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42-554: The Etna Turpentine Camp Archeological Site is an abandoned turpentine camp near Inverness, Florida . Records indicate it was built in the early 1900s. It was discovered by accident when the Florida Gas Transmission Company was exploring a route for a possible pipeline. The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 10, 2009. The site is within territory held by

84-559: A center of the camphine industry. In cities, gas lighting was also available, but used by the upper classes. Camphine was the fuel of the average family. Zallen reports that after Ft. Sumter , turpentine producers were cut off from major markets. Emancipation left them without manpower to collect and process turpentine. The camps were flammable. Many were burned in William Tecumseh Sherman 's march from Savannah to Goldsboro . Crude turpentine collected from

126-452: A chest rub or inhaler for nasal and throat ailments. Vicks chest rubs still contain turpentine in their formulations, although not as an active ingredient. Turpentine, now understood to be dangerous for consumption, was a common medicine among seamen during the Age of Discovery . It was one of several products carried aboard Ferdinand Magellan 's fleet during the first circumnavigation of

168-532: A form of industrial contact dermatitis . Rosin is an ingredient in printing inks , photocopying and laser printing paper, varnishes , adhesives (glues), soap , paper sizing , soda , soldering fluxes , and sealing wax . Rosin can be used as a glazing agent in medicines and chewing gum . It is denoted by E number E915. A related glycerol ester (E445) can be used as an emulsifier in soft drinks . In pharmaceuticals , rosin forms an ingredient in several plasters and ointments. In industry, rosin

210-405: A large scale, rosin is treated by destructive distillation for the production of rosin spirit, pinoline and rosin oil . The last enters into the composition of some of the solid lubricating greases , and is also used as an adulterant of other oils. The chief region of rosin production includes Indonesia , southern China (such as Guangdong , Guangxi , Fujian , Yunnan and Jiangxi ), and

252-446: A solvent, turpentine is used for thinning oil-based paints , for producing varnishes , and as a raw material for the chemical industry. Its use as a solvent in industrialized nations has largely been replaced by the much cheaper turpentine substitutes obtained from petroleum such as white spirit . A solution of turpentine and beeswax or carnauba wax has long been used as a furniture wax. Spirits of turpentine, called camphine ,

294-408: A surface against which glass is polished when making optical components such as lenses . Rosin is added in small quantities to traditional linseed oil /sand gap fillers ("mastic"), used in building work. When mixed with waxes and oils, rosin is the main ingredient of mystic smoke , a gum which, when rubbed and suddenly stretched, appears to produce puffs of smoke from the fingertips. Rosin

336-403: Is a flux used in soldering . The lead - tin solder commonly used in electronics has 1 to 2% rosin by weight as a flux core, helping the molten metal flow and making a better connection by reducing the refractory solid oxide layer formed at the surface back to metal. It is frequently seen as a burnt or clear residue around new soldering. A mixture of pitch and rosin is used to make

378-439: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Turpentine Turpentine is composed of terpenes , primarily the monoterpenes alpha- and beta-pinene , with lesser amounts of carene , camphene , limonene , and terpinolene . Substitutes include white spirit or other petroleum distillates – although the constituent chemicals are very different. The word turpentine derives (via French and Latin ) from

420-443: Is a solid form of resin obtained from pine trees and other plants , mostly conifers , primarily through heating fresh liquid resin to vaporize the volatile liquid terpene components. Used widely in various industries and arts, rosin appears as a semi-transparent, brittle substance that ranges in color from yellow to black and melts at stove-top temperatures. Rosin consists mainly of resin acids , especially abietic acid , and

462-509: Is an FDA approved food additive. The name "colophony" originates from colophonia resina , Latin for "resin from Colophon " ( Ancient Greek : Κολοφωνία ῥητίνη , romanized :  Kolophōnía rhētínē ), an ancient Ionic city. Rosin is brittle and friable , with a faint piny odor. It is typically a glassy solid, though some rosins will form crystals , especially when brought into solution. The practical melting point varies with different specimens, some being semi-fluid at

