63-449: Evian ( / ˈ eɪ v i ɒ n / AY -vee-on , ev-ee-un ; French: [evjɑ̃] , stylized as evian ) is a French brand that bottles mineral water from several sources near Évian-les-Bains , on the south shore of Lake Geneva . Today, Evian is owned by Danone , a French multinational corporation . In addition to the mineral water, Danone Group uses the Evian name for
126-879: A high fashion collection. The collection is titled, “Balmain X Evian”. In April 2008, Evian created the Evian Water Protection Institute to work on three water and wetlands management projects with the Ramsar Convention . The three areas where the projects will take place are Thailand's Bung Khong, the La Plata Basin in Argentina and the Jagdishpur Reservoir in Nepal . Evian has also cut energy and water use by incorporating post-consumer recycled PET plastic into
189-400: A "sniffer test" on returned bottles to avoid cross-contamination of flavors. Different applications of PET require different degrees of polymerization, which can be obtained by modifying the process conditions. The molecular weight of PET is measured by solution viscosity. The preferred method to measure this viscosity is the intrinsic viscosity (IV) of the polymer. Intrinsic viscosity
252-425: A byproduct. Polymerization is through a polycondensation reaction of the monomers (done immediately after esterification/transesterification) with water as the byproduct. Polyester fibres are widely used in the textile industry. The invention of the polyester fibre is attributed to J. R. Whinfield. It was first commercialized in the 1940s by ICI , under the brand 'Terylene'. Subsequently E. I. DuPont launched
315-487: A different form, without destroying the polymer; or recycled in a process that includes transesterification and the addition of other glycols, polyols, or glycerol to form a new polyol. The polyol from the third method can be used in polyurethane (PU foam) production, or epoxy-based products, including paints. In 2023 a process was announced for using PET as the basis for supercapacitor production. PET, being stoichiometrically carbon and H 2 O , can be turned into
378-446: A few micrometers ) depending on its crystal structure and particle size. One process for making PET uses bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate , which can be synthesized by the esterification reaction between terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol with water as a byproduct (this is also known as a condensation reaction), or by transesterification reaction between ethylene glycol and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) with methanol as
441-483: A form of carbon containing sheets and nanospheres, with a very high surface area. The process involves holding a mixture of PET, water, nitric acid , and ethanol at a high temperature and pressure for eight hours, followed by centrifugation and drying. Significant investments were announced in 2021 and 2022 for chemical recycling of PET by glycolysis, methanolysis, and enzymatic recycling to recover monomers. Initially these will also use bottles as feedstock but it
504-504: A geologically and physically protected underground water source. No minerals may be added to this water. In the European Union , bottled water may be called mineral water when it is bottled at the source and has undergone no or minimal treatment. Permitted is the removal of iron , manganese , sulfur and arsenic through decantation , filtration or treatment with ozone -enriched air, insofar as this treatment does not alter
567-606: A line of organic skin care products and a luxury resort in Évian-les-Bains. Evian first became a public company in 1859 as the "Société anonyme des eaux minérales de Cachat" and a year later it became French when Savoy was incorporated into France under the Treaty of Turin . The French Ministry of Health reauthorized the bottling of Cachat water on the recommendation of the Medicine Academy in 1878. In 1908, Evian water began to be sold in glass bottles manufactured by
630-649: A logo on the cover, six full pages in the booklet, the image of a bottle of Évian on CD1 and a crushed bottle of Évian on CD2. In 2009, Evian launched the advertisement campaign, "Evian Roller Babies". The campaign won a Gold Award at the London International Awards 2009 for Best Visual Effects. Evian brand ambassadors include singer Dua Lipa and tennis player Emma Raducanu . In 2014, Evian collaborated with The Amazing Spider-Man 2 to create an advertisement, gaining 150+ million views on YouTube . In 2023, Evian collaborated with Balmain for
