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46-621: Erin is a personal name taken from the Hiberno-English word for Ireland , originating from the Irish word "Éirinn" . "Éirinn" is the dative case of the Irish word for Ireland, "Éire", genitive "Éireann", the dative being used in prepositional phrases such as "go hÉirinn" "to Ireland", "in Éirinn" "in Ireland", "ó Éirinn " "from Ireland". The dative has replaced the nominative in

92-560: A family name , Erin has been used as one of the many spellings of the name of the Scottish clan "Irwin"—which was involved in the Scottish Plantations of Ireland . However, that name was originally derived from the place of the same name near Dumfries , and means "green water", from Brittonic ir afon . Hiberno-English Hiberno-English or Irish English ( IrE ), also formerly sometimes called Anglo-Irish ,

138-482: A fashionable outgrowth of non-local Dublin English, advanced Dublin English (also, new Dublin English and, formerly, fashionable Dublin English ) is a relatively young variety that originally began in the early 1990s among the " avant-garde " and now those aspiring to a non-local "urban sophistication". Advanced Dublin English itself, first associated with affluent and middle-class inhabitants of southside Dublin ,

184-429: A fashionable outgrowth of the mainstream non-local Dublin English, advanced Dublin English , also new Dublin English or formerly fashionable Dublin English , is a youthful variety that originally began in the early 1990s among the " avant-garde " and now those aspiring to a non-local "urban sophistication". Advanced Dublin English itself, first associated with affluent and middle-class inhabitants of southside Dublin ,

230-553: A few regional Irish dialects (particularly Galway-Connemara and Waterford). Poets and nineteenth-century Irish nationalists used Erin in English as a romantic name for Ireland. Often, "Erin's Isle" was used. In this context, along with Hibernia , Erin is the name given to the female personification of Ireland, but the name was rarely used as a given name, probably because no saints , queens, or literary figures were ever called Erin. According to Irish mythology and folklore ,

276-528: A mere subset of LOT ) is back, open, rounded, and short: [ɒ] , while the vowel in THOUGHT/NORTH is back, open, rounded, and long, [ɒ:] . Thus, THOUGHT/NORTH is possibly distinct from FORCE by height, from CLOTH by length, and from LOT by roundness, if at all. MOUTH is less raised than all other Dublin accents, thus: [aʊ] . Much variation exists for intervocalic /t/ (as in city or Italy ), which can be

322-511: Is mainstream Dublin English , spoken by the middle class, particularly in the 20th century. Mainstream Dublin English of the early- to mid-20th century was the direct basis for a standard accent of Ireland that is no longer regionally specific, fairly widespread everywhere except in the north of Ireland, where Ulster English persists. However, the majority of Dubliners born since the 1980s (led particularly by females) have shifted towards advanced Dublin English. Advanced Dublin English may be in

368-450: Is a collection of broad varieties of Ireland's West Region and Southern Region . Accents of both regions are known for: The subset, South-West Irish English (often known, by specific county , as Cork English , Kerry English , or Limerick English ), features two additional defining characteristics of its own. One is the pin–pen merger : the raising of dress to [ɪ] when before /n/ or /m/ (as in again or pen ). The other

414-543: Is also spoken by the same age group all across Ireland (except the north) as it rapidly becomes a new national standard accent, in Hickey's estimation. In the most general terms, all varieties of Dublin English have the following identifying sounds that are often distinct from the other regional accents of Ireland, pronouncing: All these sounds are also typical of a standard Irish English accent , which developed out of Dublin but now largely transcends regional boundaries among

460-504: Is occurs in all other situations. There are apparent exceptions to these rules; John C. Wells describes prefer and per as /ɛr/ , despite the vowel in question following a labial in both cases. The distribution of /ɛr/ versus /ʊr/ is listed below in some example words: /ɛr/ /ʊr/ ^4 In a rare few local Dublin varieties that are non-rhotic, /ər/ is either lowered to [ɐ] or backed and raised to [ɤ] . ^5 The distinction between /ɔːr/ and /oʊr/

506-416: Is probably now spoken by a majority of Dubliners born since the 1980s. Advanced Dublin English can have a fur–fair merger , horse–hoarse , and witch–which mergers , while resisting the traditionally Irish English cot–caught merger . This accent has since spread south to parts of east County Wicklow , west to parts of north County Kildare and parts of south County Meath . The accent can be heard among

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552-558: Is probably now spoken by a majority of Dubliners born since the 1980s. This "new mainstream" accent of Dublin's youth, rejecting traditional working-class Dublin, has: Advanced Dublin English largely evolved out of an even more innovative and briefly-fashionable accent, Dublin 4 (or D4) English , which originated around the 1970s or 1980s from middle- or higher-class speakers in South Dublin before spreading outwards and then rapidly disappearing. Also known as DART -speak after

