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61-583: Evergreen had a population of 1,450 according to Edmonton's 2012 municipal census. The community is represented by the Edmonton Evergreen Community Association , established in 1982, which runs a community hall located at Evergreen Drive and Cedar Avenue. In the City of Edmonton's 2016 municipal census, Evergreen had a population of 1,504 living in 686 dwellings, a -2.4% change from its 2014 population of 1,501 . With

122-577: A single-tier municipality and thus is not part of any district, county, or regional municipality . The City of Greater Sudbury is separate from, but entirely surrounded by the Sudbury District . The city is also referred to as " Ville du Grand Sudbury " among Francophones . The Sudbury region was inhabited by the Ojibwe people of the Algonquin group for thousands of years prior to

183-687: A city in 1930. The city recovered from the Great Depression much more quickly than almost any other city in North America due to increased demand for nickel in the 1930s. Sudbury was the fastest-growing city and one of the wealthiest cities in Canada for most of the decade. Many of the city's social problems in the Great Depression era were not caused by unemployment or poverty, but due to the difficulty in keeping up with all of

244-552: A land area of 0.66 km (0.25 sq mi), it had a population density of 2,278.8 people/km in 2016. On July 31, 1987, fifteen people in Evergreen were killed and almost 200 homes were destroyed or damaged beyond repair when the Edmonton Tornado swept through the community at the north end of its 40 km (25 mi) path of death and destruction. This Edmonton Metropolitan Region location article

305-556: A large geological structure known as the Sudbury Basin , which are the remnants of a nearly two billion-year-old impact crater ; long thought to be the result of a meteorite collision, more recent analysis has suggested that the crater may in fact have been created by a comet . Sudbury's pentlandite , pyrite and pyrrhotite ores contain profitable amounts of many elements—primarily nickel and copper, but also platinum, palladium and other valuable metals. Local smelting of

366-810: A local system of community leagues to assist in addressing the rapidly growing city's social development challenges. Edmonton , Alberta is noted as having strong system of community leagues. The first community league in Edmonton (the Crestwood community league) was formed in 1917. Now there are 157 community leagues in the city (as of 2017) that are overseen by the Edmonton Federation of Community Leagues . In addition to Edmonton, other cities in Canada that have systems of neighbourhood councils include Greater Sudbury and Quebec City . Greater Sudbury formed its community action networks in 2001, when

427-416: A managed natural habitat for birds, and a hiking and nature trail near Coniston , which is named in honour of scientist Jane Goodall . Six provincial parks ( Chiniguchi River , Daisy Lake Uplands , Fairbank , Killarney Lakelands and Headwaters , Wanapitei and Windy Lake ) and two provincial conservation reserves (MacLennan Esker Forest and Tilton Forest) are also located partially or entirely within

488-550: A much more modest effect on the city's economy than the earlier action—unlike in 1978, the local rate of unemployment declined slightly during the 2009 strike. The ecology of the Sudbury region has recovered dramatically, helped by regreening programs and improved mining practices. The United Nations honoured twelve cities in the world, including Sudbury, with the Local Government Honours Award at

549-470: A near-total loss of native vegetation in the area. Consequently, the terrain was made up of exposed rocky outcrops permanently stained charcoal black by the air pollution from the roasting yards. Acid rain added more staining, in a layer that penetrates up to 3 in (76 mm) into the once pink-grey granite . The construction of the Inco Superstack in 1972 dispersed sulphuric acid through

610-481: A production of Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet . Place des Arts , a new project to provide a community hub for the city's francophone cultural institutions including a 300-seat concert hall, a 120-seat theatre studio, an art gallery, a bistro, a gift boutique and bookstore, a children's arts center and 10,000 square feet of studio space for artists, began construction in the downtown core in 2019, and opened in 2022. Cinéfest Sudbury International Film Festival ,

