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76-555: The doctrine’s name derives from Genaro Estrada , Secretary of Foreign Affairs during the presidency of Pascual Ortiz Rubio (1930–1932). On September 12, 1931, Mexico was admitted to the League of Nations . That was a significant event as it had not been invited since the creation of the intergovernmental organization once the First World War ended, which can be attributed mainly to some unsolved problems between Mexico and

152-638: A Supreme Tribunal Justice and Electoral Justice seen as close to Maduro defected to the United States just a few days before the 10 January 2019 second inauguration of Nicolás Maduro . The justice, Christian Zerpa  [ es ] , said that Maduro was "incompetent" and "illegitimate". Minutes after Maduro took the oath as president of Venezuela, the OAS approved a resolution in a special session of its Permanent Council declaring Maduro's presidency illegitimate and urging new elections. Maduro's election

228-509: A constituent assembly that would draft a new constitution to replace the 1999 Venezuela Constitution created under Chávez. According to Rafael Villa – writing in Defence Studies in 2022 – "Maduro's leadership [was] not consensual" and among the changes he had made to overcome his "political fragility" was promoting an excessive number of officers within the military, and the election of a 2017 Constituent National Assembly to replace

304-557: A "well-written script from Washington" to create a puppet state of the United States, and appealed to the American people in a 31 January video, asking them not to "convert Venezuela into another Vietnam". Maduro asked for dialogue with Guaidó, saying "if I have to go meet this boy in the Pico Humboldt at three in the morning I am going, [...] if I have to go naked, I am going, [I believe] that today, sooner rather than later,

380-544: A 15 January 2019 opinion piece in The Washington Post entitled "Maduro is a usurper. It's time to restore democracy in Venezuela "; he outlined Venezuela's erosion of democracy and his reasoning for the need to replace Maduro on an interim basis according to Venezuela's constitution. On 21 January, over two dozen National Guardsmen participated in a mutiny against Maduro with the assistance of residents in

456-507: A 2020 Journal of Democracy that Maduro "presided over one of the most devastating national economic crises seen anywhere in modern times." As a result of discontent with the government, the opposition was elected to hold the majority in the National Assembly for the first time since 1999 following the 2015 parliamentary election . After the election, the lame duck National Assembly consisting of Bolivarian officials filled

532-607: A 24 February meeting with US Vice President Mike Pence, and a 25 February meeting of the Lima Group. The group urged the International Criminal Court to pursue charges of crimes against humanity for the Maduro administration's use of violence against civilians and blockade of humanitarian aid. Pence did not rule out the use of US military force. The Venezuelan government responded saying that Pence

608-521: A critical attitude when deciding about the legality and legitimacy of foreign governments. Mexico was itself harmed because of the practice, as it was difficult to obtain recognition of its independence . The most extended use of the Estrada Doctrine was in the 1970s, when Mexico did not withdraw its recognition of any South American government that was formed through a coup d'état . The only measure Mexico could use against such governments

684-778: A five-person delegation to Venezuela in March. On 20 March, Bachelet delivered a preliminary oral report before the UN Human Rights Council , in which she outlined a "devastating and deteriorating" human rights situation in Venezuela, expressed concern that sanctions would worsen the situation, and called on authorities to show a true commitment to recognizing and resolving the situation. Elvis Amoroso , Maduro's comptroller, alleged in March that Guaidó had not explained how he paid for his February 2019 Latin American trip, and said Guaidó would be barred from running for public office for fifteen years. The comptroller general

760-666: A group of Members of the European Parliament that planned to meet Guaidó. The expulsion was condemned by Guaidó as well as Pablo Casado , president of the Spanish People's Party , and the Colombian government. Maduro's Foreign Minister Jorge Arreaza defended the expulsions, saying that the constitutional government of Venezuela "will not allow the European extreme right to disturb the peace and stability of

836-456: A lack of technical expertise in the country resulting from a brain drain ; Nicolás Maduro 's administration attributes them to sabotage. Guaidó said that Venezuela's largest-ever power outage was "the product of the inefficiency, the incapability, the corruption of a regime that doesn't care about the lives of Venezuelans", Maduro's Attorney General, Tarek William Saab, called for an investigation of Guaidó, alleging that he had "sabotaged"

