Misplaced Pages

#674325

60-605: Etowah Indian Mounds ( 9BR1 ) are a 54-acre (220,000 m) archaeological site in Bartow County, Georgia , south of Cartersville . Built and occupied in three phases, from 1000–1550 CE , the prehistoric site is located on the north shore of the Etowah River . Etowah Indian Mounds Historic Site is a designated National Historic Landmark , managed by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources . It

120-436: A 4-to-5-inch-diameter (100 to 130 mm) circle, which was filled with netting. This netting was made of wattup or deer sinew . The Iroquois and Eastern Woodland style sticks use a U-shape instead of a circle. These sticks were bent into shape after being softened through steaming, and lengths typically ranged from 2 to 5 feet (1.5 m). Lacrosse sticks often had elaborate carvings on them intended to help players in

180-457: A Canadian dentist , founded Montreal Lacrosse Club . He codified the game in 1867 to shorten the length of each game, reduce the number of players, use a redesigned stick, and use a rubber ball. The first game played under Beers' rules was at Upper Canada College in 1867. During the 1860s lacrosse became Canada's national summer game. The first overseas exhibition games were played in 1867. In 1876, Queen Victoria witnessed an exhibition game and

240-4336: A block code (A-K) within each county, with sequential numbers for each block. Hawaii uses a four-part identifier, "50" for the state, a two-digit code for the island, then a two-digit code to designate the USGS topographical quad, plus a four digit sequential site number for sites on each island. NN: One or two digit number, 1 though 16, identifying rectangles (15 ' USGS maps) in a quadrangle map. AA: Alamance (AM)  · Alexander (AX)  · Alleghany (AL)  · Anson (AN)  · Ashe (AH)  · Avery (Av)  · Beaufort (BF)  · Bertie (BR)  · Bladen (BL)  · Brunswick (BW)  · Buncombe (BN)  · Burke (BK)  · Cabarrus (CA)  · Caldwell (CW)  · Camden (CM)  · Carteret (CR)  · Caswell (CS)  · Catawba (CT)  · Chatham (CH)  · Cherokee (CE)  · Chowan (CO)  · Clay (CY)  · Cleveland (CL)  · Columbus (CB)  · Craven (CV)  · Cumberland (CD)  · Currituck (CK)  · Dare (DR)  · Davidson (DV)  · Davie (DE)  · Duplin (DP)  · Durham (DH)  · Edgecombe (ED)  · Forsyth (FY)  · Franklin (FK)  · Gaston (GS)  · Gates (GA)  · Graham (GH)  · Granville (GV)  · Greene (GR)  · Guilford (GF)  · Halifax (HX)  · Harnett (HT)  · Haywood (HW)  · Henderson (HN)  · Hertford (HF)  · Hoke (HK)  · Hyde (HY)  · Iredell (ID)  · Jackson (JK)  · Johnston (JT)  · Jones (JN)  · Lee (LE)  · Lenoir (LR)  · Lincoln (LN)  · Macon (MA)  · Madison (MD)  · Martin (MT)  · McDowell (MC)  · Mecklenburg (MK)  · Mitchell (ML)  · Montgomery (MG)  · Moore (MR)  · Nash (NS)  · New Hanover (NH)  · Northampton (NP)  · Onslow (ON)  · Orange (OR)  · Pamlico (PM)  · Pasquotank (PK)  · Pender (PD)  · Perquimans (PQ)  · Person (PR)  · Pitt (PT)  · Polk (PL)  · Randolph (RD)  · Richmond (RH)  · Robeson (RB)  · Rockingham (RK)  · Rowan (RW)  · Rutherford (RF)  · Sampson (SP)  · Scotland (SC)  · Stanly (ST)  · Stokes (SK)  · Surry (SR)  · Swain (SW)  · Transylvania (TV)  · Tyrrell (TY)  · Union (UN)  · Vance (VN)  · Wake (WA)  · Warren (WR)  · Washington (WH)  · Watauga (WT)  · Wayne (WY)  · Wilkes (WK)  · Wilson (WL)  · Yadkin (YD)  · Yancey (YC) AA: Abbeville (AB) · Aiken (AK) · Allendale (AL) · Anderson (AN) · Bamberg (BA) · Barnwell (BR) · Beaufort (BU) · Berkeley (BK) · Calhoun (CL) · Charleston (CH) · Cherokee (CK) · Chester (CS) · Chesterfield (CT) · Clarendon (CR) · Colleton (CN) · Darlington (DA) · Dillon (DN) · Dorchester (DR) · Edgefield (ED) · Fairfield (FA) · Florence (FL) · Georgetown (GE) · Greenville (GV) · Greenwood (GN) · Hampton (HA) · Horry (HR) · Jasper (JA) · Kershaw (KE) · Lancaster (LA) · Laurens (LU) · Lee (LE) · Lexington (LX) · Marion (MA) · Marlboro (ML) · McCormick (MC) · Newberry (NB) · Oconee (OC) · Orangeburg (OR) · Pickens (PK) · Richland (RD) · Saluda (SA) · Spartanburg (SP) · Sumter (SU) · Union (UN) · Williamsburg (WG) · York (YK) History of Lacrosse Lacrosse has its origins in