671-478: A program of musical performance with the creation of both murals and installation art projects throughout the downtown core, while PlaySmelter, a theatre festival devoted to theatrical and storytelling performances by local writers and actors, was launched in 2013, and is held at various venues in the city including the Sudbury Theatre Centre and Place des Arts. In music, the city is home to

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732-473: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Neighborhood council A neighborhood council (also known as a community league ) is a governmental or non-governmental body, whose purpose is to promote citizen participation in local government. The organization serves as a point of contact between the main city government and the city's residents, through functions such as publishing community newsletters to communicate civic and political issues to

793-715: Is also fictionalized as "Chinookville" in several books by American comedy writer Jack Douglas , and as "Complexity" in Tomson Highway 's musical play The (Post) Mistress . Noted writers who have lived in Sudbury include playwrights Jean-Marc Dalpé, Sandra Shamas and Brigitte Haentjens , poets Robert Dickson , Roger Nash , Gregory Scofield and Margaret Christakos , fiction writers Kelley Armstrong , Sean Costello , Sarah Selecky , Matthew Heiti and Jeffrey Round , poet Patrice Desbiens , journalist Mick Lowe and academics Richard E. Bennett , Michel Bock , Rand Dyck , Graeme S. Mount and Gary Kinsman . In 2010,

854-632: Is celebrated with the Franco-Ontarian flag , recognized by the province as an official emblem, which was created in 1975 by a group of teachers at Laurentian University and after some controversy has flown at Tom Davies Square since 2006. The large francophone community plays a central role in developing and maintaining many of the cultural institutions of Sudbury including the Théâtre du Nouvel-Ontario , La Nuit sur l'étang , La Galerie du Nouvel-Ontario , Le Centre franco-ontarien de folklore and

915-686: Is divided between the federal electoral districts of Sudbury and Nickel Belt in the House of Commons of Canada , and the provincial electoral districts of Sudbury and Nickel Belt in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario . The federal and provincial districts do not have identical boundaries despite using the same names; most notably, the Walden district of the city is located in Sudbury federally but in Nickel Belt provincially. The city

976-710: Is home to an IMAX theatre which screens a program of IMAX films, the Cavern at Science North hosts some gala screenings during Cinéfest and screens science documentaries during the year, and the Sudbury Indie Cinema Co-op programs a repertory cinema lineup of independent and international films as well as organizing both the Junction North and Queer North film festivals. In 2021 the Sudbury Indie Cinema Co-op also launched

1037-647: Is represented federally by Members of Parliament Viviane Lapointe and Marc Serré , both of the Liberal Party of Canada , and provincially by Jamie West and France Gélinas of the Ontario New Democratic Party . The provincial Ministry of Energy, Northern Development and Mines has its head office in the city. Both federal and provincial politics in the city tend to be dominated by the Liberal and New Democratic parties. Historically,

1098-416: Is similar but not identical to neighborhood associations , in that while a neighborhood association is generally a private non-profit organization, a neighborhood council is a governmental structure in which multiple distinct neighborhood associations may be participants. The concept has its origins in the 19th-century emergence of "social centers" or "city clubs", community organizations which were formed in

1159-736: Is the francophone Théâtre du Nouvel-Ontario (TNO), one of seven organizations residing at the Place des Arts , where it also stages its performances. The Sudbury Theatre Centre , which was the city's only professional English-language theatre company, merged with YES Theatre in 2023, though the building which was previously home to the company retains its original name. Theatrical productions are also staged by several community theatre groups, as well as by high school drama students at Sudbury Secondary School , Lo-Ellen Park Secondary School , St. Charles College and École secondaire Macdonald-Cartier with its troupe Les Draveurs. Postsecondary institutions in

