The Old Mosque ( Turkish : Eski Camii ), also known as Grand Mosque ( Turkish : Ulucami ), is an early 15th-century Ottoman mosque in Edirne , Turkey.
57-401: It was built from the order of Emir Süleyman , and completed under the rule of his brother, Sultan Mehmet I . The mosque is located in the historical center of the city, near the market and close to other prominent historical mosques, Selimiye Mosque and Üç Şerefeli Mosque . The mosque is covered by 9 domes supported on four columns. The mosque had originally a single minaret , the taller one
114-580: A famous Muslim Sufi and charismatic theologian. He was an eminent Ulema , born of a Greek mother and a Muslim father in Simavna (Kyprinos) southwest of Edirne (formerly Adrianople ). Mehmed's brother Musa had made Bedreddin his " qadi of the army," or the supreme judge. Bedreddin created a populist religious movement in the Ottoman Sultanate, "subversive conclusions promoting the suppression of social differences between rich and poor as well as
171-588: A longer list, see the places of interest in Bursa . Bursa, initially home to a small Romaniote Jewish community, underwent a demographic shift with the arrival of Sephardic Jews who were expelled from the Iberian Peninsula in the late 15th century. The Sephardic majority quickly absorbed the Romaniotes, leading to a cultural and numerical dominance. Judaeo-Spanish became the daily language, and
228-561: A school and one a refectory for the poor, both of which he endowed with royal munificence. Mehmed I had three known consorts: Mehmed I had at least five sons: Mehmed I had at least eight daughters: [REDACTED] Media related to Mehmed I at Wikimedia Commons Bursa Bursa ( Turkish pronunciation: [ˈbuɾsa] ) is a city in northwestern Turkey and the administrative center of Bursa Province . The fourth-most populous city in Turkey and second-most populous in
285-400: A stop or station for public transit is 18 min, while 31% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip on public transit is 8.1 km (5.0 mi), while 17% travel for over 12 km (7.5 mi) in a single direction. Bursa has two public universities and one private university. Uludağ University , founded in 1975, is
342-587: Is Yeşil Bursa (" Green Bursa ") referring to the parks and gardens located across the city, as well as to the vast, varied forests of the surrounding region. Bursa has a rather orderly urban growth and borders a fertile plain. The mausoleums of the early Ottoman sultans are located in Bursa, and the city's main landmarks include numerous edifices built throughout the Ottoman period. Bursa also has thermal baths , old Ottoman mansions, palaces, and several museums. Mount Uludağ , known in classical antiquity as
399-427: Is 20 mi (32 km) away from the city centre. The citizens of Bursa also prefer Istanbul's airports such as Istanbul Airport and Sabiha Gökçen International Airport for flights to foreign countries, due to Istanbul's proximity to Bursa. There are numerous daily bus and ferry services between the two cities. The 8.8 km (5.5 mi) long Bursa Uludağ Gondola ( Turkish : Teleferik ) connects Bursa with
456-560: Is a chronic problem in Bursa. Bursa is the largest production centre of the Turkish automotive industry . Factories of motor vehicle producers like Fiat , Renault and Karsan , as well as automotive parts producers like Bosch , Mako , Valeo , Johnson Controls , Delphi have been active in the city for decades. The textile and food industries are equally strong, with Coca-Cola , Pepsi Cola and other beverage brands, as well as fresh and canned food industries being present in
513-464: Is called the Green Mosque . Mehmed I also completed another mosque in Bursa, which his grandfather Murad I had commenced but which had been neglected during the reign of Bayezid . He was also known for his janissary reforms and architectural skills reflected in the tomb of his parents . Mehmed founded in the vicinity of his own Green Mosque and mausoleum two other characteristic institutions, one
570-555: Is designed to feel peaceful and contemplative. The subdivisions of space formed by multiple domes and pillars create a sense of privacy and even intimacy. This atmosphere contrasts with the later Ottoman mosques (see for example the works of Suleiman the Magnificent 's chief architect, Mimar Sinan .) The mosques that were built after the conquest of Constantinople ( Istanbul ) by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, and influenced by
627-443: Is located on Mount Uludağ , just next to the city proper. Bursa's thermal baths have been used for therapeutical purposes since Roman times. Apart from the baths that are operated by hotels, Uludağ University has a physical therapy centre which also makes use of thermal water. Bursa has a metro ( Bursaray ), trams and a bus system for inner-city public transport, while taxi cabs are also available. Bursa's Yenişehir Airport
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#1732772964894684-516: Is still a major centre for textiles in Turkey and is home to the Bursa International Textiles and Trade Centre ( Bursa Uluslararası Tekstil ve Ticaret Merkezi , or BUTTIM ). Bursa was also known for its fertile soil and agricultural activities, which have decreased in the recent decades due to the heavy industrialization of the city. Bursa is a major centre for tourism. One of the most popular skiing resorts in Turkey