300-408: A courtyard during the height of the community's power. Mound B is 25 feet (7.6 m) high; Mound C, which rises 10 feet (3.0 m), is the only one to have been completely excavated. Magnetometers enabled archaeologists to determine the location of temples of log and thatch, which were originally built on the summits of the mounds. Adjacent to the mounds is a raised, level, ceremonial plaza, which

360-622: A different sport from what they usually have chosen. US Lacrosse survey shows that, boys and girls lacrosse has grown by 47% and 43.1%. Also, the NCAA reported a 24% increase in the number of new men’s lacrosse programs created in the last two decades and women’s athletic department saw a 65% increase in the number of new programs created between 1998-2008. With the youth movement of lacrosse participation this will lead to more high school lacrosse players, then lead to more college lacrosse players, then more professional players and ultimately more interest in

420-461: A game, players wore ceremonial regalia and held a special dance. Sacrifices were held, and sacred expressions were yelled to intimidate opponents. On the day of the game, teams walked to the field and were slowed by constant rituals. One ceremony was "going to water", in which players dunked their sticks in water and the shaman gave a spiritual and strategic pep talk. Sometimes players would receive ceremonial scratches on their arms or torso. Before

480-399: A man sitting cross-legged and a woman kneeling. The female figures wear wrap-around skirts and males are usually portrayed without visible clothing, although both usually have elaborate hairstyles. The pair are thought to represent lineage ancestors. Individual statues of young women also show them kneeling, but with additional characteristics such as visible sex organs, which are not visible on

540-407: A quadrangle, a sequential number within the rectangle, and a code identifying the agency issuing the sequential number. California uses a three-letter abbreviation for counties. Connecticut and Rhode Island do not use any sub-state codes, with site identifiers consisting of the state abbreviation and a sequential number series for the whole state. Delaware uses a single letter code for counties and adds

600-485: A rich array of Mississippian culture burial goods. These artifacts, along with the collections from Cahokia , Moundville site , Lake Jackson Mounds , and Spiro Mounds , would comprise the majority of the materials which archaeologists used to define the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC). The professional excavation of this enormous burial mound contributed major research impetus to

660-503: A tribal game played by eastern Woodlands Native Americans and by some Plains Indians tribes in what is now the United States of America and Canada . The game was extensively modified by European settlers to create its current collegiate and professional form. There were hundreds of native men playing a ball game with sticks. The game began with the ball being tossed into the air and the two sides rushing to catch it. Because of

SECTION 10

#1732772604675

720-412: Is 63 feet (19 m) high, taller than a six-story building, and covers 3 acres (12,000 m) at its base. In 2005–2008 ground mapping with magnetometers revealed new information and data, showing that the site was much more complex than had previously been believed. The study team has identified a total of 140 buildings on the site. In addition, Mound A was found to have had four major structures and

780-535: Is a Muskogee word derived from italwa , meaning "town". From 1000–1550 CE, during the Mississippian culture era, Etowah was occupied by a series of cycling chiefdoms (see Coosa confederacy ) over the course of five and a half centuries. The Hernando de Soto expedition encountered a settlement called Itaba between Coosa and Ulibahali, which was likely Etowah. The historic Muscogee Creek formed in this region and occupied this area. They were later pushed out by

840-548: Is considered "the most intact Mississippian culture site in the Southeast", according to Georgia State Parks and Historic Sites. Both the historic Muscogee Creek and the Cherokee peoples, who each occupied this area at varying times, hold the site to be sacred. This site was professionally excavated beginning in the early 20th century. Additional studies have been undertaken as more evidence and knowledge has accumulated about