1220-998: The Northern Lights Festival Boréal and La Nuit sur l'étang festivals. Sudbury also hosts Northern Ontario's only Japanese cultural Festival, Japan Festival Sudbury. It started in 2019, went on hiatus for two years during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario , and returned to Sudbury's Bell Park Amphitheatre on July 16, 2022. Works of fiction themed or set primarily or partially in Sudbury or its former suburbs include Robert J. Sawyer 's The Neanderthal Parallax trilogy, Alistair MacLeod 's novel No Great Mischief , Paul Quarrington 's Logan in Overtime , Jean-Marc Dalpé 's play 1932, la ville du nickel and his short story collection Contes sudburois , and Chloé LaDuchesse 's L'Incendiare de Sudbury . The city

1281-672: The Prise de parole publishing company. The city hosted Les Jeux de la francophonie canadienne in 2011. The Sudbury Arts Council was established in 1974. Its mandate is to connect, communicate and celebrate the arts. It has an important role to provide a calendar of events and news about arts and culture activities. The city is home to two art galleries—the Art Gallery of Sudbury and La Galerie du Nouvel-Ontario . Both are dedicated primarily to Canadian art, especially artists from Northern Ontario. The city's only professional theatre company

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1342-661: The Regional Municipality of Sudbury in 1973, was subsequently merged in 2001 into the single-tier city of Greater Sudbury. In 2006, both of the city's major mining companies, Canadian-based Inco and Falconbridge, were taken over by new owners: Inco was acquired by the Brazilian company CVRD (now renamed Vale ), while Falconbridge was purchased by the Swiss company Xstrata , which itself was purchased by Anglo–Swiss Glencore, forming Glencore Xstrata . Xstrata donated

1403-426: The Regional Municipality of Sudbury in 1973, which was subsequently merged in 2001 into the single-tier city of Greater Sudbury. In common usage, the city's urban core is still generally referred to as Sudbury , while the outlying former towns are still referred to by their old names and continue in some respects to maintain their own distinct community identities despite their lack of political independence. Each of

1464-654: The Second World War . The Frood Mine alone accounted for 40 percent of all the nickel used in Allied artillery production during the war. After the end of the war, Sudbury was in a good position to supply nickel to the United States government when it decided to stockpile non- Soviet supplies during the Cold War . The open coke beds used in the early to mid-20th century and logging for fuel resulted in

1525-778: The Sudbury Outdoor Adventure Reels Film Festival , devoted to wilderness and adventure films, following several years of the city hosting an annual stop on the Banff Mountain Film Festival 's touring circuit, and in 2022 they launched both the Sudbury's Tiny Underground Film Festival (STUFF) for underground and experimental films, and the Sudbury Indie Creature Kon for horror films. The city has hosted an annual Sudbury Pride festival since 1997. The Up Here Festival , launched in 2015, blends

1586-525: The 1992 Earth Summit to recognise the city's community-based environmental reclamation strategies. By 2010, the regreening programs had successfully rehabilitated 3,350 ha (8,300 acres) of land in the city; however, approximately 30,000 ha (74,000 acres) of land have yet to be rehabilitated. Various studies have confirmed that the provincial government's initial claims that the municipal amalgamation would result in cost savings and increased efficiencies have not borne out, and in fact administration of

1647-519: The Liberals have been stronger in the Sudbury riding, with the New Democrats dominant in Nickel Belt, although both ridings have elected members of both parties at different times. Greater Sudbury Utilities Inc. (GSU) delivers utility services in the city's urban core. Its sole shareholder is the City of Greater Sudbury. The city of Sudbury and its suburban communities were reorganized into

1708-433: The Sudbury area as a prospector in 1901. He is credited with the original discovery of the ore body at Falconbridge . Rich deposits of nickel sulphide ore were discovered in the Sudbury Basin geological formation. The construction of the railway allowed exploitation of these mineral resources and shipment of the commodities to markets and ports, as well as large-scale lumber extraction. Mining began to replace lumber as

1769-450: The air over a much wider area, reducing the acidity of local precipitation. This enabled the municipality, province and Inco and academics from Laurentian University to begin an environmental recovery program in the late 1970s, labelled a "regreening" effort. Lime was spread over the charred soil by hand and by aircraft. Seeds of wild grasses and other vegetation were also spread. As of 2010, 9.2 million new trees have been planted in

