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44-497: The earliest accounts record the family's beginnings in the pagus Attoariensis around Dijon in northern Burgundy . In the mid-7th century a duke of the region named Amalgar and his wife Aquilina are noticed as major founders and patrons of monasteries. King Dagobert I and his father made donations to them to recover their loyalty and compensate them for the losses that they had sustained as supporters of Queen Brunhild and her grandson, Sigebert II . Amalgar and his wife founded

88-718: A Germanic tribe mentioned by Tacitus in the Germania . According to him, they dwelt to the north of the Chamavi and Angrivarii , who dwelt in turn to the north of the Bructeri, between Ems and Weser, however the name of the Chasuarii most often is interpreted to mean "dwellers on the Hase [river]", a tributary to the Ems . The second century geographer Claudius Ptolemy mentions that

132-475: A convent at Brégille and an abbey at Bèze , installing a son and daughter in the abbacies. They were succeeded by their third child, Adalrich, who was the father of Adalrich , Duke of Alsace . This second Adalrich was the first to secure the ducal title. His name, Eticho, a variation of Adalrich, is used by modern scholars as the name of the family. Under the Etichonids, Alsace was generally divided into

176-455: A doubtful, valour as an unfailing, resource; and what is most unusual, and only given to systematic discipline, they rely more on the general than on the army. Their whole strength is in their infantry, which, in addition to its arms, is laden with iron tools and provisions. Other tribes you see going to battle, the Chatti to a campaign. Seldom do they engage in mere raids and casual encounters. It

220-458: A great name, Africa a greater one:     Scipio the victor has one, and Metellus has the other.   Germany granted a nobler name when the Rhine had been subdued,     and even as a boy, Caesar, you were worthy of this name.   Your brother earned Idumaean triumphs together with your father,     but the laurel given for

264-483: A northern and a southern county, Nordgau and Sundgau . These counties, as well as the monasteries of the duchy, were brought under tighter control of the dukes with the rise of the Etichonids. There exists scholarly debate concerning whether or not the Etichonids were in conflict or alliance with the Carolingians , but it is possible that they were both: opponents of the extension of Charles Martel 's authority in

308-552: Is a nation of Germanic tribes also mentioned by Tacitus as living in inland Germany. Some commentators believe that Caesar's Suebi were therefore possibly the same as the later Chatti, a branch of the Suebian movement of people who had become more clearly identifiable. If not, then the Chatti may represent a survival of an older tribal name, as opposed to the Tencteri , Usipetes , and Ubii who were all were forced from homelands in

352-662: Is apparently preserved in the medieval and modern name of Hesse in Germany, which is a name that already appears early. In 723 for example, the Anglo-Saxon missionary Winfrid —subsequently called St. Boniface , Apostle of the Germans—proselytizing among the Hessians (Hessorum), felled their sacred tree, Thor's Oak , near Fritzlar , as part of his efforts to convert them and other Germanic tribes to Christianity. At

396-472: Is assumed to be in the wider neighbourhood of Fritzlar north of the river Eder . The Chatti were opponents of the emperor Domitian in 84 CE, and were allies of Lucius Antonius Saturninus in his revolt of 89 CE. They appear again during the build up to the Marcomannic wars , first attacking southwards towards Germania superior and Raitia in what is now southern Germany, in 162, and then while

440-429: Is indeed the peculiarity of a cavalry force quickly to win and as quickly to yield a victory. Fleetness and timidity go together; deliberateness is more akin to steady courage. Tacitus also notes that like other Germanic tribes, the Chatti took an interest in traditions concerning haircuts and beards. A practice, rare among the other German tribes, and simply characteristic of individual prowess, has become general among

484-599: Is no consensus about any connection between the Chattuarii and either the similar-sounding Chatti or, less likely, the Chasuarii , who both lived in a similar region of Germany, and are also mentioned in Roman era texts. The Chattuari appear again in the historical record in the 4th century, living on the Rhine and one of the first tribes to be known as Franks . Ammianus Marcellinus reports that Emperor Julian , crossed