900-665: Is one of the oldest team sports in North America. There is evidence that a version of lacrosse originated in what is now Canada as early as the 17th century. Native American lacrosse was played throughout modern Canada, but was most popular around the Great Lakes , Mid-Atlantic seaboard , and American South . Traditional lacrosse games were sometimes semi-major events that could last several days. As many as 100 to 1,000 men from opposing villages or tribes would participate. The games were played in open plains located between

960-511: The Hurons in present-day Ontario playing "crosse" in 1637. Some say the name originated from the French term for field hockey , le jeu de la crosse . Despite Jesuit opposition, many other European colonists were intrigued by lacrosse. Betting on games became common, and by around 1740 many French colonists were taking up the game. However, it is widely believed they could not match the skill of

1020-728: The Piedmont Plateau . Trade and tribute brought whelk shells from the Gulf of Mexico ; copper, mica and flint from the Cumberland Plateau ; and " galena , graphite , and an array of ochers to provide pigment for painting buildings, bodies, and works of art; greenstone and marble to furnish raw material for tools, weapons and ritual objects" from the Piedmont . The loamy riverbed soil could be easily tilled with digging sticks and stone and shell hoes. Its fertility

1080-540: The Swift Creek culture . This earlier Middle Woodland period occupation at Etowah may have been related to the major Swift Creek center of Leake Mounds , approximately two miles downstream (west) of Etowah. War was commonplace; many archaeologists believe the people of Etowah battled for hegemony over the Alabama River basin with those of Moundville , a Mississippian site in present-day Alabama . The town

1140-524: The 20th century, many high schools , colleges and universities had adopted lacrosse as a league sport. Lacrosse became an Olympic sport for the 1904 and 1908 Summer Olympics , but was then dropped as an official sport. After 1908, lacrosse was a sport in the World Games . In the 1930s, an indoor version of the game, box lacrosse , was introduced in Canada. It quickly became the dominant form of

1200-568: The 20th century. Workers formed the palisade by setting upright 12 feet (3.7 m) high logs into a ditch approximately 12 inches (300 mm) on center. They back-filled around the timbers to form a levee. Guard towers for archers were spaced approximately 80 feet (24 m) apart. The artifacts discovered in burials within the Etowah site indicate that its residents developed an artistically and technically advanced culture. Numerous copper tools, weapons and ornamental copper plates accompanied

1260-487: The Cherokee, who migrated from eastern Georgia and Tennessee to evade European-American pressure. In the 19th century, European-American settlers mistakenly believed that the mounds had been built by the historic Cherokee , who occupied the region at the time. But many researchers now believe that because the Iroquoian -speaking tribe did not reach this part of Georgia until the late 18th century, they could not have built

SECTION 20

#1732772604675

1320-598: The Creek Nation's Principal Chief is Italwa Mikko (the Muskogee word for chief is miko ). A new, large-scale model of Italwa is on permanent display in the rotunda of the Muskogee (Creek) Capitol in Okmulgee, Oklahoma . Missionary Elias Cornelius visited the site in 1817 and described it in his journal published by Bela Bates Edwards in 1833. He realized a mound must have been over two hundred years old, due to

1380-511: The Etowah River. One has been restored within the grounds of the historic site. Archaeological research on the subject is not conclusive, but the Etowah site may be the same as a village of a similar name visited by Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto in 1540. The chroniclers of the de Soto Expedition made no mention of any large mounds in their record of visiting a town named Itaba , though historian Dr. Marvin T. Smith suggests that

1440-550: The Iroquois and Eastern Woodland area was double ball. Lacrosse traditionally had many different purposes. Some games were played to settle inter-tribal disputes. This function was essential to keeping the Six Nations of the Iroquois together. Lacrosse was also played to toughen young warriors for combat, for recreation, as part of festivals, and for the bets involved. Finally, lacrosse was played for religious reasons: "for

1500-523: The Native Americans. James Smith described in some detail a game being played in 1757 by his fellow tribe members "wherein they used a wooden ball, about three inches diameter, and the instrument they moved it with was a strong staff about five feet long, with a hoop net on the end of it, large enough to contain the ball." In 1763, Ojibwas used a lacrosse game to capture Fort Michilimackinac (now Mackinaw City, Michigan ). Natives invited

1560-510: The PLL's first season, there were over 10,000 attendees at every weekend event and hundreds of thousands watching from home. With proper financial backing, marketing, television broadcasting and distribution, the PLL had a successful first season that saw more viewership and interest than the MLL. It was a historic success. After two seasons, the MLL was merged into the more successful PLL in 2021, making