1830-469: The amalgamated city costs significantly more than the prior regional government structure did. Sudbury has 330 lakes over 10 ha (25 acres) in size within the city limits. The most prominent is Lake Wanapitei , the largest lake in the world completely contained within the boundaries of a single city. Ramsey Lake , a few kilometres south of downtown Sudbury, held the same record before the municipal amalgamation in 2001 brought Lake Wanapitei fully inside

1891-552: The area providing wood for the reconstruction of Chicago after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. While other logging areas in Northeastern Ontario were also involved in that effort, the emergence of mining-related processes in the following decade made it significantly harder for new trees to grow to full maturity in the Sudbury area than elsewhere. The resulting erosion exposed bedrock in many parts of

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1952-480: The city boundaries. Greater Sudbury has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification : Dfb ). This region has warm and often humid summers with occasional short lasting periods of hot weather, with long, cold and snowy winters. It is situated north of the Great Lakes , making it prone to arctic air masses. Monthly precipitation is equal year round, with snow cover expected for up to six months of

2013-643: The city limits. Sudbury is divided into two main watersheds: to the east is the French River watershed which flows into Georgian Bay and to the west is the Spanish River watershed which flows into the North Channel of Lake Huron . Sudbury is built around many small, rocky mountains with exposed igneous rock of the Canadian (Precambrian) Shield . The ore deposits in Sudbury are part of

2074-631: The city no longer offer training in theatre, following the closures of Theatre programs at Thorneloe University in 2020 and Laurentian University in 2021, as well as the technical production programs at Collège Boréal and Cambrian College . In 2021, YES Theatre unveiled plans for the Refettorio, which would convert a vacant lot on Durham Street near the YMCA into an outdoor theatrical and musical performance space. The space opened in August 2023 with

2135-766: The city's primary annual film festival, has been staged in September each year since 1989. Two smaller specialist film festivals, the Junction North International Documentary Film Festival for documentary films and the Queer North Film Festival for LGBT -themed films, are also held each year. Mainstream commercial films are screened at the SilverCity theatre complex, which is also the primary venue for most Cinéfest screenings. Science North

2196-483: The city, which was charred in most places to a pitted, dark black appearance. There was not a complete lack of vegetation in the region as paper birch and wild blueberry patches thrived in the acidic soils. During the Apollo crewed lunar exploration program, NASA astronauts trained in Sudbury to become familiar with impact breccia and shatter cones , rare rock formations produced by large meteorite impacts. However,

2257-532: The city. Vale has begun to rehabilitate the slag heaps that surrounds their smelter in the Copper Cliff area with the planting of grass and trees, as well as the use of biosolids to stabilize and regreen tailings areas. In 1978, the workers of Sudbury's largest mining corporation, Inco (now Vale), embarked on a strike over production and employment cutbacks. The strike, which lasted for nine months, badly damaged Sudbury's economy. The city government

2318-438: The community at large, or internally within the league's pool of active volunteers and members. Other services the councils provide can include meeting and recreation space for the members of the community, typically a community hall , an ice skating rink , a playground , and so on. Neighborhood councils can be found in many cities throughout the world, especially but not exclusively in large metropolitan cities. The concept

2379-434: The community informed of current issues and activities. A typical neighborhood council executive comprises a president, a vice-president, a secretary, a treasurer (these two roles are often carried out by the same person), a representative to the municipal council, and one or more members which represent other community organizations. Depending on the model in place, executive members may be elected either generally by members of

2440-469: The community, making advisory recommendations to the citywide government on the community's needs and its views on governmental policies and issues, and direct participation in the management of neighborhood projects and facilities. Neighborhood councils do not have direct legislative power of their own. Neighborhood councils often act in concert with local schools , churches , political organizations, and recreational organizations in keeping all members of