598-586: Is realised as [ɒːɹ] . ^2 In non-local Dublin's more recently emerging (or "advanced Dublin") accent, /ɛər/ and /ɜr/ may both be realised more rounded as [øːɻ] . ^3 The NURSE mergers have not occurred in local Dublin, West/South-West, and other very conservative and traditional Irish English dialects, including in Ulster, all of which retain a two-way distinction between /ɛr/ as in earn versus /ʊr/ as in urn . Contrarily, most English dialects worldwide have merged /ɛ/ and /ʊ/ before

644-403: Is the intonation pattern of a slightly higher pitch followed by a significant drop in pitch on stressed long-vowel syllables (across multiple syllables or even within a single one), which is popularly heard in rapid conversation, by speakers of other English dialects, as a noticeable kind of undulating "sing-song" pattern. Dublin English is highly internally diverse and refers collectively to

690-748: Is the set of dialects of English native to the island of Ireland . In both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland , English is the dominant first language in everyday use and, alongside the Irish language , one of two official languages (with Ulster Scots , in Northern Ireland, being yet another local language). Irish English's writing standards, such as its spelling, align with British English . However, Irish English's diverse accents and some of its grammatical structures and vocabulary are unique, including certain notably conservative phonological features: features no longer common in

736-568: Is used here to represent the voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative , sometimes known as a "slit fricative", which is apico - alveolar . ^5 Overall, /hw/ and /w/ are being increasingly merged in supraregional Irish English, for example, making wine and whine homophones , as in most varieties of English around the world. The following vowels + ⟨r⟩ create combinations that are defining characteristics of Hiberno-English: Footnotes: ^1 In southside Dublin 's " Dublin 4 " (or "Dortspeak") accent, /ɑːr/

782-564: Is widely preserved in Ireland, so that, for example, horse and hoarse are not merged in most Irish English dialects; however, they are usually merged in Belfast and advanced Dublin. ^6 In local Dublin /(j)uːr/ may be realised as [(j)uʷə(ɹ)] . For some speakers /(j)uːr/ may merge with /ɔːr/ . A number of Irish language loan words are used in Hiberno-English, particularly in an official state capacity. For example,

828-594: The BATH and START lexical sets with a back, long and rounded vowel, thus a glass in the bar like [ə glɒːs ɪn ðə bɒːɹ] . Other sounds, however, like the raising of LOT and THOUGHT to [ɒ~ɔ] and [ɔː~oː] , respectively (whereas the two were traditionally merged and low in local Dublin English), have survived from D4 English into advanced Dublin English. The strict centre of the Dublin English continuum

874-437: The " /ɑː/ and broad /æ/ " set becomes rounded as [ɒː] . ^2 In South-West Ireland, /ɛ/ before /n/ or /m/ is raised to [ɪ] . ^3 Due to the phenomenon of "vowel breaking" in local Dublin accents, /iː/ and /uː/ may be realised as [ijə] and [ʊuwə] in closed syllables . Other notes: The following diphthongs are defining characteristics of Irish English: Footnotes: ^1 Due to

920-524: The 16th-century Elizabethan Early Modern period , making that variety of English spoken in Ireland the oldest outside of Great Britain . It remains phonologically more conservative today than many other dialects of English. Initially during the Anglo-Norman period in Ireland, English was mainly spoken in an area known as the Pale around Dublin , with largely the Irish language spoken throughout

966-438: The 1980s or later are showing fewer features of this late-twentieth-century mainstream supraregional form and more characteristics aligning to a rapidly-spreading advanced Dublin accent. See more above, under "Non-local Dublin English". Ireland's supraregional dialect pronounces: The following charts list the vowels typical of each Irish English dialect as well as the several distinctive consonants of Irish English, according to

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1012-501: The Irish English varieties immediately surrounding and within the metropolitan area of Dublin . Modern-day Dublin English largely lies on a phonological continuum, ranging from a more traditional, lower-prestige, local urban accent on the one end, to a more recently developing, higher-prestige, non-local, regional and even supra-regional accent on the other end. Most of the latter characteristics of Dublin English first emerged in

1058-513: The accents of England or North America . It shows significant influences from the Irish language and, in the north, the Scots language . Phonologists today often divide Irish English into four or five overarching dialects or accents: Ulster or Northern Irish accents , Western and Southern Irish accents (like Cork accents), various Dublin accents , and a non-regional standard accent (outside of Ulster) whose features are shifting since only