741-683: Is widely known as the "second founder" of the Ottoman Sultanate. Soon after Mehmed began his reign, his brother Mustafa Çelebi , who had originally been captured along with their father Bayezid I during the Battle of Ankara and held captive in Samarkand , hiding in Anatolia during the Interregnum, reemerged and asked Mehmed to partition the empire with him. Mehmed refused and met Mustafa's forces in battle, easily defeating them. Mustafa escaped to
798-616: The 4th most populous city in Turkey . The city has traditionally been a pole of attraction, and was a major centre for refugees from various ethnic backgrounds who immigrated to Anatolia from the Balkans during the loss of the Ottoman territories in Europe between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The most recent arrival of Balkan Turks took place between the 1940s and 1990s, when
855-495: The Battle of Çamurlu . Before his death, to secure passing the throne safely to his son Murad II, Mehmed blinded his nephew Orhan Çelebi (son of Süleyman), and decided to send his two sons Yusuf and Mahmud to be held as a hostage by Emperor Manuel II , hoping to ensure the continuing custody of his brother Mustafa. He was buried in Bursa, in a mausoleum erected by himself near the celebrated mosque which he built there, and which, because of its decorations of green glazed tiles,
912-656: The Marmara Region , Bursa is one of the industrial centers of the country. Most of Turkey's automotive production takes place in Bursa. As of 2019, the Metropolitan Province was home to 3,056,120 inhabitants, 2,161,990 of whom lived in the 3 city urban districts ( Osmangazi , Yıldırım and Nilüfer ) plus Gürsu and Kestel . Bursa was the first major and second overall capital of the Ottoman State between 1335 and 1363. A more recent nickname
969-533: The Mysian Olympus or alternatively Bithynian Olympus , towers over the city, and has a well-known ski resort . The shadow play characters Karagöz and Hacivat are based on historic personalities who lived and died in Bursa in the 14th century. The earliest known human settlement near Bursa's current location was at Ilıpınar Höyüğü around 5200 BC. It was followed by the ancient Greek city of Cius , which Philip V of Macedon granted to Prusias I ,
1026-583: The People's Republic of Bulgaria expelled approximately 150,000 Bulgarian Turks to Turkey. About one-third of these 150,000 Bulgarian Turkish refugees eventually settled in Bursa (especially in the Hürriyet neighbourhood). With the construction of new industrial zones in the period between 1980 and 2000, many people from the eastern provinces of Turkey came and settled in Bursa. The area covered by Bursa corresponds to 1.41% of Turkey 's land area, which makes
1083-781: The Rûm Eyalet (central northern Anatolia ), recently conquered from its Eretnid rulers. On 20 July 1402, his father Bayezid was defeated in the Battle of Ankara by the Turko-Mongol conqueror and ruler Timur . The brothers (with the exception of Mustafa , who was captured and taken along with Bayezid to Samarkand ) were rescued from the battlefield, Mehmed being saved by Bayezid Pasha , who took him to his hometown of Amasya . Mehmed later made Bayezid Pasha his grand vizier (1413–1421). The early Ottoman Empire had no regulated succession , and according to Turkish tradition, every son could succeed his father. Of Mehmed's brothers,
1140-611: The Süper Lig (Super League), the top-tier of Turkish football, until finishing 16th at the end of the 2018–19 Süper Lig season and being relegated to the TFF First League . A few years earlier, Bursaspor had managed to become the Turkish champions at the end of the 2009–10 Süper Lig season, thereby becoming the second Anatolian club to ever win the Süper Lig championship title after Trabzonspor. Henceforth, Bursaspor
1197-626: The Timsah Arena (meaning "Crocodile Arena", crocodile being the mascot of the team), which has a seating capacity of 45,000. The city has three professional basketball teams in the Turkish Basketball League , Bursaspor and Tofaş S.K. , which is among the most successful teams. The club plays its games at the Tofaş Nilüfer Sports Hall . Also, Final Spor plays in the second division. The current mayor of
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#17327729648941254-622: The Young Turk government . This worsened the situation of the native Greeks of Bursa, who had managed to survive through the attacks and boycotts of 1914. A short time later, deportation orders came for Bursa's Armenians. Protestant Armenians were initially spared from deportation, but villagers that tried to resist were massacred. Most of the deportees would perish in what became known as the Armenian Genocide . Subsequently, large numbers of Kurds and Circassians, as well as Syrians from
1311-400: The kaftans , pillows, embroidery and other silk products for the Ottoman palaces until the 17th century. Devshirme system was also implemented in Bursa and its surroundings where it was negotiated between the authorities and locals. For example, during the 1603-4 levy, the villagers of a Christian village called Eğerciler , in Bursa, declared that they were responsible for providing sheep to