2501-539: The decades that followed, Sudbury's economy went through boom and bust cycles as world demand for nickel fluctuated. Demand was high during the First World War , when Sudbury-mined nickel was used extensively in the manufacturing of artillery in Sheffield , England. It bottomed out when the war ended and then rose again in the mid-1920s as peacetime uses for nickel began to develop. The town was reincorporated as

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2562-489: The former towns and cities of the Regional Municipality of Sudbury were amalgamated into the current city government, while Quebec City has had a system of neighbourhood councils, or conseils de quartier , since the early 1980s. In the United States , such councils are active in cities like Los Angeles, California ; Tacoma, Washington ; and San Diego, California . They are designed to include representatives of

2623-732: The founding of Sudbury after the discovery of nickel and copper ore in 1883 during the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway . Greater Sudbury was formed in 2001 by merging the cities and towns of the former Regional Municipality of Sudbury with several previously unincorporated townships. Being located inland, the local climate is extremely seasonal, with average January lows of around −18 °C (0 °F) and average July highs of 25 °C (77 °F). The population resides in an urban core and many smaller communities scattered around 330 lakes and among hills of rock blackened by historical smelting activity. Sudbury

2684-466: The historic Edison Building , the onetime head office of Falconbridge, to the city in 2007 to serve as the new home of the municipal archives. On September 19, 2008, a fire destroyed the historic Sudbury Steelworkers Hall on Frood Road. A strike at Vale's operations, which began on July 13, 2009, was tentatively resolved in July 2010. The 2009 strike lasted longer than the devastating 1978 strike, but had

2745-559: The major retail, economic, health, and educational center for Northeastern Ontario. Sudbury is also home to a large Franco-Ontarian population, which influences its arts and culture. James Worthington, the superintendent of construction on the Northern Ontario segment of the railway, selected the name Sudbury after Sudbury, Suffolk , in England, which was the hometown of his wife Caroline Hitchcock. The city's official name

2806-529: The many diverse interests and needs in the communities that make up a city and to advise on issues of concern. Greater Sudbury Sudbury , officially the City of Greater Sudbury , is the largest city in Northern Ontario by population, with a population of 166,004 at the 2021 Canadian Census . By land area, it is the largest in Ontario and the fifth largest in Canada . It is administratively

2867-519: The new infrastructure demands created by rapid growth — for example, employed mineworkers sometimes ended up living in boarding houses or makeshift shanty towns , because demand for new housing was rising faster than supply. Between 1936 and 1941, the city was ordered into receivership by the Ontario Municipal Board . Another economic slowdown affected the city in 1937, but the city's fortunes rose again with wartime demands during

2928-416: The northeastern United States to provide a forum for citizens to engage in debate on local political issues. In 1917, the city of Edmonton , Alberta , became one of the first cities in the world to directly formalize social centers as a local government structure, when George Hall, a native of Providence , Rhode Island , who had been hired as the city's commissioner of industry in 1912, began implementing

2989-410: The ore releases this sulphur into the atmosphere where it combines with water vapour to form sulphuric acid , contributing to acid rain . As a result, Sudbury has had a widespread reputation as a wasteland. In parts of the city, vegetation was devastated by acid rain and logging to provide fuel for early smelting techniques. To a lesser extent, the area's ecology was also impacted by lumber camps in

3050-651: The popular misconception that they were visiting Sudbury because it purportedly resembled the lifeless surface of the Moon persists. The city's Nickel District Conservation Authority operates a conservation area , the Lake Laurentian Conservation Area , in the city's south end. Other unique environmental projects in the city include the Fielding Bird Sanctuary, a protected area along Highway 17 near Lively that provides

3111-435: The primary industry as the area's transportation network was improved to include trams. These enabled workers to live in one community and work in another. Sudbury's economy was dominated by the mining industry for much of the 20th century. Two major mining companies were created: Inco in 1902 and Falconbridge in 1928. They became two of the city's major employers and two of the world's leading producers of nickel. Through