1620-468: The ball and slowly moving across the field. Passing the ball was thought of as a trick, and it was seen as cowardly to dodge an opponent. The medicine men acted as coaches, and the women of the tribe would usually tend to players and cheer them on as well as sang while the men played. There was also a women's version of lacrosse called amtahcha in some areas, which used much shorter sticks with larger heads. Another version that women played instead amongst

1680-412: The burials of members of Etowah's elite class. Where proximity to copper protected textile fibers from degeneration, archaeologists also found brightly colored cloth with ornate patterns. These were the remnants of the clothing of social elites . Numerous clay figurines and ten Mississippian stone statues have been found through the years in the vicinity of Etowah. Many are paired statues, which portray

1740-482: The fort's British troops to watch a lacrosse game. The players gradually worked their way close to the gates, and then rushed into the fort and carried out a general massacre. In 1805 during an expedition up the Mississippi River , U.S. army officer Lt. Zebulon Pike observed a group of young Ho-Chunk (also known as Winnebago) and Sioux men playing this game, or one resembling it, near the east bank of

1800-660: The game with 100–1000 players on each team and they played on 1- to 2-kilometer fields. Modern day lacrosse descends from and resembles games played by various Native American communities. These include games called dehontsigwaehs in Oee ("they bump hips"), Tewaaraton in Mohawk language ("little brother of war"), baaga`adowe in Ojibwe ("bump hips") and Ishtaboli or kapucha toli ("little brother of war") in Choctaw . Lacrosse

1860-664: The game, every player was required to place a wager . Items such as handkerchiefs, knives, trinkets and horses were part of the wager. The bets would be displayed on a rack near the spectators, and items would be awarded proportionally to the winner of each quarter. When the game was over ceremonial dance took place, along with a large feast for the hungry players. Some early lacrosse balls were fashioned out of wood . Others were made of deerskin stuffed with hair. They were typically three inches in diameter. The first lacrosse sticks were essentially giant wooden spoons with no netting. Great Lakes style sticks had one end bent into

Etowah Indian Mounds - Misplaced Pages Continue

1920-551: The game. Lacrosse sticks were so treasured that many players requested to be buried with their stick beside them upon death. Some versions of lacrosse used unusual stick designs. In the St. Lawrence Valley a version was played in which the head took up two thirds of the stick. In the Southwestern United States a double-stick version was played with sticks about two and a half feet long. No protective equipment

1980-840: The historic Muscogee , long known as the Creek people. Most of the peoples of the Creek Confederacy were removed to Indian Territory in the 1830s. Since that time, the Creek descendants have formed two federally recognized tribes: the largest is the Muscogee (Creek) Nation in Oklahoma ; the Poarch Band of Creek Indians in Alabama is the only federally recognized tribe in the state. Both consider Italwa , or Etowah, to be their most important ancestral town. The official title of

2040-510: The identifier, i.e., "nn AA nnnn" or "nn-AA-nnnn". Some states use variations of the trinomial system. Arizona, California, Connecticut, Maine, Rhode Island, and Vermont use two-letter abbreviations of the state name instead of the Smithsonian number. Alaska uses three-letter abbreviations for USGS map quadrangles in place of the county code. Arizona uses a five-part identifier based on USGS maps, specifying quadrangles, then rectangles within

2100-418: The large number of players involved, these games generally tended to involve a huge mob of players swarming the ball and slowly moving across the field. Passing the ball was thought of as a trick, and it was seen as cowardly to dodge an opponent. Years later lacrosse is still a popular sport played all over the world. The indigenous people would wear their normal clothes and use a wooden stick and they would play

2160-592: The late 20th century were published, most European-American people in Georgia believed Etowah to have been built by the well-known historic Cherokee . But, the Cherokee did not arrive in this part of Georgia until the late 18th century, two to seven centuries after the mounds were constructed. Most scholars believe that the mound complex was likely built by people of the South Appalachian Mississippian culture . They are considered ancestral to

2220-459: The mounds which were likely overgrown and unmaintained by the time of the expedition may simply not have attracted the attention of Spanish explorers. Itaba means "boundary" or trail crossing in the Alabama language . The English name for the mounds, Etowah , was derived from an archaic Muscogee place name, Italwa . Italwa probably originally referred to the solar cross symbol. In the modern Muskogee language it means "town." Until studies of