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912-466: A near total electrical blackout , and lost 150,000 barrels per day in crude oil production during the blackout. Full recovery of oil production was expected to take months, but by April, Venezuela's exports were steady at a million barrels daily, "partially due to inventory drains". Experts and state-run Corpoelec (Corporación Eléctrica Nacional) sources attributed the electricity shortages to lack of maintenance, underinvestment, corruption and to

988-476: A posteriori , the right that nations have to accept, keep or replace their governments or authorities. The Estrada Doctrine suggests that upon the establishment of de facto governments in other countries, Mexico did not support giving recognition because it is considered a degrading practice. By injuring the sovereignty of other states, recognition puts them in a vulnerable position because their internal affairs can be judged by other governments, which assume

1064-541: A prison cell for Guaidó and asked him to be quick in naming his cabinet so she could prepare prison cells for them as well. The president of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela in exile , based in Panama, wrote to Guaidó, requesting him to become acting president of Venezuela. OAS Secretary-General Luis Almagro was the first to give international official support to Guaidó's claim, tweeting "We welcome

1140-408: A schedule for free and fair elections, with international support and observers, in exchange for lifting international sanctions. In December 2022, three of the four main opposition political parties ( Justice First , Democratic Action and A New Era ) backed and approved a reform to dissolve the interim government and create a commission of five members to manage foreign assets, as deputies sought

1216-429: A united strategy ahead of the 2024 Venezuelan presidential election , stating that the interim government had failed to achieve the goals it had set. Since 2010, Venezuela has been suffering a socioeconomic crisis under Nicolás Maduro and briefly under his predecessor Hugo Chávez , as rampant crime , hyperinflation and shortages as a result of sanctions, diminish the quality of life. Javier Corrales stated in

1292-577: A usurper of the presidency on the day of his second inauguration and disclosed a plan to set forth its president Guaidó as the succeeding acting president of the country under article 233 of the Venezuelan Constitution . A week later, the Supreme Tribunal of Justice declared that the presidency of the National Assembly was the "usurper" of authority and declared the body to be unconstitutional. Minutes after Maduro took

1368-556: Is absolutely absent before taking office, a new election shall take place [...] And while the president is elected and takes office, the interim president shall be the president of the National Assembly." Article 333 calls for citizens to restore and enforce the Constitution if it is not followed. Article 350 calls for citizens to "disown any regime, legislation or authority that violates democratic values, principles and guarantees or encroaches upon human rights." Article 233

1444-531: Is not a judicial body; according to constitutional lawyer José Vicente Haro, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruled in 2011 that an administrative body cannot disallow a public servant from running. Constitutional law expert Juan Manuel Raffalli stated that Article 65 of Venezuela's Constitution provides that such determinations may only be made by criminal courts, after judgment of criminal activity. In March, Francesco Rocca, president of

1520-670: The Caribbean , Mexico returned to the International Conference of American States , where it had been previously excluded because the government had not been recognized by the US. The country gained an outstanding prestige in the conferences that took place in Havana (1928) and Montevideo (1933), which postured for Latin American union and international law. Meanwhile, Mexico had the opportunity to spread its position towards

1596-515: The European Union stopped recognizing Guaidó as president, but still did not recognize Maduro as the legitimate president; the European Parliament reaffirmed its recognition of Guaidó as president, and the EU threatened with further sanctions . After the announcement of regional elections in 2021, Guaidó announced a "national salvation agreement" and proposed the negotiation with Maduro with

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1672-596: The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies , announced that the Red Cross was preparing to bring humanitarian aid to the country in April to help ease both the chronic hunger and the medical crisis. The Wall Street Journal said that the acceptance of humanitarian shipments by Maduro was his first acknowledgement that Venezuela is "suffering from an economic collapse." After