1368-468: The Berut synagogue. Bursa also had a Jewish cemetery until recently. Though never a major center, Bursa's Jewish population fluctuated. Dubious data suggests 683 families in 1571/72, dropping to 141 by 1696/97. By 1883, there were 2,179 Jews, with an influx of 400 from Akkerman in 1887. Pre- World War I , the population reached 3,500, but emigration reduced it to 140 by the early 21st century. Engaged in
1425-807: The Bursa Metropolitan Municipality Mustafa Bozbey is elected from the main opposition party (CHP) in March 2024. Alinur Aktaş from the Justice and Development Party (AKP) was in office between 2019 and 2024, the AKP coalition won 49.6% of the vote against the CHP coalition which got 47% of the vote. Ulu Cami is the largest mosque in Bursa and a landmark of early Ottoman architecture , which incorporated many elements from Seljuk architecture. Ordered by Sultan Bayezid I ,
1482-516: The Byzantine city of Thessaloniki , but after an agreement with Mehmed, the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaiologos exiled Mustafa to the island of Lemnos . However, Mehmed still faced some problems, first being the problem of his nephew Orhan, who Mehmed perceived as a threat to his rule, much like his late brothers had been. There was allegedly a plot involving him by Manuel II Palaiologos , who tried to use Orhan against Sultan Mehmed; however,
1539-811: The European part of the empire (the area dividing the Anatolian and European sides of the empire, Constantinople and the surrounding region, was still held by the Byzantine Empire ), becoming Mehmed I. He consolidated his power, made Edirne the most important of the dual capitals, and conquered parts of Albania , the Jandarid emirate, and the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia from the Mamluks . Taking his many achievements into consideration, Mehmed
1596-616: The King of Bithynia , in 202 BC. King Prusias rebuilt the city with the advice of general Hannibal of Carthage , who took refuge with Prusias after losing the war with the Roman Republic and renamed it Prusa ( Ancient Greek : Προῦσα ; sometimes rendered as Prussa ). After 128 years of Bithynian rule, Nicomedes IV , the last King of Bithynia , bequeathed the entire kingdom to the Roman Empire in 74 BC. An early Roman Treasure
1653-591: The Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman sultan Bayezid I built the Bayezid Külliyesi (Bayezid I theological complex) in Bursa between 1390 and 1395 and the Ulu Cami (Grand Mosque) between 1396 and 1400. After Bayezid was defeated in the Battle of Ankara by the forces of Timur in 1402, the latter's grandson, Muhammad Sultan Mirza , had the city pillaged and burned. Despite this, Bursa remained as
1710-493: The Ottoman presence in Europe by the conquest of Wallachia in 1415. Venice destroyed his fleet off Gallipoli in 1416 as the Ottomans lost a naval war. Mehmed was born in 1386 or 1387 as the fourth son of Sultan Bayezid I ( r. 1389–1402 ) and one of his consorts, the slave girl Devlet Hatun . Following Ottoman custom, when he reached adolescence in 1399, he was sent to gain experience as provincial governor over
1767-466: The barriers between different forms of monotheism." Successfully developing a popular social revolution and syncretism of the various religions and sects of the empire, Bedreddin's movement began in the European side of the empire and underwent further expansion in western Anatolia. In 1416, Sheikh Bedreddin started his rebellion against the throne. After a four-year struggle, he was finally captured by Mehmed's grand vizier Bayezid Pasha and hanged in
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1824-460: The capital, and the children of the village were very much needed as shepherds. They asserted that even though they were not obliged to give any children to the army, the officers took some anyway, and that they should be returned. The villagers’ claim that it was in tremendous need of future shepherds was taken seriously by the state, and a decree commanded the return of the children. Bursa was also notable for its numerous hammams (bath) built during
1881-551: The city 27th in the country in terms of land area. Bursa stands on the northwestern slopes of Mount Uludağ (known as the Mysian Olympus in classical antiquity), on the banks of the Nilüfer River , in the southern Marmara Region . It is the capital city of Bursa Province , which borders the Sea of Marmara and Yalova to the north; Kocaeli and Sakarya to the northeast; Bilecik to the east; and Kütahya and Balıkesir to
1938-542: The city of Serres , a city in modern-day Greece , in 1420. The reign of Mehmed I as sultan of the re-united empire lasted only eight years before his death, but he had also been the most powerful brother contending for the throne and de facto ruler of most of the empire for nearly the whole preceding period of 11 years of the Ottoman Interregnum that passed between his father's captivity at Ankara and his own final victory over his brother Musa Çelebi at