2280-562: The mounds. The earthworks have been dated to much earlier periods. In the 21st century, the federally recognized Muscogee (Creek) Nation , now based in Oklahoma, and the Poarch Band of Creek Indians of Alabama both consider Italwa to be their most important ancestral town. The Cherokee also revere it. Tykeon Wilkes used changes in ceramic styles across multiple sites in the Etowah River Valley to determine timelines for

2340-523: The paired statues. This female figure is thought to represent a fertility or Earth Mother goddess . The birdman , hand in eye, solar cross , and other symbols associated with the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex appear in many artifacts found at Etowah. The Etowah River is a tributary of the Coosa and Alabama rivers, and forms the border between the southern edge of the Ridge and Valley Appalachians and

2400-524: The pleasure of the Creator ," and to collectively pray for something. Pregame rituals were very similar to rituals associated with war. Players would decorate their bodies with paint and charcoal. Players also decorated their sticks or stick racks with objects representing qualities desired in the game. Strict taboos were held on what players could eat before a game, and the medicine man performed rituals to prepare players and their sticks. The night before

2460-455: The region. The ceramics found at Etowah and other regional sites have been reconstructed and allow Etowah to be placed into the following sequences. The town was occupied in three distinct archaeological phases : c.  1000–1200 CE, c.  1250–1375 CE, and c.  1375–1550 CE. It was at its peak from c.  1325–1375 CE. Etowah has three main platform mounds and three lesser mounds. The Temple Mound, Mound A,

Etowah Indian Mounds - Misplaced Pages Continue

2520-602: The river, in what is now west-central Wisconsin . He named the region "Prairie de la Crosse", which in turn inspired the name of both the Wisconsin county and its principal city . Today, two statues in the city of La Crosse commemorate the game observed by Pike. In 1834 a team of Caughnawaga Indians demonstrated lacrosse in Montreal . Although response to the demonstrations was not overwhelming, interest in lacrosse steadily grew in Canada. In 1856, William George Beers ,

2580-489: The size of trees growing on it, but had little idea of its real history. Cyrus Thomas and John P. Rogan tested the site in 1883 for the Smithsonian Institution , which was conducting a survey of recognized mound sites. The first well-documented archaeological inquiry at the site did not begin until the winter of 1925, conducted by Warren K. Moorehead . His excavations into Mound C at the site revealed

2640-704: The sport in Canada, in part due to the severe winter weather that limited outdoor play. Minor leagues developed for box lacrosse and college lacrosse . Two professional leagues also were created: In 1987 the Eagle Pro Box Lacrosse League was founded; it eventually became the Major Indoor Lacrosse League , and then the National Lacrosse League (NLL). In the summer of 2001, a professional field lacrosse league, known as Major League Lacrosse (MLL),

2700-471: The sport. Although lacrosse has seen a 35% surge in participation since 2012, attendance at MLL (Major League Lacrosse) games have decreased and the sport doesn't get the television coverage like other sports in the US do. Paul Rabil, arguably the greatest and most influential lacrosse player of all time, tried to purchase the MLL on several occasions after being tired of poor wages and low attendance at games, but

2760-422: The stickball pole. There would be a mark, about chest high on the pole, which, when the ball hit above this mark, would award one point. Contact below that point was not scored. The top half of the pole, well above arms' reach, was usually worth two points when hit. The very top of the pole, usually embellished with a large figure of a fish or other sacred animal, was worth three points. In recreational games, scoring

2820-631: The study of Mississippian artifacts and peoples. It greatly increased the understanding of pre-Contact Native American artwork . Arthur R. Kelly , founding chairman of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Georgia , also conducted professional excavations and studies at Etowah Mounds, prior to planned flood control projects in the area. In 1947, the government built the Allatoona Dam upstream for flood control. The Etowah site

2880-544: The succession of cultures in this area, aided by modern technology such as radio carbon dating and magnetometers. Late 20th-century studies showed the mounds were built and occupied by prehistoric indigenous peoples of the South Appalachian Mississippian culture (a regional variation of the Mississippian culture ) of eastern North America. They were ancestors of the historic Muskogean language -speaking Muscogee Creek people who later emerged in this area. Etowah

2940-543: The two villages, and the goals could range from 500 yards (460 m) to 6 miles (9.7 km) apart. Rules for these games were decided on the day before. Generally, there were no out-of-bounds, and the ball could not be touched with the hands. The goals would be selected as large rocks or trees; in later years wooden posts were used. Playing time was often from sunup until sundown. In the Southeastern two-stick version there were traditionally three areas of scoring on