1748-854: The National Autonomous University of Mexico , where he founded the Academia Mexicana de la Historia . He also published a novel, Pero Galín (1926), and four books of satirical and political poetry. He died in Mexico City in 1937. This Mexican diplomat-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a Mexican poet is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis [REDACTED] Transitional government [REDACTED] Incumbent government Juan Guaidó Nicolás Maduro The Venezuelan presidential crisis

1824-432: The Supreme Tribunal of Justice , the highest court in Venezuela, with Maduro allies. The tribunal stripped three opposition lawmakers of their National Assembly seats in early 2016, citing alleged "irregularities" in their elections, thereby preventing an opposition supermajority which would have been able to challenge President Maduro. In January 2016, the National Assembly declared a "health humanitarian crisis" given

1900-558: The United States . In the heart of the forum, Mexico established its position in favor of the international law and the principles of non-intervention and self-determination . The Mexican government always supported the peaceful resolution of disputes and rejected the use of force in international relations . All of that gave the country a major international prestige. As for its southern neighbors in Latin America and

1976-660: The Venezuela Aid Live concert in Cúcuta, Colombia on 22 February, also to be present for the planned delivery of humanitarian aid . Testing Maduro's authority, he was met by presidents Iván Duque of Colombia, Sebastián Piñera from Chile, and Mario Abdo Benítez from Paraguay, as well as the OAS Secretary-General Luis Almagro . On 23 February, trucks with humanitarian aid attempted to enter Venezuela from Brazil and Colombia;

2052-531: The Vicente Fox administration (2000–2006), both Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Jorge Castañeda Gutman and Luis Ernesto Derbez , tried to discontinue the Estrada Doctrine, resulting in what was called the Castañeda Doctrine . Under President Andrés Manuel López Obrador , Mexico began to utilize the Estrada Doctrine once more, especially during the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis . Most of

2128-625: The World Economic Forum that they too recognized him. The Venezuelan National Guard used tear gas on gathering crowds at other locations, and blocked protesters from arriving . Some protests grew violent, and at least 13 people were killed. Michelle Bachelet of the United Nations requested a UN investigation into the security forces' use of violence. Guaidó began to appoint individuals in late January to serve as aides or diplomats, including Carlos Vecchio as

2204-446: The coronavirus pandemic health emergency and that the United States would lift all sanctions if Maduro agreed to organize elections that did not include himself. Guaidó accepted the proposal, while Venezuela's foreign minister, Jorge Arreaza , rejected it. By January 2020, efforts led by Guaidó to create a transitional government had been unsuccessful and Maduro continued to control Venezuela's state institutions. In January 2021,

2280-531: The electric sector . While Maduro visited hydroelectric facilities in Ciudad Guayana on 16 March, promising to restructure the state-run power company Corpoelec , his Vice President Delcy Rodríguez announced that Maduro would restructure his administration, asking the "entire executive Cabinet to put their roles up for review". Guaidó announced he would embark on a tour of the country beginning 16 March, to organize committees for Operation Freedom with

2356-442: The removal of Marcos Pérez Jiménez in 1958 —using a slogan chant of ¡ Sí se puede ! . The National Assembly worked with the coalition Frente Amplio Venezuela Libre to create a plan for the demonstrations, organizing a unified national force. On 11 January, plans to offer incentives for the armed forces to disavow Maduro were announced. During Guaidó's speech, he said he was "willing to assume command ... only possible with

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2432-411: The "serious shortage of medicines, medical supplies and deterioration of humanitarian infrastructure", asking Maduro's government to "guarantee immediate access to the list of essential medicines that are basic and indispensable and that must be accessible at all times." The tribunal approved several actions by Maduro and granted him more powers in 2017. As protests mounted against Maduro, he called for

2508-721: The 20th century. Estrada was born in Mazatlán , Sinaloa . He served as a journalist in Mazatlán early in life and moved to Mexico City in 1912, where he was professor at the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria and entered the capital's cultural and political life. He became involved in government after the Mexican Revolution . By the end of the 1920s he served as ambassador to Spain and minister to Portugal and Turkey . He later became professor at