1104-489: The consonant /r/ . For instance, in the case of non-local Dublin, supraregional, and younger Irish accents, the merged sequence is phonetically [ɚː] . However, for those accents which retain the more conservative distinction, the distribution of /ɛr/ and /ʊr/ is as follows: /ʊr/ occurs when spelled ⟨ur⟩ and ⟨or⟩ (e.g. urn and word ), ⟨ir⟩ after alveolar stops (e.g. dirt ), and after labial consonants (e.g. fern ); /ɛr/

1150-457: The early- to mid-twentieth century is the direct influence and catalyst for this variety, coming about by the suppression of certain markedly Irish features, and retention of other Irish features, as well as the adoption of certain standard British (i.e., non-Irish) features. The result is a configuration of features that is still unique. In other words, this accent is not simply a wholesale shift towards British English. Most speakers born in

1196-487: The education system. A German traveller, Ludolf von Münchhausen, visited the Pale in Dublin in 1591. He says of the pale in regards to the language spoken there: "Little Irish is spoken; there are even some people here who cannot speak Irish at all". He may be mistaken, but if this account is true, the language of Dublin in the 1590s was English, not Irish. And yet again, Albert Jouvin travelled to Ireland in 1668; he says of

1242-446: The greater eastern Irish region surrounding the city. In the most general terms, all varieties of Dublin English have the following identifying sounds that are often distinct from the rest of Ireland, pronouncing: Local Dublin English (or popular Dublin English ) is a traditional, broad , working-class variety spoken in the Republic of Ireland 's capital city of Dublin . It is the only Irish English variety that in earlier history

1288-773: The head of government is the Taoiseach , the deputy head is the Tánaiste , the parliament is the Oireachtas and its lower house is Dáil Éireann . Less formally, people also use loan words in day-to-day speech, although this has been on the wane in recent decades and among the young. /ˈɡɑːrsuːr/ Another group of Hiberno-English words are those derived from the Irish language . Some are words in English that have entered into general use, while others are unique to Ireland. These words and phrases are often Anglicised versions of words in Irish or direct translations into English. In

1334-471: The last quarter of the 20th century onwards. Middle English, as well as a small elite that spoke Anglo-Norman , was brought to Ireland as a result of the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland in the late 12th century. The remnants of which survived as the Yola language and Fingallian dialects, which is not mutually comprehensible with Modern English. A second wave of the English language was brought to Ireland in

1380-455: The late 1980s and 1990s. The accent that most strongly uses the traditional working-class features has been labelled by the linguist Raymond Hickey as local Dublin English . Most speakers from Dublin and its suburbs, have accent features falling variously along the entire middle, as well as the newer end of the spectrum, which together form what is called non-local Dublin English . It is spoken by middle- and upper-class natives of Dublin and

1426-486: The latter case, they often give meaning to a word or phrase that is generally not found in wider English use. Dublin English The more traditional, lower-prestige, working-class, local urban accent on the one end is known by linguist Raymond Hickey as local Dublin English . As of the 21st century, most speakers from Dublin and its suburbs have accent features falling variously along the entire middle as well as

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1472-594: The linguist Raymond Hickey. Phonological characteristics of overall Irish English are given as well as categorisations into five major divisions of Hiberno-English: Ulster; West and South-West Ireland; local Dublin; advanced Dublin; and supraregional (southern) Ireland. Features of mainstream non-local Dublin English fall on a range between what Hickey calls "local Dublin" and "advanced Dublin". The following monophthongs are defining characteristics of Irish English: Footnotes: ^1 In southside Dublin 's once-briefly fashionable " Dublin 4 " (or "Dortspeak") accent,

1518-451: The majority language spoken in the country. It has retained this status to the present day, with even those whose first language is Irish being fluent in English as well. Today, there is little more than one per cent of the population who speaks the Irish language natively, though it is required to be taught in all state-funded schools. Of the 40% of the population who self-identified as speaking some Irish in 2016, 4% speak Irish daily outside

1564-555: The middle and higher classes throughout the Republic. Local Dublin English (also, known by Hickey as popular Dublin English or conservative Dublin English ) refers to a traditional, broad , working-class variety spoken in Dublin . It is the only Irish English variety that in earlier history was fully non-rhotic; however, as of the 21st century it is weakly rhotic, and among the various Dublin accents it uniquely has: Evolving as

1610-430: The middle to upper classes in most major cities in the Republic today. Supraregional Southern Irish English , sometimes, simply Supraregional Irish English or Standard Irish English , refers to a variety spoken particularly by educated and middle- or higher-class Irish people, crossing regional boundaries throughout all of the Republic of Ireland, except the north. A mainstream middle-class variety of Dublin English of