3000-489: Was annually renewed by the river's floods. Free of frost most of the year, the land yielded rich harvests of corn, beans, and squash, traditional crops of the indigenous peoples. Chestnut , walnut , hickory , and persimmon trees that grew in upland forests provided nuts and fruit for both the people of Etowah and the white-tailed deer , wild turkey , and smaller game they hunted. Other plants that were gathered include stinging nettle and paper mulberry . A native holly

3060-508: Was constructed to be used for ceremonies, stickball and chunkey games, and as a bazaar for trade goods. When visiting the Etowah Mounds, guests can view the "borrow pits" (which archaeologists at one time thought were moats), where workers dug earth to construct the three large mounds in the center of the park. Older pottery found on the site suggest that there was an earlier village ( c.  200 BCE–600 CE) associated with

SECTION 50

#1732772604675

3120-484: Was denied by the MLL. Paul Rabil with his brother, Mike Rabil, would go to create their own lacrosse league known as the PLL ( Premier Lacrosse League ) in 2018. They received financial support from the Chernin Group, which owns Barstool Sports, and Alibaba co-founder Joseph Tsai. The brothers also signed a contract with NBC, and NBC Sports to broadcast the league games. The PLL offers a $ 25,000 minimum salary, which

3180-416: Was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1964. The Etowah Indian Mounds museum displays artifacts found at the site, including Mississippian culture pottery , monolithic stone axes, Mississippian stone statuary , copper jewelry, shell gorgets , and other artifacts. Smithsonian trinomial Most states use trinomials of the form "nnAAnnnn", but some specify a space or dash between parts of

3240-589: Was gathered whose leaves and stems were brewed into the Black drink imbibed in ritual purification ceremonies. River cane grew in dense thickets and was made into arrow shafts, thatching for roofs, and splits for weaving baskets, benches, and mats for walls and floors. River shoals abounded in freshwater mussels and turtles. The Mississippians built v-shaped rock weirs to pen and channel catfish , drum and gar , which they caught in rivercane baskets. Researchers have found remains of more than 100 rock weirs along

3300-520: Was impressed, saying "The game is very pretty to watch." Her endorsement was enough for many English girls' schools to adopt the sport in the 1890s. The Mohawk Lacrosse Club in Troy, New York , became the first organized club in the United States. As lacrosse grew, opposition to its violent aspects was a major obstacle. The game was banned in some areas when, in 1900, Choctaw Indians attached lead weights to their sticks to use them as skull-crackers. By

3360-616: Was inaugurated. In 2019, the Premier Lacrosse League was created, which offered higher wages and better benefits for the players. Today lacrosse is mostly popular in Canada and the United States but also has participation in the United Kingdom and Australia. Though Lacrosse is not as popular as many other sports, participation and interest is growing. US Lacrosse has reported that kids in America are opting to try

3420-416: Was loosely kept, most times by the audience or a few players. Games typically would reach around twenty points before concluding. The Iroquois and Great Lakes styles would use poles or goalposts. The game began with the ball being tossed into the air and the two sides rushing to catch it. Because of the large number of players involved, these games generally tended to involve a huge mob of players swarming

3480-423: Was protected by a sophisticated semicircular fortification system. An outer band formed by nut tree orchards prevented enemy armies from shooting masses of flaming arrows into the town. A 9 feet (2.7 m) to 10 feet (3.0 m)-deep moat blocked direct contact by the enemy with the palisaded walls. It also functioned as a drainage system during major floods, common for centuries, from this period and into

3540-419: Was three times more than what MLL players made, plus health-care benefits and equity in the league. The PLL has allowed many professional players to make lacrosse their full-time job, which is why many MLL players are migrating to the PLL, and why many college lacrosse players have chosen the PLL over the MLL and other professional leagues. With the creation of the PLL there was an increase in attendance. In 2019,

3600-457: Was worn in traditional lacrosse. The first westerners to encounter lacrosse were French Jesuit missionaries in the St. Lawrence Valley . During the 1630s, they witnessed the game and condemned it. They were opposed to lacrosse because it was violent, betting was involved, and it was part of the religion they sought to eradicate. One missionary, Jean de Brébeuf , was the first to write about lacrosse and thus gave it its name. He described

#674325