2584-631: The 49th General Assembly of the Organization of American States on 27 June, Guaidó's presidency was recognized by the organization. Guaidó and the National Assembly declared he was acting president and swore himself in on 23 January. At his peak, Guaidó was recognized as legitimate by about 60 countries, despite never running as president; Maduro by about 20 countries. However, Guaidó's international support waned over time. Internationally, support followed geopolitical lines, with Russia, China, Cuba, Iran, Syria, and Turkey supporting Maduro, while

2660-659: The Guaidó administration's diplomatic envoy to the US, Gustavo Tarre to the OAS, and Julio Borges to represent Venezuela in the Lima Group . He announced that the National Assembly had approved a commission to implement a plan for the reconstruction of Venezuela, called Plan País (Plan for the Country), and he offered an Amnesty law , approved by the National Assembly, for military personnel and authorities who help to "restore constitutional order". The Statute Governing

2736-485: The Mexican foreign policy, it has been continuously claimed the defense of our principles and international law. In accordance to this, then we do not have any interest, we have principles instead, which can be qualified as a diplomatic hypocrisy. In the long term, this unfortunate implementation of the principles undermines any internal support for every real foreign policy (with costs, consequences and benefits) and confers

2812-510: The SEBIN agents acted independently showed that the government had lost control of its security forces; he called Miraflores (the presidential palace) "desperate", and stated: "There is one legitimate president of the National Assembly and of all Venezuela." On 15 January 2019, the National Assembly approved legislation to work with dozens of foreign countries to request that these nations freeze Maduro administration bank accounts. Guaidó wrote

2888-459: The Transition to Democracy was approved by the National Assembly on 5 February. As of July 2019, the National Assembly had approved Juan Guaidó's appointment has named 37 ambassadors and foreign representatives to international organizations and nations abroad. Maduro accused the United States of backing a coup and said he would cut ties with them. He said Guaidó's actions were part of

2964-533: The Trump administration decision to back Guaidó formed on 22 January, according to El País . Díaz-Balart said that the decision was the result of two years of planning. The Venezuelan opposition says its actions are based on the 1999 Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , specifically Articles 233, 333 and 350. The first paragraph of Article 233 states that "when the president-elect

3040-439: The United States just a few days before the 10 January 2019 second inauguration of Nicolás Maduro . The justice, Christian Zerpa  [ es ] , said that Maduro was "incompetent" and "illegitimate". Minutes after Maduro took the oath as president of Venezuela, the OAS approved a resolution in a special session of its Permanent Council declaring Maduro's presidency illegitimate and urging new elections. Maduro's election

3116-615: The Venezuelan Armed Forces, stating that humanitarian aid would enter Venezuela on 23 February and that the armed forces "will have to decide if it will be on the side of the Venezuelans and the Constitution or the usurper". Guaidó defied the restriction imposed by the Maduro administration on him leaving Venezuela, secretly crossed the border, saying that with the help of the Venezuelan military, and appeared at

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3192-411: The agents did not have instructions and the arrest was orchestrated by Guaidó as a "media stunt" to gain popularity; BBC News correspondents said that it appeared to be a genuine ambush to send a message to the opposition. Almagro condemned the arrest, which he called a "kidnapping", while Pompeo referred to it as an "arbitrary detention". After his detention, Guaidó said that Rodríguez's admission that

3268-607: The area during the early morning hours. Government forces repressed the protestors tear gas and the officers were later captured. During the night, over thirty communities in Caracas and surrounding areas participated in strong protests against the Maduro government. The strongest protests occurred in San José de Cotiza, where the rebel National Guardsmen were arrested, with demonstrations spreading throughout nearby communities, with cacerolazos heard throughout Caracas. One woman who

3344-505: The assembly while continuing to pass measures in "support and solidarity" with President Maduro, effectively stripping the National Assembly of all its powers. Maduro disavowed the National Assembly in 2017. As of 2018, some considered the National Assembly the only "legitimate" institution left in the country and human rights organizations said there were no independent institutional checks on presidential power. In February 2018, Maduro called for presidential elections four months before