1656-591: The name was originally given to the island by the Milesians after the goddess Ériu . The phrase Erin go bragh ("Éire go brách" in standard orthography , dative "in Éirinn go brách" "in Ireland forever"), a slogan associated with the United Irishmen Rebellion of 1798 , is often translated as "Ireland forever". The songs ' Let Erin Remember ' and ' Érin grá mo chroí ' are more examples of

1702-428: The newer end of the spectrum, which together form what Hickey calls non-local Dublin English , employed by the middle and upper class. On the extreme non-local end, a more recently developing, high-prestige, more widely regional (and even supraregional) accent exists, advanced Dublin English , only first emerging in the late 1980s and 1990s, now spoken by most Dubliners born in the 1990s or later. Advanced Dublic English

1748-566: The pale and the east coast, "In the inland parts of Ireland, they speak a particular language, but in the greatest part of the towns and villages on the sea coast, only English is spoken".  A Tour of Ireland in 1775 By Richard Twiss (writer) says of the language spoken in Dublin "as at present almost all the peasants speak the English language, they converse with as much propriety as any persons of their class in England" Ulster English , or Northern Irish English , here refers collectively to

1794-1022: The phenomenon of "vowel breaking" local Dublin accents, /aɪ/ and /aʊ/ may be realised as [əjə] and [ɛwə] in closed syllables . The consonants of Hiberno-English mostly align with the typical English consonant sounds. However, a few Irish English consonants have distinctive, varying qualities. The following consonant features are defining characteristics of Hiberno-English: Footnotes: ^1 In traditional, conservative Ulster English , /k/ and /ɡ/ are palatalised before an open front vowel . ^2 Local Dublin features consonant cluster reduction , so that plosives occurring after fricatives or sonorants may be left unpronounced, resulting, for example, in "poun(d)" and "las(t)". ^3 In extremely traditional and conservative accents (e.g. Mícheál Ó Muircheartaigh and Jackie Healy-Rae ), prevocalic /r/ can also be an alveolar flap , [ɾ] . /r/ may be guttural ( uvular , [ʁ] ) in north-east Leinster . ^4 ⟨θ̠⟩

1840-415: The process of overtaking mainstream Dublin English as the national prestige variety. Generally, the vowels of mainstream Dublin fall between the extremes of local Dublin and advanced Dublin accents; for instance, GOAT falls somewhere between the wider versus narrower diphthongs of these two accents. However, the low back vowels are of special note in mainstream Dublin, where CLOTH (in some analyses,

1886-609: The rest of the country. Some small pockets of speakers remained, who predominantly continued to use the English of that time . Because of their sheer isolation, these dialects developed into later, now-extinct, English-related varieties , known as Yola in Wexford and Fingallian in Fingal , Dublin. These were no longer mutually intelligible with other English varieties. By the Tudor period , Irish culture and language had regained most of

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1932-693: The suburban Dublin commuter railway system, or, mockingly, Dortspeak , this accent rejected traditional, conservative, and working-class notions of Irishness, with its speakers instead regarding themselves as more trendy and sophisticated. However, particular aspects of the D4 accent became quickly noticed and ridiculed as sounding affected or elitist by the 1990s, causing its defining features to fall out of fashion within that decade. Still, it originated certain (less salient) other features that continue to be preserved in advanced Dublin English today. The salient defining features that are now out of fashion include pronouncing

1978-416: The territory lost to the invaders: even in the Pale, "all the common folk… for the most part are of Irish birth, Irish habit, and of Irish language". The Tudor conquest and colonisation of Ireland in the 16th century led to a second wave of immigration by English speakers, along with the forced suppression and decline in the status and use of the Irish language. By the mid-19th century, English had become

2024-597: The varieties of the Ulster province, including Northern Ireland and neighbouring counties outside of Northern Ireland, which has been influenced by Ulster Irish as well as the Scots language , brought over by Scottish settlers during the Plantation of Ulster . Its main subdivisions are Mid-Ulster English, South Ulster English and Ulster Scots , the latter of which is arguably a separate language. Ulster varieties distinctly pronounce: Western and Southern Irish English

2070-593: The word's usage in Irish romantic nationalism . As a given name , Erin is used for both sexes, although, given its origins, it is principally used as a feminine forename. It first became a popular given name in the United States. Its US popularity for males peaked in 1974 with 321 boys registered with the name. Erin is also a name for Ireland in Welsh , and is one of the 20 most popular girls' names in Wales . As

2116-481: Was non-rhotic; however, it is today weakly rhotic. Known for diphthongisation of the GOAT and FACE vowels, the local Dublin accent is also known for a phenomenon called "vowel breaking", in which MOUTH , PRICE , GOOSE and FLEECE in closed syllables are "broken" into two syllables, approximating [ɛwə] , [əjə] , [uwə] , and [ijə] , respectively. Evolving as

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