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504-661: Is extensively used for its friction -increasing capacity in several fields: Other uses that are not based on friction: Rosin and its derivatives also exhibit wide-ranging pharmaceutical applications. Rosin derivatives show excellent film forming and coating properties. They are also used for tablet film and enteric coating purpose. Rosins have also been used to formulate microcapsules and nanoparticles. Glycerol , sorbitol , and mannitol esters of rosin are used as chewing gum bases for medicinal applications. The degradation and biocompatibility of rosin and rosin-based biomaterials has been examined in vitro and ex vivo . Rosin

546-446: Is largely employed in making varnishes (including fine violin varnishes), sealing wax and various adhesives . It is also used for preparing shoemakers' wax , for pitching lager beer casks , and numerous other purposes such as providing backing surfaces to tin ware, copper ware, or even silver and gold vessels when embossing or engraving them. Its relatively low melting point, and firm solid form allows liquid rosin to be poured into

588-548: Is run off through a tap at the bottom of the still, and purified by passing through straining wadding. Rosin varies in color, according to the age of the tree from which the turpentine is drawn and the degree of heat applied in distillation, from an opaque , almost pitch-black substance through grades of brown and yellow to an almost perfectly transparent colorless glassy mass. The commercial grades are numerous, ranging by letters from A (the darkest) to N (extra pale), superior to which are W (window glass) and WW (water-white) varieties,

630-401: Is simply melted, poured into a hollow thin-skinned object, and left to harden. Prolonged exposure to rosin fumes released during soldering can cause occupational asthma (formerly called colophony disease in this context) in sensitive individuals, although it is not known which component of the fumes causes the problem. The type of rosin used with bowed string instruments is determined by

672-462: Is soluble in alcohol , ether , benzene and chloroform . In addition to industrial applications such in as varnishes, adhesives, and sealing wax, it is crucial for musicians who play bowed string instruments to enhance bow grip, and it provides grip in various sports and activities. Rosin also serves as an ingredient in medicinal and pharmaceutical formulations and can cause contact dermatitis or occupational asthma in sensitive individuals. It

714-488: Is steamed for additional naphtha recovery prior to burning for energy recovery. After the solvent has been recovered, "the terpene oils are separated by fractional distillation and recovered mainly as refined turpentine, dipentene, and pine oil. The nonvolatile residue from the extract is wood rosin of rather dark color. Upgrading of the rosin is carried out by clarification methods that generally may include bed-filtering or furfural -treatment of rosin-solvent solution." On

756-506: Is the oleoresin of larch ), or the volatile oil part thereof, namely oil (spirit) of turpentine; the later usage is much more common today. Important pines for turpentine production include: maritime pine ( Pinus pinaster ), Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis ), Masson's pine ( Pinus massoniana ), Sumatran pine ( Pinus merkusii ), longleaf pine ( Pinus palustris ), loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda ), slash pine ( Pinus elliottii ), and ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa ). To tap into

798-429: Is the resinous constituent of the oleo-resin exuded by various species of pine , known in commerce as crude turpentine . The separation of the oleo-resin into the essential oil (spirit of turpentine) and common rosin is accomplished by distillation in large copper stills . The essential oil is carried off at a temperature of between 100 °C (212 °F)° and 160 °C (320 °F), leaving fluid rosin, which

840-603: The Greek word τερεβινθίνη terebinthine , in turn the feminine form (to conform to the feminine gender of the Greek word, which means 'resin') of an adjective (τερεβίνθινος) derived from the Greek noun (τερέβινθος) for the terebinth tree. Although the word originally referred to the resinous exudate of terebinth trees (e.g. Chios turpentine , Cyprus turpentine , and Persian turpentine ), it now refers to that of coniferous trees, namely crude turpentine (e.g. Venice turpentine

882-548: The departments of Gironde and Landes , where the maritime pine P. pinaster is extensively cultivated. In the north of Europe, rosin is obtained from the Scots pine P. sylvestris , and throughout European countries local supplies are obtained from other species of pine, with Aleppo pine P. halepensis being particularly important in the Mediterranean region. The fumes released during soldering have been cited as