1995-464: The city's organized industrial zones. Apart from its large automotive industry, Bursa also produces a substantial amount of dairy products (by Sütaş ), processed food (by Tat ), and beverages (by Uludağ ). Traditionally, Bursa was famous for being the largest centre of silk trade in the Byzantine and later the Ottoman empires, during the period of the lucrative Silk Road . The city
2052-517: The community paid its poll tax through the representative, the kahya . Throughout the Ottoman period, most Jews resided in Kuruçeşme, Bursa's Jewish quarter, home to three synagogues . Etz Chaim (Eṣ Ḥayyim), the oldest, predated Ottoman conquest , while the Gerush and Mayor synagogues were established by Sephardic newcomers. Despite the 1851 fire destroying Etz Chaim, the other two remain, along with
2109-530: The design of the 6th century Byzantine basilica of Hagia Sophia , had increasingly elevated and large central domes, which create a vertical emphasis that is intended to be more overwhelming; to convey the divine power of Allah, the majesty of the Ottoman Sultan, and the governmental authority of the Ottoman State. A brief list of the places of interest in and around Bursa is presented below. For
2166-601: The early Ottoman Empire following its capture from the Byzantines in 1326. As a result, the city witnessed a considerable amount of urban growth such as the building of hospitals, caravanserais and madrasas throughout the 14th century, with the first official Ottoman mint established in the city. After conquering Edirne (Adrianople) in East Thrace , the Ottomans turned it into the new capital city in 1363, but Bursa retained its spiritual and commercial importance in
2223-427: The eldest, Ertuğrul, had died in 1400, while the next in line, Mustafa, was a prisoner of Timur. Leaving aside the underage siblings, this left four princes—Mehmed, Süleyman , İsa , and Musa , to contend over control of the remaining Ottoman territories in the civil war known as the " Ottoman Interregnum ". In modern historiography, these princes are usually called by the title Çelebi , but in contemporary sources,
2280-497: The event with the following words: "The Infantry had come through and set fire to the station. We saw an English general on horseback, who ordered the fire to be put out because if Bursa were burned, it would be harming Greece". Following the foundation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, Bursa became one of the industrial centres of the country. The economic development of the city was followed by population growth, and Bursa became
2337-514: The local economy, Bursa's Jews were shop owners and involved in guilds. In the 16th and 17th centuries, they excelled in textile manufacturing, silk trade, goldsmithing , and finance. Despite economic struggles in the 18th and 19th centuries, a 1886 report highlighted poverty. Bursa faced blood libels in 1592 and 1865. Despite its size, the community produced renowned halakhic scholars across centuries. Modern schooling arrived in 1886 with Alliance Israélite Universelle , but it closed in 1923 during
Old Mosque, Edirne - Misplaced Pages Continue
2394-416: The mosque was designed and built by architect Ali Neccar in 1396–1400. It is a large and rectangular building, with a total of twenty domes that are arranged in four rows of five, and are supported by 12 columns. Supposedly the twenty domes were built instead of the twenty separate mosques which Sultan Bayezid I had promised for winning the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396. The mosque has two minarets . Inside
2451-427: The mosque, there are 192 monumental wall inscriptions written by the famous calligraphers of that period. There is also a fountain ( şadırvan ) where worshipers can perform ritual ablutions before prayer; the dome over the şadırvan is capped by a skylight which creates a soft, serene light below; thus playing an important role in the illumination of the large building. The horizontally spacious and dimly lit interior
2508-414: The most important administrative and commercial centre in the empire until Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453. The population of Bursa was 45,000 in 1487. During the Ottoman period, Bursa continued to be the source of most royal silk products. Aside from the local silk production, the city imported raw silk from Iran , and occasionally from China , and was the main production centre for
2565-468: The oldest institution of higher education in the city. Founded first as the Bursa University then renamed Uludağ University in 1982, the university has a student body of 47,000, one of the largest in Turkey. Bursa Technical University is the second public university of Bursa and was established in 2010, beginning education in the 2011–2012 academic year. The first private university in Bursa
2622-546: The reign of Suleiman such as the Yeni Kaplıca. From 1867 until 1922, Bursa was the capital of Hüdavendigâr vilayet . As it was a significant cultural and trade hub, traders, most of whom were Armenians, became very wealthy. The most influential study of Bursa's silk trade and economic history is the work of Ottomanist Halil İnalcık . In July 1915, thousands of Greek Orthodox Christians sought refuge in Bursa after having been forced out of their coastal villages by orders of
