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51-645: The Stadler Eurolight (known as the Vossloh Eurolight until 2015) is the brand name for a family of 4-axle Bo'Bo' mainline diesel-electric locomotives with sub-20-tonne axleloads for passenger and freight trains produced by Stadler Rail . The Eurolight series was announced by Vossloh during 2009, the first examples were completed and commenced testing in the following year. The type has been intentionally developed to support use on secondary lines without limiting power or speed performances, making it suitable for mixed traffic operations. Specific versions of

102-440: A cloth backing. It is used for hand metalworking. It may be sold in sheets or in narrow rolls, typically 25 or 50 mm wide, often described as "emery tape". The cloth backing makes emery cloth stronger in tension than paper, but still allows a sheet to be conveniently torn to size. Emery (largely displaced by improved products such as aluminium oxide and silicon carbide) is used for scrubbing highly abraded and rough surfaces to

153-629: A 2.8 MW (3,800 hp) C175-16 engine to be delivered in 2013, with options for more. Vossloh's product name for the design is UKLIGHT . They were designed to fit the small loading gauge in the UK, and were manufactured at Vossloh España 's plant in Valencia , Spain , with an expected delivery date of late 2013. They are known in the United Kingdom as the class 68. The value of the contract has been estimated at £45 million. During early 2013,

204-579: A layer of material (such as old paint ), or sometimes to make the surface rougher (for example, as a preparation for gluing ). The grit size of sandpaper is usually stated as a number that is inversely related to the particle size. A small number such as 20 or 40 indicates a coarse grit, while a large number such as 1500 indicates a fine grit. The first recorded instance of sandpaper was in 13th-century China when crushed shells, seeds, and sand were bonded to parchment using natural gum . Shark skin ( placoid scales ) has also been used as an abrasive, and

255-552: A long distance 7,000-litre (1,500 imp gal; 1,800 US gal) fuel capacity version are also said to be buildable. An electro-diesel locomotive derivative, referred to as the Stadler Euro Dual , has also been developed; it shares most of its design, such as the bodyshell, braking systems, bogies, traction equipment and software, with vehicles of the Stadler Eurolight series. During early 2010,

306-499: A mainline diesel-electric locomotive ( EURO Light ) for markets where an axleload below 20   t is required. The four-axle EuroLight was designed to have a low axle load for use on cross-border operations on non-electrified European secondary routes, enabling operators to bypass bottlenecks on main corridors. It is reportedly suited for mixed-traffic operations, and can be outfitted to haul both passenger services and freight consists alike. The locomotive used numerous components from

357-643: A pair of prototypes were constructed, numbered 248.001 and 248.002 . That same year, 248.002 was publicly exhibited at Innotrans . Homologation tests with 248.001 in Germany began in January 2011. Performance data gathered from these prototypes was subsequently made available to prospective operators to aid in evaluating the EuroLight's capabilities. During July 2015, the Italian operator Dinazzano Po ordered

408-500: A shift to other forms of abrasive, such as aluminium oxide , aluminium zirconia and silicon carbide . Emery is rated on the average grit size, glued to the backing. Common sizes are, from coarse to fine: 40, 46, 54, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 180, 220, 320, F, and FF. A 46 or 54 grade cloth is used on roughly filed work, while 220 to 320 grit cloth will give a good polish . By the successive use of progressively finer mesh emery paper, near-mirror finishes can be obtained. Water or oil

459-656: A single unit; the locomotive performed its maiden freight service during April 2018. On 31 July 2019, it was announced that the Spanish railway infrastructure company ADIF had ordered 22 Eurolight locomotives for rescue purposes; these vehicles are compliance with the European Stage IIIB emissions standards and feature a facelift over earlier production examples. On 5 January 2012, Direct Rail Services announced an order for fifteen 160 km/h (100 mph) EuroLight UK locos for intermodal and passenger work with

510-400: A smooth and shiny finish, notably in watchmaking. Emery paper , more commonly seen, has a paper backing and is usually a finer grit. Emery was considered a suitable abrasive for fitting work and the final adjustment of steel parts for a perfect fit. It had the advantage that, unlike harder abrasives, it was not considered to embed abrasive traces in the polished components afterwards. Emery