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3172-474: The railway in 1883, blasting and excavation revealed high concentrations of nickel - copper ore at Murray Mine on the edge of the Sudbury Basin . This discovery brought the first waves of European settlers, who arrived not only to work at the mines, but also to build a service station for railway workers. Sudbury was incorporated as a town in 1893, and its first mayor was Joseph Étienne aka Stephen Fournier . The American inventor Thomas Edison visited

3233-589: The retreat of the last continental ice sheet. In 1850, local Ojibwe chiefs entered into an agreement with the British Crown to share a large tract of land, including what is now Sudbury, as part of the Robinson Huron Treaty . In exchange the Crown pledged to pay an annuity to First Nations people, which was originally set at $ 1.60 per treaty member and increased incrementally; its last increase

3294-464: The seven former municipalities in turn encompasses numerous smaller neighbourhoods. Amalgamated cities (2001 Canadian census population) include: Sudbury (85,354) and Valley East (22,374). Towns (2001 Canadian census population) include: Rayside-Balfour (15,046), Nickel Centre (12,672), Walden (10,101), Onaping Falls (4,887), and Capreol (3,486). The Wanup area, formerly an unincorporated settlement outside of Sudbury's old city limits,

3355-551: The year. Although extreme weather events are rare, one of the worst tornadoes in Canadian history struck the city and its suburbs on August 20, 1970, killing six people, injuring two hundred, and causing more than C$ 17 million (equivalent to $ 132 million in 2023) in damages. The highest temperature ever recorded in Greater Sudbury was 41.1 °C (106.0 °F) on July 13, 1936. The lowest temperature ever recorded

3416-486: Was also annexed into the city in 2001, along with a large wilderness area on the northeastern shore of Lake Wanapitei . Sudbury's culture is influenced by the large Franco-Ontarian community consisting of approximately 40 percent of the city's population, particularly in the amalgamated municipalities of Valley East and Rayside-Balfour and historically in the Moulin-à-Fleur neighbourhood. The French culture

3477-439: Was changed to Greater Sudbury in 2001, when it was amalgamated with its suburban towns into the current city, on the grounds of ensuring that the merger did not erase the longstanding community identities of the outlying towns. In everyday usage, however, the city is still more commonly referred to as just Sudbury. The Sudbury region was inhabited by the Ojibwe people of the Algonquin group as early as 9,000 years ago following

3538-437: Was in 1874, leaving it fixed at $ 4. French Jesuits were the first to establish a European settlement when they set up a mission called Sainte-Anne-des-Pins, just before the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1883. The Sainte-Anne-des-Pins church played a prominent role in the development of Franco-Ontarian culture in the region. Coincidentally, Ste-Anne is the patron saint of miners. During construction of

3599-416: Was once a major lumber center and a world leader in nickel mining. Mining and related industries dominated the economy for much of the 20th century. The two major mining companies which shaped the history of Sudbury were Inco, now Vale Limited , which employed more than 25% of the population by the 1970s, and Falconbridge , now Glencore . Sudbury has since expanded from its resource-based economy to emerge as

3660-533: Was spurred to launch a project to diversify the city's economy. A unique and visionary project, Science North was inaugurated in 1984 with two-snowflake styled buildings connected by a tunnel through the Canadian shield where the Creighton fault intersects the shores of Lake Ramsey . The city tried to attract new employers and industries through the 1980s and 1990s with mixed success. The city of Sudbury and its suburban communities, which were reorganized into

3721-412: Was −48.3 °C (−54.9 °F) on December 29, 1933. From the city hall at Tom Davies Square , the city is headed by twelve council members and one mayor both elected every four years. The current mayor is Paul Lefebvre , who was elected in the 2022 municipal election . The 2011 operating budget for Greater Sudbury was C$ 471 million, and the city employs 2006 full-time workers. The city

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