2679-606: The ski resort areas 1,870 m (6,140 ft) high on the mountain Uludağ . The only railway station in Bursa is the Harmancık station on the Balıkesir - Kütahya railway, which was opened in 1930. The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Bursa, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 62 min. 12% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at
2736-600: The south, were settled in the homes and towns of the deported Christians, radically altering the demographic composition of the town and region. According to Mustafa Zahit Oner, in the last days of the Greco-Turkish War in 1922, the Greek Army attempted to burn the center of Bursa however they were stopped by the allied commanders and were only able to burn the train station together with Turkish civilians in it. The Cretan artilleryman Vasilios Moustakis describes
2793-528: The south. Bursa has a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification : Csa ) under the Köppen classification, and a dry-hot summer subtropical climate (Csa) under the Trewartha classification. The city has hot, dry summers that last from June until September. Winters are cool and damp, also containing the most rainfall. There can be snow on the ground which will last for a week or two. Air pollution
2850-399: The sultan found out about the plot and had Orhan blinded for betrayal, according to a common Byzantine practice. Furthermore, as a result of the Battle of Ankara and other civil wars, the population of the empire had become unstable and traumatized. A very powerful social and religious movement arose in the empire and became disruptive. The movement was led by Sheikh Bedreddin (1359–1420),
2907-537: The title is reserved for Mehmed and Musa. The Byzantine sources translated the title as Kyritzes (Κυριτζής), which was in turn adopted into Turkish as kirişçi , sometimes misinterpreted as güreşçi , "the wrestler". During the early interregnum, Mehmed Çelebi behaved as Timur's vassal. Beside the other princes, Mehmed minted coin which Timur's name appeared as "Demur han Gürgân" (تيمور خان كركان), alongside his own as "Mehmed bin Bayezid han" (محمد بن بايزيد خان). This
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#17327729648942964-514: Was found near Bursa in the early 20th century. Composed of a woman's silver toilet articles, it is now in the British Museum . Under Byzantine rule, the town became a garrison city in 562, where imperial guards were stationed. Already by the mid-6th century, Bursa was known as a famous silk textile manufacturing centre. Bursa (from the Greek "Prusa") became the first major capital city of
3021-582: Was later built by Murat II . The mosque without a courtyard is entered through three doors. Inside the mosque large calligraphy works can be seen. (See also: Ottoman architectural decoration ) This article about a mosque or other Islamic place of worship in Turkey is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Mehmet I Mehmed I ( c. 1386/7 – 26 May 1421), also known as Mehmed Çelebi ( Ottoman Turkish : چلبی محمد , "the noble-born") or Kirişçi ( Greek : Κυριτζής , romanized : Kyritzis , "lord's son"),
3078-488: Was often considered to be one of the five biggest football clubs in Turkey, along with Galatasaray , Fenerbahçe, Beşiktaş and Trabzonspor. The club's relegation to the TFF First League at the end of the 2018–19 season was a major shock for its fans and became a first in the history of Turkish football. Never had a club which had won the Süper Lig championship title been relegated. Bursaspor plays its home games at
3135-575: Was probably an attempt on Mehmed's part to justify to Timur his conquest of Bursa after the Battle of Ulubad . After Mehmed established himself in Rum , Timur had already begun preparations for his return to Central Asia, and took no further steps to interfere with the status quo in Anatolia. After winning the Interregnum , Mehmed crowned himself sultan in the Thracian city of Edirne that lay in
3192-712: Was the Bursa Orhangazi University , which started education in the 2012–2013 academic year. However, Orhangazi University was shut down by the Turkish government after the failed coup attempt of July 2016. Istanbul Commerce University has opened graduate programs in Bursa in 2013. The vocational high schools, Bursa Sports High School , and Bursa Agriculture Vocational High School , are located in Osmangazi district. The city has one professional football club, Bursaspor , which formerly competed in
3249-522: Was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1413 to 1421. Son of Sultan Bayezid I and his concubine Devlet Hatun , he fought with his brothers over control of the Ottoman realm in the Ottoman Interregnum (1402–1413). Starting from the province of Rûm he managed to bring first Anatolia and then the European territories ( Rumelia ) under his control, reuniting the Ottoman state by 1413, and ruling it until his death in 1421. Called "The Restorer," he reestablished central authority in Anatolia, and he expanded
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