561-407: A typical configuration, this locomotive weighs around 96   tons and has an engine power output of 1,800 to 2,800 kW (2,400 to 3,800 hp) at 1,800   rpm, depending on engine installed (either 12- or 16-cylinder engines, either CAT, Cummins or MTU designs). The top speed is 120 km/h (75 mph) and starting tractive effort 320 kN (72,000 lb f ). During October 2019,

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612-486: A use in modelling. For 00 scale modelling, the fine grades of emery paper can have the appearance of a tarmac surface. Crocus cloth is an abrasive sheet similar to sandpaper or emery cloth but covered with a layer of very fine loose iron oxide particles rather than with bound grains of abrasive. It is intended for final metal and gemstone finishing and is available in various grades (particle sizes). Federal Specification P-C-458 described this material in detail, although

663-410: Is ISO 6344 . Sandpaper and emery cloth are coated abrasives for hand use, usually non-precision. Other coated abrasive forms include sanding cords, pads, belts, and discs. Variants are available for use by hand or as components for power tools such as sanders , die grinders and belt sanders . Types of abrasive materials include: Sandpaper may be " stearated " where a dry lubricant is loaded to

714-406: Is also equipped with turbochargers and after-cooling apparatus. The engine incorporates its own telemetry equipment, separate from the general system used by the locomotive; these systems aid in performance analysis and fault reporting. It is reportedly to be serviceable at trackside locations and requires a major service to be performed at intervals of 18,000 operating hours, reducing the need for

765-451: Is common to use the name of the abrasive when describing the paper, e.g. "aluminium oxide paper", or "silicon carbide paper". There are many varieties of sandpaper, with variations in the paper or backing, the material used for the grit, grit size, and the bond. Sandpaper is produced in a range of grit sizes and is used to remove material from surfaces, whether to make them smoother (for example, in painting and wood finishing ), to remove

816-633: Is commonly used with disc-type coated abrasives. A plastic or metal hub is bonded to one of the faces, which is threaded. This then mates directly to the sander or angle grinder or to a mandrel that can be mounted in a sander, grinder, or drill . The advantage is that the disc can be quickly replaced when needed. Quick-change discs are available in sizes of about 50 millimetres (2.0 in) and larger. Common substrates are paper , cloth, vulcanized fiber, and plastic films and come in grit sizes range from very coarse (~2 mm) to ultrafine (sub micrometre ). The international standard for coated abrasives

867-443: Is good for hand sanding or working with harder materials. In comparison, 50% to 70% of the surface is covered with abrasive grains with open coat sandpaper. The separation between particles makes the sandpaper more flexible, which prevents the sandpaper from clogging. However, the gaps in grit coverage limits the sandpaper's ability to perform even polishing jobs. Open coat sandpaper is better for softer materials. Wet and dry sandpaper

918-473: Is more effective used wet because clogging is reduced by particles washing away from the grinding surface. Sandpaper comes in a number of different shapes and sizes: Grit size refers to the size of the particles of abrading materials embedded in the sandpaper. These measurements are determined by the amount of the abrasive material that can fit through a square inch filter. Several standards have been established for grit size. These standards establish not only

969-464: Is often substituted for emery, silicon carbide being slightly harder , and more durable with less tendency to fracture than corundum. The use of natural emery papers is rare today generally being replaced with silicon carbide or pure aluminium oxide papers. Emery cloth has the abrasives bonded to a fabric instead of a paper. The cloth is more tear resistant, flexible, and costly. Emery boards have applications similar to emery paper or cloth. It also has

1020-493: Is often used as a lubricant and to float the abrasive debris and worn abrasive away from the work, preventing the build-up of debris in the emery paper. The paper will lose effectiveness if too much debris builds up, a condition known as "clogging", or "loading". Originally, emery paper was made from milled emery rock, bonded or sized to paper often with an animal glue for water resistance. Today, synthetic adhesives are used in place of natural glues and silicon carbide (SiC)