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528-682: The pagus attuariorum (French Atuyer , comprising Oscheret at that time) south of Langres in the 3rd century. Under the Franks , the name of the Chattuari was used for what became two early medieval gaus on either side of the Rhine, north of the Ripuarian Franks , whose capital was in Cologne. On the eastern side, they were near the Ruhr river, and across the Rhine they settled near

572-753: The Chauci . To the east, the neighbours of the Chatti and Chauci were the Cherusci , who Tacitus describes as excessively peace-loving in his time. (Caesar had described the Suevi, not the Chatti, as living between the Ubii on the Rhine and a forest called the Bacenis, which separated them from the Cherusci. This is why Caesar's Suevi are sometimes thought to be Chatti.) The Chatti successfully resisted incorporation into

616-510: The Congress of Vienna the Elector of Hesse , restored with the fall of Napoleon , unsuccessfully attempted to get recognized as "King of the Chatti" - though by then the Chatti had long since ceased to exist as a distinct ethnic group Two tribes in northern Germany have names that are sometimes compared to the Chatti. The Chattuarii , whose name appears to mean that they are dwellers upon

660-603: The Frisians to fight against a Geatish raiding force from what is now Sweden. The Geats are defeated and their king Hygelac is killed. Beowulf the hero of the story is the only person to escape. According to Widsith , the Hætwera were ruled by Hun. Chatti The Chatti (also Chatthi or Catti ) were an ancient Germanic tribe whose homeland was near the upper Weser ( Visurgis ) river. They lived in central and northern Hesse and southern Lower Saxony , along

704-799: The Niers river, between the Maas and the Rhine, where the Romans had much earlier settled the Germanic Cugerni . This western gau (Dutch: Hettergouw , German: Hattuarien ) is mentioned in the Treaty of Meerssen , in the year 870 AD. The Chattuarii may also appear in the Old English poem Beowulf as "Hetwaras" where they appear to form a league together with the Hugas (who may be the Chauci ) and

748-598: The Rhine in the area of the modern border between Germany and the Netherlands, but then moved southwards in the 4th century, as a Frankish tribe living on both sides of the Rhine. According to Velleius Paterculus , in 4 AD, the emperor Tiberius crossed the Rhine, first attacking a tribe which commentators interpret variously as the Cananefates or Chamavi , both being in the area of the modern Netherlands , then

792-664: The Roman Empire , joining the Cheruscan war leader Arminius ' coalition of tribes that annihilated Varus ' legions in 9 AD in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest . Germanicus later, in 15, raided their lands in revenge, but Rome eventually responded to the Chatti's belligerent defense of their independence by building the limes border fortifications along the southern boundary of their lands in central Hesse during

836-563: The 720s when he first made war on Alemannia , but allies when the Alemanni, under Duke Theudebald invaded Alsace (which had a large Alemannic element in its population) in the early 740s. The last Etichonid duke, Liutfrid , may have died fighting Theudebald on behalf of Pepin the Short with his son, Hilfrid. Among the descendants of the Etichonids, in the female line were Hugh of Tours and his family, including his daughter Ermengard , who

880-501: The Chatti is Strabo , some time after 16 AD , who includes the Chatti in a listing of conquered Germanic tribes who were more settled and agricultural, but also poorer, than the nomadic tribes in central and eastern Germania such as the Suebi. They were poor because they had fought the Romans, and had been defeated and plundered. In his second book of Epigrams , Martial credited the emperor Domitian (51–96 AD ) as having overcome

924-548: The Chatti is totally yours." For the first century AD , Tacitus provides important information about the Chatti's part in the Germanic wars and certain elements of their culture. He says that: [The Chatti's] settlements begin at the Hercynian forest , where the country is not so open and marshy as in the other cantons into which Germany stretches. They are found where there are hills, and with them grow less frequent, for

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968-422: The Chatti lands, or else Chatti people, lived near the Rhine, probably between IJssel and Lippe . They came to be seen as Franks and apparently moved over the Rhine as a Frankish people, to settle into the corner of land between the Rhine and Maas rivers. The name of the Chattuarii is in turn, sometimes compared to another people called the Chasuarii mentioned by several classical authors. The Chasuarii were