693-453: A multilayer structure is used. PET sandwiches an additional polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) or polyamide (PA) layer to further reduce its oxygen permeability. Non-oriented PET sheet can be thermoformed to make packaging trays and blister packs . Crystallizable PET withstands freezing and oven baking temperatures. Both amorphous PET and BoPET are transparent to the naked eye. Color-conferring dyes can easily be formulated into PET sheet. PET
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#1732764872731756-514: A series of limited edition bottles. Diane von Fürstenberg designed the limited edition bottle for 2013, Elie Saab for 2014, Kenzo for 2015, Alexander Wang for 2016, Christian Lacroix for 2017, Chiara Ferragni for 2018, Virgil Abloh for 2019 and 2020, Moncler for 2021, and Balmain for 2022. Evian worked with Virgin Records and EMI in 1998 for the mix album Club Nation . The album featured many advertisements for Évian, including
819-481: A significant amount of PET microparticles may be precipitated in sewage treatment plants. PET microfibers generated by apparel wear, washing or machine drying can become airborne, and be dispersed into fields, where they are ingested by livestock or plants and end up in the human food supply. SAPEA have declared that such particles 'do not pose a widespread risk'. PET is known to degrade when exposed to sunlight and oxygen. As of 2016, scarce information exists regarding
882-569: A stabilizer and a bluing agent such as cobalt salt is added to mask any yellowing. In the dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) process, DMT and excess ethylene glycol (MEG) are transesterified in the melt at 150–200 °C with a basic catalyst . Methanol (CH 3 OH) is removed by distillation to drive the reaction forward. Excess MEG is distilled off at higher temperature with the aid of vacuum. The second transesterification step proceeds at 270–280 °C, with continuous distillation of MEG as well. The reactions can be summarized as follows: In
945-471: A substantial degree, for example about 75% in Switzerland. The term rPET is commonly used to describe the recycled material, though it is also referred to as R-PET or post-consumer PET (POSTC-PET). The prime uses for recycled PET are polyester fiber, strapping, and non-food containers. Because of the recyclability of PET and the relative abundance of post-consumer waste in the form of bottles, PET
1008-427: Is isophthalic acid , replacing some of the 1,4-( para- ) linked terephthalate units. The 1,2-( ortho- ) or 1,3-( meta -) linkage produces an angle in the chain, which also disturbs crystallinity. Such copolymers are advantageous for certain molding applications, such as thermoforming , which is used for example to make tray or blister packaging from co-PET film, or amorphous PET sheet (A-PET/PETA) or PETG sheet. On
1071-481: Is a dimensionless measurement found by extrapolating the relative viscosity (measured in (dℓ/g)) to zero concentration. Shown below are the IV ranges for common applications: PET is often copolymerized with other diols or diacids to optimize the properties for particular applications. For example, cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) can be added to the polymer backbone in place of ethylene glycol . Since this building block
1134-440: Is also rapidly gaining market share as a carpet fiber. PET, like many plastics, is also an excellent candidate for thermal disposal ( incineration ), as it is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with only trace amounts of catalyst elements (but no sulfur). In general, PET can either be chemically recycled into its original raw materials (PTA, DMT, and EG), destroying the polymer structure completely; mechanically recycled into
1197-442: Is also technically possible to make PTA from readily available bio-based furfural . There are two basic molding methods for PET bottles, one-step and two-step. In two-step molding, two separate machines are used. The first machine injection molds the preform, which resembles a test tube, with the bottle-cap threads already molded into place. The body of the tube is significantly thicker, as it will be inflated into its final shape in
1260-686: Is expected that fibres will also be recycled this way in future. PET is also a desirable fuel for waste-to-energy plants , as it has a high calorific value which helps to reduce the use of primary resources for energy generation. At least one species of bacterium in the genus Nocardia can degrade PET with an esterase enzyme. Esterases are enzymes able to cleave the ester bond between two oxygens that links subunits of PET. The initial degradation of PET can also be achieved esterases expressed by Bacillus , as well as Nocardia . Japanese scientists have isolated another bacterium, Ideonella sakaiensis , that possesses two enzymes which can break down
