitimate son, Ulrik Frederik Gyldenløve . Ministry of Culture (Denmark) The Ministry of Culture Denmark ( Danish : Kulturministeriet ) is a ministry of the Danish Government , with responsibility for culture , sport and media . The Ministry

1092-459: The uttermost. The Danes had only three weeks of warning of the approaching danger, and the vast and dilapidated line of defence had at first only 2,000 regular defenders. But the government and the people displayed a memorable and exemplary energy under the constant supervision of the king and queen and mayor Nansen. By the beginning of September, all the breaches were repaired, the walls bristled with cannons, and 7,000 men were under arms. So strong

1134-426: The wars. New men came into government, which was marked by a rivalry between the ministers and councillors like Hannibal Sehested and the king's favourite Kristoffer Gabel . During the early and mid 1660s there was an influential circle around Sehested, Frederik Ahlefeldt , Peter Bülche , Hans Svane , Jacob Petersen and Theodor Lente , who became increasingly opposed to Gabel. Frederick concentrated on changing

1176-426: Was King of Denmark and Norway from 1648 until his death in 1670. He also governed under the name Frederick II as diocesan administrator (colloquially referred to as prince-bishop) of the Prince-Bishopric of Verden (1623–29 and again 1634–44), and the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen (1635–45). The second-eldest son of Christian IV and Anne Catherine of Brandenburg , Frederick was only considered an heir to

1218-663: Was about to suffer a catastrophic defeat in the Second Northern War , Frederick III declared war on Sweden. Unexpectedly, Charles X Gustav crossed the frozen Belts to Zealand and appeared with 5,000 men near Copenhagen. Frederick III was unprepared and forced to sign the Treaty of Roskilde . Frederick disbanded the elective monarchy in favour of absolute monarchy, which lasted until 1814 in Norway and 1848 in Denmark. He married Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg , with whom he fathered Christian V of Denmark . Frederick

1260-486: Was born at Haderslev in Slesvig , the son of Christian IV and Anne Catherine of Brandenburg . In his youth and early manhood, there was no prospect of his ascending the Danish-Norwegian throne, as his older brother Christian was elected heir apparent of Denmark in 1608, and was proclaimed as heir apparent of Norway in 1610. During his early childhood, he was raised under the supervision of Beate Huitfeldt . Frederick

1302-453: Was crushing. Frederick at once sued for peace. Yielding to the persuasions of the English and French ministers, Charles finally agreed to be content with mutilating, instead of annihilating, the Danish monarchy. The Treaty of Taastrup was signed on 18 February and the Treaty of Roskilde on 26 February 1658. The conclusion of peace was followed by a remarkable episode. Frederick expressed

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1344-462: Was educated at Sorø Academy and studied in the Netherlands and France . As a young man, he demonstrated an interest in theology , natural sciences , and Scandinavian history . He was a reserved and enigmatic prince who seldom laughed, spoke little, and wrote less, a striking contrast to Christian IV. Even though he lacked the impulsive and jovial qualities of his father, Frederick possessed

1386-610: Was excluded from the talks leading to the Peace of Westphalia and had to watch as Bremen was lost to rivaling Sweden , also freed from paying Oresund Tolls . In order to be elected king after the death of his father, Frederick III conceded significant influence to the nobility. As king, he fought losing wars against Sweden. He was defeated in the Dano-Swedish War of 1657–1658 , and in the Dano-Swedish War of 1658–1660 . However, when it seemed like king Charles X Gustav of Sweden

1428-411: Was hired to build a new hunting lodge on the site. It was built during 1734 to 1736 during the reign of Christian VI at a total cost of about 18,000 rigsdaler . A planned renovation in 1786 was cancelled, as the estimated cost of 3,000 rigsdaler was considered too expensive. In 1790 the decision to tear the building down was made, but the decision was not very popular. Count Rantzau launched a defence of

1470-456: Was influenced by the time he had spent at the court of Louis XIV in France, changed the plans for the fencing to include a much larger area in order to facilitate a new style of driven hunt. This style of hunting involved having hounds run the prey tired and hold it down until a hunter would step off his horse and make the kill at little effort. In order for the hunters to be able to keep track of

1512-824: Was more valuable than the whole of his kingdom. Instead of protecting the Dutch, Frederick agreed to collaborate with the English in seizing the Return Fleet. But before the Danish-Norwegian fleet or word of the deal reached Bergen, the English attacked, and were defeated in the Battle of Vågen by the Dutch, supported by the fortress. Frederick III died at Copenhagen Castle and is interred in Roskilde Cathedral . Frederick married Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg in Castle Glücksburg on 1 October 1643. The marriage had been arranged in 1640. Frederick was, at

1554-469: Was not a man to recognize fully his own limitations and that of his country. But he rightly regarded the accession of Charles X of Sweden on 6 June 1654 as a source of danger to Denmark-Norway . He felt that temperament and policy would combine to make Charles an aggressive warrior-king: the only uncertainty was in which direction he would turn his arms first. Charles's invasion of Poland in July 1655 came as

1596-416: Was once again royal property. In 1798, the architect Johan Boye Junge Magens initiated yet another round of repairs, and in the process many of the exterior sculptures and decorations were removed. Magens was, as fashion dictated, eager to rid the building of the decorations that made it typical of its time. In the early 19th century, after the Treaty of Kiel , Frederick VI changed the use of Dyrehaven;

1638-441: Was removed in the late 18th century as it was causing endless mechanical problems, and no signs of it remain. The previous castle on the site, the Hubertus chalet, had a similar apparatus and was nicknamed Heremitagen for the same reason. The area surrounding the building was fenced as Jægersborg Dyrehave on the initiative of Frederick III , beginning in 1699. The project was not completed in his lifetime, and Christian V , who

1680-521: Was the city by this time that Charles X, abandoning his original intention of carrying the place by assault, began a regular siege. This he also was forced to abandon when an auxiliary Dutch fleet reinforced and reprovisioned the garrison and defeated him on 29 October in the Battle of the Sound . The Dutch then assisted in the liberation of the Danish Isles in 1659. Thus, the Danish capital had saved

1722-579: Was the main power center of Danish politics. However, Frederick wielded more effective power than what the Haandfæstning officially granted. He eventually succeeded in removing the two most influential members of Rigsraadet from office in 1651: his brothers-in-law Corfitz Ulfeldt and Hannibal Sehested . Ulfeldt went into exile in Sweden where he turned traitor, while Sehested was restored to favour in 1660. With all his good qualities, Frederick

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1764-579: Was transformed into enthusiasm for the king personally, and for a brief period Frederick found himself the most popular man in his kingdom. He made use of his popularity by converting the elective monarchy into an absolute monarchy by the Revolution of 1660. To ensure this conversion he instituted the 1660 state of emergency in Denmark . At the September 1660 gathering of the Estates, intended to solve

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