3420-732: The assumption of Juan Guaidó as interim president of Venezuela in accordance with Article 233 of the Political Constitution. You have our support, that of the international community and of the people of Venezuela." Later that day, Brazil and Colombia gave their support to Guaidó as acting president of Venezuela. Guaidó was detained on 13 January by the Bolivarian Intelligence Service (SEBIN) and released 45 minutes later. The SEBIN agents who intercepted his car and took him into custody were fired. The Information Minister, Jorge Rodríguez , said

3496-540: The attempts failed, with only one truck able to deliver aid. At the Colombia–Venezuela border, the caravans were tear-gassed or shot at with rubber bullets by Venezuelan personnel. The National Guard repressed demonstrations on the Brazilian border and colectivos attacked protesters near the Colombian border, leaving at least four dead, and more than 285 injured. Guaidó traveled from Cúcuta to Bogotá for

3572-450: The coast of Venezuela to gather classified intelligence about Maduro. From Bogotá, Guaidó embarked on a regional tour to meet with the presidents of Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, and Ecuador, to discuss ways to rebuild Venezuela and defeat Maduro. Guaidó's trip was approved by Venezuela's National Assembly , as required by the Constitution of Venezuela, but he faced the possibility of being imprisoned when returning to Venezuela because of

3648-548: The country an arrogant halo in the international scene. Genaro Estrada Genaro Estrada (June 2, 1887 – September 29, 1937) was a Mexican statesman , academic , and writer . He was Secretary of Foreign Affairs of Mexico between 1930 and 1932 and the architect of the Estrada Doctrine , which stated that the Mexican government would acknowledge any foreign government, no matter how it came into power. This doctrine would influence Mexican politics all throughout

3724-466: The country and world in support of Guaidó, with a few hundred supporting Maduro outside Miraflores. At one end of the blocked street was a stage where Guaidó spoke and took an oath to serve as interim president. Minutes after his speech, the United States announced that it recognized Guaidó as interim president while presidents Iván Duque of Colombia and Jair Bolsonaro of Brazil, beside deputy Canadian prime minister Chrystia Freeland , announced at

3800-433: The country with another of its gross interventionist actions." Shortages in Venezuela have been present since 2007 during the presidency of Hugo Chávez . In 2016, the National Assembly of Venezuela declared a humanitarian crisis, asking Maduro's government to provide access to essential medicines and medical supplies. Before the presidential crisis, the Maduro government denied several offers of aid, stating that there

3876-460: The critics of the doctrine were directed toward whether it was morally and politically valid or not that the Mexican government stayed " neutral " in the presence of governments categorized as dictatorships . Jorge Castañeda Gutman , who would later serve a two-year term as the Secretary of Foreign Affairs during the Vicente Fox administration, criticized Mexico's foreign policy in 1987: In

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3952-435: The electoral process is scheduled within a reasonable time." The National Assembly announced that it will designate a committee to appoint a new National Electoral Council , in anticipation of free elections. In January 2019, Leopoldo López 's Popular Will party attained the leadership of the National Assembly of Venezuela according to a rotation agreement made by opposition parties, naming Juan Guaidó as president of

4028-462: The goal to claim the presidential residence, Miraflores Palace . From the first rally in Carabobo state, he said, "We will be in each state of Venezuela and for each state we have visited the responsibility will be yours, the leaders, the united, [to] organize ourselves in freedom commands." United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) commissioner Michelle Bachelet 's office sent

4104-528: The help of Venezuelans". Following Guaidó's speech, the National Assembly released a press statement saying that Guaidó had assumed the role of acting president. The Assembly retracted the statement later published another clarifying Guaidó's position as "willing to assume command ... only possible with the help of Venezuelans". Maduro's response was to call the opposition a group of "little boys", describing Guaidó as "immature". The Minister for Prison Services, Iris Varela , threatened that she had picked out