1323-543: Is much larger (six additional carbon atoms) than the ethylene glycol unit it replaces, it does not fit in with the neighboring chains the way an ethylene glycol unit would. This interferes with crystallization and lowers the polymer's melting temperature. In general, such PET is known as PETG or PET-G (polyethylene terephthalate glycol-modified). It is a clear amorphous thermoplastic that can be injection-molded, sheet-extruded or extruded as filament for 3D printing . PETG can be colored during processing. Another common modifier
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#17327648727311386-645: Is permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide and this imposes shelf life limitations of contents packaged in PET. In the early 2000s, the global PET packaging market grew at a compound annual growth rate of 9% to €17 billion in 2006. Biaxially oriented PET (BOPET) film (including brands like "Mylar") can be aluminized by evaporating a thin film of metal onto it to reduce its permeability, and to make it reflective and opaque ( MPET ). These properties are useful in many applications, including flexible food packaging and thermal insulation (such as space blankets ). BOPET
1449-543: Is portrayed as a luxury and expensive bottled water. It was named in Agatha Christie's Murder on the Orient Express . It is popular among Hollywood celebrities. David LaChapelle photographed an Evian campaign juxtaposing a supermodel next to an Evian fountain formed from a Greek statue, which was painted to look like stone by Joanne Gair . The brand frequently collaborates with high-fashion designers for
1512-405: Is produced largely from purified terephthalic acid (PTA), as well as to a lesser extent from (mono-)ethylene glycol (MEG) and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT). As of 2022, ethylene glycol is made from ethene found in natural gas , while terephthalic acid comes from p-xylene made from crude oil . Typically an antimony or titanium compound is used as a catalyst, a phosphite is added as
1575-1038: Is quite important, because if nothing masks the aroma, even extremely low concentrations (10–20 parts per billion in the water) of acetaldehyde can produce an off-taste. Commentary published in Environmental Health Perspectives in April 2010 suggested that PET might yield endocrine disruptors under conditions of common use and recommended research on this topic. Proposed mechanisms include leaching of phthalates as well as leaching of antimony . An article published in Journal of Environmental Monitoring in April 2012 concludes that antimony concentration in deionized water stored in PET bottles stays within EU's acceptable limit even if stored briefly at temperatures up to 60 °C (140 °F), while bottled contents (water or soft drinks) may occasionally exceed
1638-412: Is still of concern. The Swiss Federal Office of Public Health investigated the amount of antimony migration, comparing waters bottled in PET and glass: The antimony concentrations of the water in PET bottles were higher, but still well below the allowed maximum concentration. The Swiss Federal Office of Public Health concluded that small amounts of antimony migrate from the PET into bottled water, but that
1701-491: Is strong and impact-resistant. PET is hygroscopic and absorbs water. About 60% crystallization is the upper limit for commercial products, with the exception of polyester fibers. Transparent products can be produced by rapidly cooling molten polymer below the glass transition temperature (T g ) to form a non-crystalline amorphous solid . Like glass, amorphous PET forms when its molecules are not given enough time to arrange themselves in an orderly, crystalline fashion as
1764-538: Is the reduction in space, product handling and energy, and far higher visual quality than can be achieved by the two-step system. PET is subject to degradation during processing. If the moisture level is too high, hydrolysis will reduce the molecular weight by chain scission , resulting in brittleness. If the residence time and/or melt temperature (temperature at melting) are too high, then thermal degradation or thermooxidative degradation will occur resulting in discoloration and reduced molecular weight, as well as
1827-445: Is used in the backsheet of photovoltaic modules . Most backsheets consist of a layer of BOPET laminated to a fluoropolymer or a layer of UV stabilized BOPET. PET is also used as a substrate in thin film solar cells. PET can be compounded with glass fibre and crystallization accelerators, to make thermoplastic resins. These can be injection moulded into parts such as housings, covers, electrical appliance components and elements of
1890-437: Is why BOPET film and bottles are both crystalline, to a degree, and transparent. PET has an affinity for hydrophobic flavors, and drinks sometimes need to be formulated with a higher flavor dosage, compared to those going into glass, to offset the flavor taken up by the container. While heavy gauge PET bottles returned for re-use, as in some EU countries, the propensity of PET to absorb flavors makes it necessary to conduct