1012-443: The Chatti, of letting the hair and beard grow as soon as they have attained manhood, and not till they have slain a foe laying aside that peculiar aspect which devotes and pledges them to valour. Over the spoiled and bleeding enemy they show their faces once more; then, and not till then, proclaiming that they have discharged the obligations of their birth, and proved themselves worthy of their country and of their parents. The coward and

1056-469: The Chatti:   "Creta dedit magnum, maius dedit Africa nomen,     Scipio quod uictor quodque Metellus habet;   nobilius domito tribuit Germania Rheno,     et puer hoc dignus nomine, Caesar, eras.   frater Idumaeos meruit cum patre triumphos,     quae datur ex Chattis laurea, tota tua est.   "Crete gave

1100-600: The Chattuari, and then the Bructeri between Ems and Lippe , somewhere to the north of the modern Ruhr district in Germany. This implies that the Chattuari lived somewhere in the west of Westphalia . Strabo mentions the Chattuari as one of the non-nomadic northern Germanic tribes in a group along with the Cherusci , the Chatti , and the Gamabrivii . He also contrasted them with other non-nomadic tribes supposedly near

1144-486: The Etichonids, including the Habsburgs . (Note: Here the numbering of the counts is the same for all states, as all were titled Counts of Alsace, despite the different parts of land and its particular numbering of the rulers.) Then Sundgau might have been given to the Habsburgs . Chattuarii The Chattuarii , also spelled Attoarii , were a Germanic tribe of the Franks . They lived originally north of

1188-510: The Hercynian forest keeps close till it has seen the last of its native Chatti. Hardy frames, close-knit limbs, fierce countenances, and a peculiarly vigorous courage, mark the tribe. For Germans, they have much intelligence and sagacity; they promote their picked men to power, and obey those whom they promote; they keep their ranks, note their opportunities, check their impulses, portion out the day, intrench themselves by night, regard fortune as

1232-720: The Ocean, the Sugambri, the "Chaubi", the Bructeri, and the Cimbri , "and also the Cauci , the Caülci, the Campsiani". Strabo listed them among the tribes who allied under the Cherusci , and were made poor after being defeated by Germanicus . They apparently appeared at his triumph in 17 AD along with the Caülci, Campsani, Bructeri, Usipi , Cherusci, Chatti, Landi, and Tubattii . There

1276-402: The Rhine and Danube had been trying to settle. It is possible that at first the Chatti moved into place on the Rhine, in the old territory of the Ubii. Cassius Dio describes Drusus establishing a fort in Chatti territory on the Rhine in 11 BC , and that in 10 BC they moved out of an area where the Romans had permitted them. To the north of the Chatti, Tacitus places the large area of

1320-656: The Rhine border from Xanten and... ...entered the district belonging to a Frank tribe, called the Attuarii, men of a turbulent character, who at that very moment were licentiously plundering the districts of Gaul. He attacked them unexpectedly while they were apprehensive of no hostile measures, but were reposing in fancied security, relying on the ruggedness and difficulty of the roads which led into their country, and which no prince within their recollection had ever penetrated. Some of them were also settled in France as laeti in

1364-582: The Suevi, who he describes as a considerable nation made up of many tribes, and the Chatti, who he described as one of the smaller Germanic tribes, and did not list among the Suevi. A century later, Pliny the Elder , in his Natural History (written 77–79 AD ) distinguished the Chatti and Suebi but grouped them together with the Hermunduri and the Cherusci , calling this group the Hermiones , which

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1408-469: The bigger battles were being fought they were repulsed together with the Hermunduri from the Rhine by Didius Julianus in 175. After the early third century AD , however, the Chatti virtually disappear from the sources and are only called upon as a topical element or when writing about events of the first century. Cassius Dio is most likely not only the first author to mention the Alamanni but also

1452-528: The early years of the first century. A major raid by the Chatti into Germania Superior was defeated decisively by the legions in 50 AD. In 58 AD the Chatti were defeated by the Hermunduri in a border dispute over a religiously significant river. Roman sources identify the fabled Mattium , beyond the Eder, as the capital of the Chatti. Destroyed by Germanicus, its location is not known today, but generally