4180-513: The international practice of recognition , known as the Estrada Doctrine. Secretary of Foreign Affairs , Genaro Estrada , pointed out on September 27, 1930: The government of Mexico restricts itself to keep or retire, when considered appropriate, its diplomatic agents and to continue accepting, when considered appropriate as well, similar diplomatic agents whose respective nations have accredited in Mexico, without qualifying, neither hastily nor

4256-456: The legislative body . Guaidó began motions to form a provisional government shortly after assuming his new role on 5 January 2019, stating that whether or not Maduro began his new term on the 10th, the country would not have a legitimately elected president in either case, calling for soldiers to "enforce the Constitution" Signs of impending crisis showed when a Supreme Court Justice and Electoral Justice seen as close to Maduro defected to

4332-526: The majority of Western and Latin American countries supported Guaidó as acting president. Support for Guaidó began to decline when a military uprising attempt in April 2019 failed to materialize. Following the failed uprising, representatives of Guaidó and Maduro began mediation, with the assistance of the Norwegian Centre for Conflict Resolution. After the second meeting in Norway, no deal

4408-668: The oath as president, the Organization of American States (OAS) approved a resolution in a special session of its Permanent Council declaring Maduro's presidency illegitimate and urging new elections. Special meetings of the OAS on 24 January and in the United Nations Security Council on 26 January were held but no consensus was reached. Secretary-General of the United Nations António Guterres called for dialogue. During

4484-449: The opposition-led National Assembly , which was elected in 2015. Many countries considered these actions a bid by Maduro to stay in power indefinitely, and over 40 countries stated that they would not recognize the 2017 Constituent National Assembly (ANC). The Democratic Unity Roundtable , the main opposition to the incumbent ruling party, boycotted the election, saying that the ANC

4560-457: The prescribed date. He was declared the winner in May 2018 after multiple major opposition parties were banned from participating, among other irregularities; many said the elections were invalid. Some politicians both internally and internationally said Maduro was not legitimately elected and considered him an ineffective dictator. In the months leading up to his 10 January 2019 inauguration, Maduro

4636-423: The responsibility that touches us". Leaders of other political parties, trade unions, women, and students also spoke at the rally. The opposition considered assuming the powers of the executive branch legitimate based on constitutional processes; The National Assembly specifically invoked Articles 233, 333, and 350 of the Constitution. Guaidó announced nationwide protests to be held on 23 January—the same day as

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4712-697: The stance taken by Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Chrystia Freeland were key. El País describes Donald Trump 's election—coinciding with the election of conservative presidents in Colombia and Brazil , along with deteriorating conditions in Venezuela—as "a perfect storm", with decisions influenced by U.S. officials including Vice President Mike Pence , Secretary of State Pompeo , National Security Advisor John Bolton and legislators Mario Díaz-Balart and Marco Rubio . Venezuelans Carlos Vecchio , Julio Borges and Gustavo Tarre were consulted and

4788-508: The travel restriction placed upon him by the Maduro administration. He re-entered Venezuela on 4 March, via Simón Bolívar International Airport in Maiquetía , and was received at the airport by diplomats and in Caracas by a crowd of supporters. German ambassador Daniel Kriener was accused of interference in internal affairs and expelled from Venezuela because of his role in helping Guaidó re-enter. In March 2019, Venezuela experienced

4864-488: The way is open for a reasonable, sincere dialogue". He stated he would not leave the presidential office, saying that he was elected in compliance with the Venezuelan constitution. With the two giving speeches to supporters at the same time, Guaidó replied to Maduro's call for dialogue, saying he would not initiate diplomatic talks with Maduro because he believed it would be a farce and fake diplomacy that could not achieve anything. On 18 February, Maduro's government expelled

4940-551: Was "a trick to keep [the incumbent ruling party] in power." Since the opposition did not participate in the election, the Great Patriotic Pole coalition and its supporters, including the incumbent United Socialist Party of Venezuela , won all seats in the assembly by default. On 8 August 2017, the ANC declared itself to be the government branch with supreme power in Venezuela, banning the opposition-led National Assembly from performing actions that would interfere with