1071-407: Is one traction inverter per traction motor. The traction motors are rated at 600 kW (800 hp) at 4,400   rpm. The drive electronics incorporate features such as fault condition detection and anti-slip control to maximise wheel adhesion to the rails, the latter being augmented by an automated sanding system. Head end power (for passenger versions) is taken from the intermediate DC link;

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1122-405: Is optimal for regular rounded or flat surfaces. Sandpaper backings may be glued to the paper or form a separate support structure for moving sandpaper, such as used in sanding belts and discs. Stronger paper or backing increases the ease of sanding wood. The harder the backing material, the faster the sanding, the faster the wear of the paper and the rougher the sanded surface. A quick-change system

1173-512: Is the design used in the RENFE Class 334 locomotive, with coil spring primary and secondary suspension. Wherever feasible, elements of the engine and traction system are composed of lighter aluminium rather than steel . For greater efficiency, the CAT engine has been furnished with electronically regulated fuel injectors , enabling it to be precisely tuned to match the demands being placed on

1224-765: The Taiwan Railway Administration awarded a €165M order to supply 34 AsiaLight locomotives; the deal was Stadler's first major tender win in the Asia Pacific region. Vossloh Espa%C3%B1a The Company was founded in 1947 with the name Material y Construcciones S.A. (or MACOSA) by the merger of the Valencian company Construcciones Devis (founded by Talleres Devis in 1879) and the Sociedad Material para Ferrocarriles y Construcciones S.A. of Barcelona ; this coincided with

1275-500: The 1920s built central core - with huge nave -like sheds ), like many other derelict industrial sites around the world, progress could not be stopped, and in a final twist of fate, its destruction made space for the AVE high speed train to run through. Shortly thereafter (1990-2), a big order from Renfe was received for the sub-types 319.2, 319.3 and 319.4 ; under GEC-Alstom's ownership GM-EMD engined diesel locomotives were also produced at

1326-537: The 1960s locomotives were produced under license from General Motors , at first practically the entire locomotive was of GM design, later the company produced much of the locomotives to its own design, but still using a GM (later Electro-Motive Diesel ) engine and transmission system. This arrangement continued well into the 2000s, with successor companies still manufacturing diesel electric locomotives in Valencia with GM engines and transmission systems. In 1970, MACOSA

1377-518: The 20–22   t axleload Vossloh Euro locomotive series. Differences include the adoption of a C175 engine from Caterpillar Inc. (12- or 16-cylinder of 2.3 or 2.8   MW) and traction equipment supplied by ABB Group . In comparison to the Vossloh Euro, a noticeable reduction in mass was achieved, which has been attributed to the adoption of a lighter engine/alternator set, as well as using lighter weight auxiliary system components. The bogie

1428-669: The DC power system which is also used for dynamic braking . The braking systems typically used are a combination of rheostatic and disc brakes . The first EuroLight was unveiled at the InnoTrans trade fair in Berlin in 2010. From the onset, the design was designed to be customisable to customer requirements, allowing for a variants with a higher top speed, increased fuel capacity, or compatibility with limited loading gauges to be produced. Modified versions for broad and narrow gauge railways, and

1479-753: The Eurolight have been developed for the United Kingdom market, and a 6-axle Co'Co' machine for narrow gauge Asian markets, named UKLight and AsiaLight respectively. Furthermore, an electro-diesel locomotive derivative of the UKLight that shares much of its design, referred to as the Stadler Euro Dual , has also been developed and introduced during the late 2010s. In 2009, Vossloh announced its intention to expand its diesel locomotive range to include further shunting/light mainline locomotives with either hydraulic or electric transmissions, and to produce

1530-413: The abrasive to the paper. Hide glue is still used, but this glue often cannot withstand the heat generated during machine sanding and is not waterproof. Waterproof sandpapers or wet/dry sandpapers use a resin bond and a waterproof backing. Sandpaper can be either closed coat or open coat . Approximately 90% to 95% of the surface is covered with abrasive grains with a closed coat. Closed coat sandpaper

1581-438: The abrasive. Stearated papers are useful in sanding coats of finish and paint as the stearate " soap " prevents clogging and increases the useful life of the sandpaper. The harder the grit material, the easier the sanding of harder surfaces like hardwoods such as hickory , pecan , or wenge . The grit material for polishing granite must be harder than granite. Emery cloth is a type of coated abrasive that has emery glued to