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924-422: The lungs and respiratory system, as well as the central nervous system when inhaled, and cause damage to the renal system when ingested, among other things. Ingestion can cause burning sensations, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, confusion, convulsions, diarrhea, tachycardia , unconsciousness, respiratory failure, and chemical pneumonia . The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set

966-470: The 1840s camphine (also spelled camphene) became one of the dominant lamp fuels in the US. The pine trees of North Carolina were well suited to camphine production. The business also provided additional need for slaves as production expanded. Backwoods became more productive. Slaves were often leased in winter when agriculture was slower. The value of many was protected by life insurance . Wilmington became

1008-754: The Citrus Tract of the Withlacoochee State Forest . In mid-2018, construction of an extension of the Suncoast Parkway which was to go through this site was stopped abruptly due to lawsuits filed. The injunction halting construction was lifted less than a month later, allowing construction to proceed. This article about a property in Citrus County, Florida on the National Register of Historic Places

1050-413: The chief chemical components of turpentine. These pinenes are separated and purified by distillation. The mixture of diterpenes and triterpenes that is left as residue after turpentine distillation is sold as rosin . Turpentine and petroleum distillates such as coal oil and kerosene, were used in folk medicine for abrasions and wounds, as a treatment for lice , and when mixed with animal fat , as

1092-466: The diameter of the strings. Generally this means that the larger the instrument is, the softer the rosin should be. For instance, double bass rosin is generally soft enough to be pliable with slow movements. A cake of bass rosin left in a single position for several months will show evidence of flow, especially in warmer weather. Prolonged exposure to rosin, by handling rosin-coated products, such as laser printer or photocopying paper, can give rise to

1134-423: The globe . Taken internally it was used as a treatment for intestinal parasites . This is dangerous, due to the chemical's toxicity. Turpentine enemas , a very harsh purgative, had formerly been used for stubborn constipation or impaction. They were also given punitively to political dissenters in post-independence Argentina. As an organic solvent, turpentine's vapour can irritate the skin and eyes, damage

1176-520: The heavy naphtha fraction (boiling between 90 and 115 °C (194 and 239 °F)) from a crude oil refinery . Multi-stage counter-current extraction is commonly used. In this process, fresh naphtha first contacts wood leached in intermediate stages, and naphtha laden with rosin from intermediate stages contacts unleached wood before vacuum distillation to recover naphtha from the rosin, along with fatty acids , turpentine, and other constituents later separated through steam distillation . Leached wood

1218-403: The latter having about three times the value of the common qualities. Tall oil rosin is produced during the distillation of crude tall oil, a by-product of the kraft paper making process. When pine trees are harvested "the resinous portions of fallen or felled trees like longleaf and slash pines, when allowed to remain upon the ground, resist decay indefinitely." This "stump waste", through

1260-628: The legal limit ( permissible exposure limit ) for turpentine exposure in the workplace as 100 ppm (560 mg/m ) over an 8-hour workday. The same threshold was adopted by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as the recommended exposure limit (REL). At levels of 800 ppm (4480 mg/m3), turpentine is immediately dangerous to life and health . Rosin Rosin ( / ˈ r ɒ z ɪ n / ), also known as colophony or Greek pitch (Latin: pix graeca ),

1302-429: The light end of the heavy naphtha fraction (boiling between 90 and 115 °C or 195 and 240 °F) from a crude oil refinery . Such turpentine is called wood turpentine . Multi-stage counter-current extraction is commonly used so fresh naphtha first contacts wood leached in previous stages and naphtha laden with turpentine from previous stages contacts fresh wood before vacuum distillation to recover naphtha from

Etna Turpentine Camp Archeological Site - Misplaced Pages Continue

1344-527: The northern part of Vietnam . Chinese rosin is obtained mainly from the turpentine of Masson's pine Pinus massoniana and slash pine P. elliottii . The latter species is native to the southeastern U.S., but is now widely planted in tree plantations in China. The South Atlantic and eastern Gulf states of the United States is a second chief region of production. American rosin is obtained from