5016-470: Was a plot between Colombia, the CIA and exiled Venezuelan politician Julio Borges to oust Maduro. Humanitarian aid intended for Venezuela was also stockpiled on the Brazilian border, and two indigenous Pemon people were killed as they attempted to block military vehicles from entering the area, when members of armed forces loyal to Maduro fired upon them with live ammunition. Guaidó issued an ultimatum to

5092-491: Was a political crisis concerning the leadership and the legitimate president of Venezuela between 2019 and 2023, with the nation and the world divided in support for Nicolás Maduro or Juan Guaidó . Venezuela is engulfed in a political and economic crisis which has led to more than seven million people leaving the country since 2015. The process and results of the 2018 presidential elections were widely disputed. The opposition-majority National Assembly declared Maduro

5168-451: Was confused for a protester was killed in San José de Cotiza by members of a colectivo , who stole her phone. On 22 January, Vice President Mike Pence called Guaidó personally and assured him that the United States would support his declaration. On 23 January, Guaidó swore to serve as acting president. On that morning, Guaidó tweeted, "The world's eyes are on our homeland today." On that day, millions of Venezuelans demonstrated across

5244-458: Was invoked after the death of Hugo Chávez in 2013, which took place soon after his inauguration, and extraordinary elections were called within thirty days. Invoked by the National Assembly, Guaidó was declared acting president until elections could be held; Diego A. Zambrano, an assistant professor of law at Stanford Law School , says that "Venezuelan lawyers disagree on the best reading of this provision. Some argue Guaidó can serve longer if

5320-589: Was not a humanitarian crisis and that such claims were used to justify foreign intervention. Maduro's refusal of aid worsened the effects of Venezuela's crisis. During the presidential crisis, Maduro initially refused aid, stating that Venezuela is not a country of "beggars". Guaidó made bringing humanitarian aid to the country a priority. In early February, Maduro prevented the American-sponsored aid from entering Venezuela via Colombia, and Venezuela's communications minister, Jorge Rodriguez, said there

5396-454: Was pressured to step down by nations and bodies including the Lima Group (excluding Mexico), the United States and the OAS ; this pressure was increased after the new National Assembly of Venezuela was sworn in on 5 January 2019. Between the May 2018 presidential election and Maduro's inauguration, there were calls to establish a transitional government. Signs of impending crisis showed when

5472-568: Was reached. In July 2019 negotiations started again in Barbados with representatives from both sides. In September, Guaidó announced the end of dialogue following a forty-day absence by the Maduro government as a protest against the recent sanctions by the United States . In March 2020, the United States proposed a transitional government that would exclude both Maduro and Guaidó from the presidency. U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said that sanctions did not apply to humanitarian aid during

5548-652: Was supported by Turkey, Russia, China, and the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America ( ALBA ). In December 2018, Guaidó had traveled to Washington, D.C., met with OAS Secretary General Luis Almagro . On 14 January 2019, he traveled to Colombia for a Lima Group meeting, in which Maduro's mandate was rejected. According to an article in El País , the January Lima Group meeting and

5624-426: Was supported by Turkey, Russia, China, and the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America ( ALBA ). Guaidó announced a public assembly, referred to as an open cabildo , on 11 January, a rally in the streets of Caracas, where Guaidó spoke on behalf of the National Assembly saying that the country had fallen into a de facto dictatorship and had no leader. Guaidó said that the National Assembly would "take

5700-581: Was trying to order others to take the country's assets, and saying that its basic rights were being disregarded in a campaign to unseat Maduro. Brazil's vice president said it would not permit its territory to be used to invade Venezuela, and the European Union cautioned against the use of military force. The Lima Group rejected the use of force as well. The US FAA warned pilots not to fly below 26,000 feet over Venezuela, and US military officials said they had flown reconnaissance flights off

5776-500: Was withdrawing its diplomatic mission . In other words, the Estrada Doctrine states that Mexico should not make positive or negative judgements about the governments, or changes in government, of other nations, because such an action would imply a breach to their sovereignty . In addition, the doctrine is based on the universally-recognized principles of self-determination and non-intervention , which are considered essential for mutual respect and cooperation amongst nations. During

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