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1632-666: The average grit size, but also the allowable variation from the average. The two most common are the United States CAMI (Coated Abrasive Manufacturers Institute, now part of the Unified Abrasives Manufacturer's Association) and the European FEPA (Federation of European Producers of Abrasives) "P" grade. The FEPA system is the same as the ISO 6344 standard. Other systems used in sandpaper include

1683-421: The backing is usually designated by a letter. For paper backings, the weight ratings range from "A" to "F", with A designating the lightest and F the heaviest. Letter nomenclature follows a different system for cloth backings, with the weight of the backing rated J, X, Y, T, and M, from lightest to heaviest. A flexible backing allows sandpaper to follow irregular contours of a workpiece; relatively inflexible backing

1734-560: The beginning of the industrialisation of Spain. Initially the organisation was not entirely rail orientated, producing buses, trolleys and other road based transportation systems. In the years following its formation the company expanded, with the Valencia plant gaining a 50,000m extension becoming one of the major producers of rolling stock in Spain. By 1952 the new company had produced 48 Type 2400 locomotives as well as two for Portugal. The only narrow gauge locomotives constructed by MACOSA

1785-488: The design and livery of the Direct Rail Services' class 68s was publicly unveiled. By May 2013, the first of the locomotives was under construction, at which point testing at Velim test track and delivery to UK for certification was anticipated to occur around September/October 2013; By December 2013, number 68001 had commenced tests at Velim, and 68002 had been completed at Albuixech . During January 2014,

1836-647: The engine and traction apparatus are frame mounted to reduce unsprung mass, being typically fitted using a five-point flexible mounting system, the mounting points of which being intentionally isolated. The ABB traction system uses a six-pole brushless WGX560 synchronous alternator , which is directly coupled to the CAT engine. The alternator supplies two traction packages (ABB Bordline CC1500 DE Compact Converters) each with rectifier to create an intermediate DC supply, braking chopper, and drive electronics (AC800 PEC) with adhesion (anti slip) control controlling two traction inverters and one auxiliary inverter per package. There

1887-420: The engine at that time; factors taken into account include load, speed, engine temperature, ambient air temperature, and fuel temperature. For further fuel savings, automated stop-start technology has been incorporated to shut the engine down at times of inactivity and restart when required or to keep coolant temperatures above a set threshold; this behaviour can be manually overridden by the driver if desired. It

1938-606: The first locomotive, designated as 68002 Intrepid , was shipped to Southampton and transported to Carlisle; trials commenced one month later, which were initially conducted between Carlisle and Crewe . In September 2014, an option for ten further UKLights was confirmed to have been taken up by DRS/BeaconRail. Seven more units were confirmed as ordered in July 2015. A narrow gauge, 1,000 mm ( 3 ft  3 + 3 ⁄ 8  in ) to 1,067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ), six axle Co'Co' design has also been developed. In

1989-474: The locomotive to return to the operator's depots. The CAT engine conform to European Stage IIIA emission standards, and can be modified to meet 2012 IIIB emission standards by replacing the exhaust silencer with a diesel particulate filter . Implementing such equipment in some regions can be complicated by the need to adhere to restrictive loading gauges, such as that predominantly used in the United Kingdom; accordingly extensive redesigning may be required. Both

2040-746: The organisation was renamed Vossloh España , as part of the Vossloh group. In the first five years of Vossloh ownership the GA 1000 AS shunter was built for SNCF , as well as rebuilding of the Renfe Class 333 and construction of the RENFE Class 334 and, later, the production of EMD powered Stadler Euro locomotives. The 1,000 mm ( 3 ft  3 + 3 ⁄ 8  in ) metre gauge 1,500 V DC electric passenger metro trains Serie 4300 were also produced in this period for Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana . The company

2091-600: The plant for export to the UK and Israel. Additionally 60 General Motors type GM-8B Class 310 for Renfe between 1989 and 1991, and the GA-DE 900 AS diesel electric shunting locomotive (based on the RENFE Class 311 ) was produced during the 1990s for the state railways of Switzerland ( SBB Am 841 ), the railways of Mexico, Israel Railways , and for the Egyptian National Railways . In March 2005 ownership changed again, this time to Vossloh , and