1953-568: The terephthalic acid process, MEG and PTA are esterified directly at moderate pressure (2.7–5.5 bar) and high temperature (220–260 °C). Water is eliminated in the reaction, and it is also continuously removed by distillation : Bio-PET is the bio-based counterpart of PET. Essentially in Bio-PET, the MEG is manufactured from ethylene derived from sugar cane ethanol . A better process based on oxidation of ethanol has been proposed, and it
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2016-422: The EU limit after less than a year of storage at room temperature. Antimony (Sb) is a metalloid element that is used as a catalyst in the form of compounds such as antimony trioxide (Sb 2 O 3 ) or antimony triacetate in the production of PET. After manufacturing, a detectable amount of antimony can be found on the surface of the product. This residue can be removed with washing. Antimony also remains in
2079-484: The French Alps to their homes without the emission of even a molecule of carbon dioxide." Mineral water Mineral water is water from a mineral spring that contains various minerals , such as salts and sulfur compounds . It is usually still, but may be sparkling ( carbonated / effervescent ). Traditionally, mineral waters were used or consumed at their spring sources, often referred to as "taking
2142-401: The PET into smaller pieces digestible by the bacteria. A colony of I. sakaiensis can disintegrate a plastic film in about six weeks. French researchers report developing an improved PET hydrolase that can depolymerize (break apart) at least 90 percent of PET in 10 hours, breaking it down into individual monomers . Also, an enzyme based on a natural PET-ase was designed with the help of
2205-462: The UK were found to contain up to 44.7 μg/L of antimony, well above the EU limits for tap water of 5 μg/L. Clothing sheds microfibres in use, during washing and machine drying. Plastic litter slowly forms small particles. Microplastics which are present on the bottom of the river or seabed can be ingested by small marine life, thus entering the food chain. As PET has a higher density than water,
2268-405: The bottle sizes that receive the most sales. The company has joined with Recyclebank in an effort to get consumers to recycle. Recyclebank is an award-based company that gives participating households redeemable points according to the amount of materials they recycle. During 2018, Evian announced that it will make all of its plastic bottles from 100% recycled plastic by 2025, a move that will see
2331-405: The brand 'Dacron'. As of 2022, there are many brands around the world, mostly Asian. Polyester fibres are used in fashion apparel often blended with cotton, as heat insulation layers in thermal wear, sportswear and workwear and automotive upholstery. Plastic bottles made from PET are widely used for soft drinks , both still and sparkling . For beverages that are degraded by oxygen, such as beer,
2394-427: The class action lawsuit challenging Danone's "carbon neutral" claim on bottles of Evian water could proceed, calling 'carbon neutral' an ambiguous term that may reasonably confuse consumers and saying that Danone "expects too much" for consumers to learn what the term means from Evian labels. In response, lawyers for Danone have argued that it is unreasonable for consumers to assume that the product "magically arrived from
2457-605: The composition of the water as regards to the essential constituents which give it its properties. No additions are permitted except for carbon dioxide , which may be added, removed or re-introduced by exclusively physical methods. No disinfection treatment is permitted, nor is the addition of any bacteriostatic agents . A review by the World Health Organization found slightly reduced cardiovascular disease mortality from consuming harder water with higher mineral amounts, with magnesium and possibly calcium being
2520-430: The context of textile applications, PET is referred to by its common name, polyester , whereas the acronym PET is generally used in relation to packaging. Polyester makes up about 18% of world polymer production and is the fourth-most-produced polymer after polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). PET consists of repeating (C 10 H 8 O 4 ) units. PET is commonly recycled , and has
2583-408: The digit 1 (♳) as its resin identification code (RIC). The National Association for PET Container Resources (NAPCOR) defines PET as: "Polyethylene terephthalate items referenced are derived from terephthalic acid (or dimethyl terephthalate ) and mono ethylene glycol , wherein the sum of terephthalic acid (or dimethyl terephthalate) and mono ethylene glycol reacted constitutes at least 90 percent of