1496-507: The first line, an unusual spectacle. Nor even in peace do they assume a more civilised aspect. They have no home or land or occupation; they are supported by whomsoever they visit, as lavish of the property of others as they are regardless of their own, till at length the feebleness of age makes them unequal to so stern a valour. Between the Rhine and the Chatti, Tacitus places the Tencteres and Usipetes , who apparently had been moved since

1540-536: The last one to record a historical appearance of the Chatti. Writing about the Germanic war of Caracalla in 213 AD , he has the emperor fight " Κέννους, Kελτικòν ἔθνος " ("the Kenni, a Celtic people"). This is taken from an excerpt of Dio in the writings of Joannes Xiphilinus , however, whereas the Fragmenta Valesiana refer to the same people as "Chattoi". The usage of "Kελτικός" for Germanic peoples

1584-555: The legendary "First King of the Franks". The story is told of the election of the first Frankish king. The much later Liber Historiæ Francorum says that after the death of Sunno , his brother Marcomer , leader of the Ampsivarii and Chatti, proposed to the Franks that they should have one single king, contrary to their tradition. The Liber adds that Pharamond , named as Marcomer's son, was chosen as this first king (thus beginning

1628-503: The mouth of the Rhine . While Julius Caesar (100–44 BC) was well informed about the regions and tribes on the eastern banks of the Rhine, he never mentioned the Chatti by name. In the same large geographical region he clearly named the Suebi as the residents in his time, suggesting that they had recently driven out Celts , and were in his time still threatening the regions around them. Strabo (64/63 BC – c. 24 AD), however, mentioned both

1672-495: The same region by the Suebic incursions. The first ancient writer to mention the Chatti is Velleius Paterculus. He mentioned them in 6 AD in his book 2, 109 (5): “Sentius Saturninus received the order to march with his legions through the area of the Chatti to Boiohaemum, which is the name of the area occupied by Maroboduus, cutting a passage through the Hercynian forest which bounded the region." The second ancient writer to mention

1716-505: The time of Caesar into the old homeland of the Ubii , who had in turn settled in Cologne . (Caesar had described these three tribes as under pressure from Suebi to their east, and attempting to move across the Rhine.) To the south, Tacitus also says that the Chatti's land is beyond the questionable lands, the so-called tithe lands, or agri decumates , that adventurers from the Roman sides of

1760-539: The tradition of long-haired kings of the Franks), and then states that when he died, his son Chlodio [428 AD] was raised up as the next king. The work says no more of him. The Chatti eventually may in any case have become a branch of the much larger neighboring Franks and their region was incorporated in the kingdom of Clovis I , probably with the Ripuarians , at the beginning of the sixth century. The Chatti name

1804-409: The unwarlike remain unshorn. The bravest of them also wear an iron ring (which otherwise is a mark of disgrace among the people) until they have released themselves by the slaughter of a foe. Most of the Chatti delight in these fashions. Even hoary-headed men are distinguished by them, and are thus conspicuous alike to enemies and to fellow-countrymen. To begin the battle always rests with them; they form

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1848-603: The upper reaches of that river and in the valleys and mountains of the Eder and Fulda regions, a district approximately corresponding to Hesse-Kassel , though probably somewhat more extensive. They settled within the region in the first century BC. According to Tacitus , the Batavians and Cananefates of his time, tribes living within the Roman Empire , were descended from part of the Chatti, who left their homeland after an internal quarrel drove them out, to take up new lands at

1892-427: Was an archaic tradition among Greek writers. After Cassius Dio, the name "Chattus" appears among others in a panegyric by Sidonius Apollinaris in the late fifth century, now as a poetic synonym for "Germanus". The last ancient source to mention the Chatti, if only in a quotation of Sulpicius Alexander describing events of the late fourth century, was Gregory of Tours . Allegedly the Chatti were associated with

1936-581: Was wife to Lothair I and thus mother to three Carolingian kings. In the 10th century, the Etichonids remained powerful in Alsace as counts, but their power was circumscribed significantly by the Ottonians ; by the 11th century, Pope Leo IX seemed unaware that his ancestors, the lords (or counts) of Dabo and Eguisheim for the previous half century were in fact the direct descendants of the last Etichonids. Many notable European families trace their lineage to

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