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2142-685: The rough scales of the Coelacanth are used for the same purpose by the natives of Comoros . Boiled and dried, the rough horsetail plant is used in Japan as a traditional polishing material, finer than sandpaper. Glass paper was manufactured in London in 1833 by John Oakey , whose company had developed new adhesive techniques and processes, enabling mass production. Glass frit has sharp-edged particles and cuts well whereas sand grains are smoothed down and do not work well as an abrasive. Cheap sandpaper

2193-453: The specification was cancelled in 1989. Abrasive papers and cloths with a waterproof backing allow the use of a lubricant, typically water, which can both decapitate rough surfaces when used dry and produce a semi-polished satin type finish when wet. Super-fine grades can produce a "key" adhesion surface appropriate for spray painting in critical decorative applications such as automotive bodywork repair. Different adhesives are used to bond

2244-514: The world. In 1989 the company became Mediterranea de Industrias del Ferrocarril, S.A. (or Meinfesa) and became part of the GEC-Alsthom multinational in 1991, after this the company moved locomotive production to a new plant at Albuixech ( Valencia ). After the move the huge original factory was to be demolished, and despite attempts to save it due to its historical significance to the country of Spain (as well as due to architecture of

2295-481: Was also a smaller factory at Alcázar de San Juan producing and maintaining wagons. MACOSA made the last steam locomotive for Renfe , a 2-8-2 'Mikado' with locomotive number 141-2328 produced in 1958. Another expansion coincided with the countries' 'stabilisation plan' of 1959, and thus the company formed part of the rapid economic growth of Spain in the 1960s, triggered by the industrialised economy reaching critical mass. (See Spanish economic miracle ) During

2346-445: Was also used for cleaning, as a means of removing rust from polished steel components. Both emery cloth and paper are still sold in hardware and do it yourself stores, but have been largely supplanted by the increased use of machine grinding to precision size, which has minimized or eliminated the need for hand-fitting; the widespread availability of powered hand tools employing sanding and grinding accessories such as flapwheels ; and

2397-405: Was in automotive paint refinishing. In addition to paper, backing for sandpaper includes cloth ( cotton , polyester , rayon ), PET film , "fibre", and rubber. Cloth backing is used for sandpaper discs and belts, while PET film is used as backing for extremely fine grits. Fibre or vulcanized fibre is a strong backing material consisting of many layers of polymer impregnated paper. The weight of

2448-411: Was often passed off as glass paper; Stalker and Parker cautioned against it in A Treatise of Japaning and Varnishing published in 1688. In 1921, 3M invented a sandpaper with silicon carbide grit and a waterproof adhesive and backing, known as Wet and dry . This allowed use with water, which would serve as a lubricant to carry away particles that would otherwise clog the grit. Its first application

2499-453: Was sold to Stadler Rail in late 2015 for €48 million. Stadler took over the business on 1 January 2016. Sanding Sandpaper , also known as glasspaper or as coated abrasive , is a type of material that consists of sheets of paper or cloth with an abrasive substance glued to one face. In the modern manufacture of these products, sand and glass have been replaced by other abrasives such as aluminium oxide or silicon carbide. It

2550-456: Was the second company of the rail vehicle sector in Spain, after Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles . During its long history over a thousand locomotives were produced: first steam, then electric and diesel-electric as well as shunting locomotives. In addition countless other rail vehicles were produced: trams, metros, diesel and electric units and freight wagons as well as thousands of bogies, some for Spain, others for destinations around

2601-681: Was the type 130 for the railroad of Ponferrada to Villablino in 1951 and 1956 (PV numbers 13 to 16), which were based on a type made in 1914 by Krauss-Maffeu for the Basque Railroads. (See Engerth locomotive for more information) In the 1950s the larger Barcelona plant concentrated on casting and forming steel as well as repair of cars, buses, coaches etc. The Valencia plant produced steam boilers, as well as constructing and repairing steam and electric locomotives and other rolling stock. The valencia plant also produced other heavy engineering products such as cranes, metal parts for dams. There

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