1386-495: The sap producing layers of the tree, harvesters used a series of hacks to remove the pine bark. Once debarked, pine trees secrete crude turpentine ( oleoresin ) onto the surface of the wound as a protective measure to seal the opening, resist exposure to micro-organisms and insects, and prevent vital sap loss. Harvesters wounded trees in V-shaped streaks down the length of the trunks to channel the crude turpentine into containers. It

1428-458: The temperature of boiling water, others melting at 100 to 120 °C (212 to 248 °F). It is very flammable, burning with a smoky flame, so care should be taken when melting it. It is soluble in alcohol , ether , benzene and chloroform . Rosin consists mainly of abietic acid , and combines with caustic alkalis to form salts ( rosinates or pinates ) that are known as rosin soaps . In addition to its extensive use in soap making , rosin

1470-442: The trees may be evaporated by steam distillation in a copper still. Molten rosin remains in the still bottoms after turpentine has been distilled out. Such turpentine is called gum turpentine . The term gum turpentine may also refer to crude turpentine, which may cause some confusion. Turpentine may alternatively be extracted from destructive distillation of pine wood, such as shredded pine stumps, roots, and slash, using

1512-537: The turpentine of longleaf pine Pinus palustris and loblolly pine P. taeda . In Mexico , most of the rosin is derived from live tapping of several species of pine trees, but mostly Pinus oocarpa , Pinus leiophylla , Pinus devoniana and Pinus montezumae . Most production is concentrated in the west-central state of Michoacán . The main source of supply in Europe is the French district of Landes , in

1554-566: The turpentine. Leached wood is steamed for additional naphtha recovery prior to burning for energy recovery . When producing chemical wood pulp from pines or other coniferous trees , sulfate turpentine may be condensed from the gas generated in Kraft process pulp digesters . The average yield of crude sulfate turpentine is 5–10 kg/t pulp. Unless burned at the mill for energy production, sulfate turpentine may require additional treatment measures to remove traces of sulfur compounds. As

1596-406: The use of destructive distillation or solvent processes, can be used to make products including rosin. This type of rosin is typically called wood rosin . Because the turpentine and pine oil from destructive distillation "become somewhat contaminated with other distillation products", solvent processes are commonly used. In this process, stumps and roots are chipped and soaked in the light end of

1638-481: The vessel, and when cooled allows embossing or engraving of the vessel without deforming the vessel - even if it has a skin which is quite thin. Afterwards, the object can be reheated in an oven, and the rosin poured out for reuse. Any remaining rosin film can easily be rinsed away with alcohol or other solvents. Rosin is also sometimes used as internal reinforcement for very thin skinned metal objects - like silver, copper or tin plate candlesticks, or sculptures, where it

1680-548: Was burned in lamps with glass chimneys in the 1830s through the 1860s. Turpentine blended with grain alcohol was known as burning fluid. Both were used as domestic lamp fuels, gradually replacing whale oil , until kerosene , gas lighting and electric lights began to predominate. Turpentine is also used as a source of raw materials in the synthesis of fragrant chemical compounds. Commercially used camphor , linalool , alpha-terpineol , and geraniol are all usually produced from alpha-pinene and beta-pinene , which are two of

1722-402: Was doubly distilled to make turpentine and rosin (aka resin)–hence the name tar heel . The trees were scored with a ledge called a "box" to collect the sap. Large numbers of enslaved people were used to score the trees, and collect and process the sap. Historian Jeremy B. Zallen describes this as industrial slavery, which was different from the more common instance of slaves in agriculture. By

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1764-543: Was then collected and processed into spirits of turpentine. Crude turpentine yield may be increased by as much as 40% by applying paraquat herbicides to the exposed wood. The V-shaped cuts are called "catfaces" for their resemblance to a cat's whiskers. These marks on a pine tree indicate it was used to collect resin for turpentine production. Turpentine (and rosin) are produced as naval stores . Pine trees especially in North Carolina were tapped for sap which

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