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2646-430: The formation of acetaldehyde , and the formation "gel" or "fish-eye" formations through cross-linking . Mitigation measures include copolymerisation with other monomers like CHDM or isophthalic acid , which lower the melting point and thus the melt temperature of the resin, as well as the addition of polymer stabilisers such as phosphites . Acetaldehyde , which can form by degradation of PET after mishandling of
2709-724: The glass factory Souchon-Neuvesel, which today is a part of Owens-Illinois . The first PVC bottle was launched in 1969. During the following year, the BSN Group, which eventually became the Danone Group, took 100% control of the Évian brand. Evian entered the U.S. market in 1978. In 1995, Evian switched to collapsible PET bottles. Evian's site in the French Alps was, during 2015, the largest carbon-neutral food and beverage production site in France. In popular culture, Evian
2772-504: The gradual formation acetaldehyde over the object's lifespan. This proceeds via a Type II Norrish reaction . When acetaldehyde is produced, some of it remains dissolved in the walls of a container and then diffuses into the product stored inside, altering the taste and aroma. This is not such a problem for non-consumables (such as shampoo), for fruit juices (which already contain acetaldehyde), or for strong-tasting drinks like soft drinks. For bottled water, however, low acetaldehyde content
2835-478: The health risk of the resulting low concentrations is negligible (1% of the " tolerable daily intake " determined by the WHO ). A later (2006) but more widely publicized study found similar amounts of antimony in water in PET bottles. The WHO has published a risk assessment for antimony in drinking water. Fruit juice concentrates (for which no guidelines are established), however, that were produced and bottled in PET in
2898-551: The high-quality plastic required by Evian. During April 2020, Evian became the first Danone brand to achieve carbon neutrality . In October 2022, a class action lawsuit was filed by plaintiff Stephanie Dorris on behalf of consumers of Evian water, alleging that the Danone's claim on Evian packaging that the product is "carbon neutral" is false and misleading and that if consumers had known this they would not have purchased it. In January 2024, US District Judge Nelson Roman ruled that
2961-674: The ignition system. PET is stoichiometrically a mixture of carbon and H 2 O , and therefore has been used in an experiment involving laser-driven shock compression which created nanodiamonds and superionic water . This could be a possible way of producing nanodiamonds commercially. PET was patented in 1941 by John Rex Whinfield , James Tennant Dickson and their employer the Calico Printers' Association of Manchester , England. E. I. DuPont de Nemours in Delaware, United States, first produced Dacron (PET fiber) in 1950 and used
3024-439: The life-time of the synthetic polymers in the environment. While most thermoplastics can, in principle, be recycled, PET bottle recycling is more practical than many other plastic applications because of the high value of the resin and the almost exclusive use of PET for widely used water and carbonated soft drink bottling. PET bottles lend themselves well to recycling (see below). In many countries PET bottles are recycled to
3087-604: The mass of monomer reacted to form the polymer, and must exhibit a melting peak temperature between 225 °C and 255 °C, as identified during the second thermal scan in procedure 10.1 in ASTM D3418, when heating the sample at a rate of 10 °C/minute." Depending on its processing and thermal history, polyethylene terephthalate may exist both as an amorphous (transparent) and as a semi-crystalline polymer . The semicrystalline material might appear transparent (particle size less than 500 nm ) or opaque and white (particle size up to
3150-506: The material itself and can, thus, migrate out into food and drinks. Exposing PET to boiling or microwaving can increase the levels of antimony significantly, possibly above US EPA maximum contamination levels. The drinking water limit assessed by WHO is 20 parts per billion (WHO, 2003), and the drinking water limit in the United States is 6 parts per billion. Although antimony trioxide is of low toxicity when taken orally, its presence
3213-441: The material, is a colorless, volatile substance with a fruity smell. Although it forms naturally in some fruit, it can cause an off-taste in bottled water. As well as high temperatures (PET decomposes above 300 °C or 570 °F) and long barrel residence times, high pressures and high extruder speeds (which cause shear raising the temperature), can also contribute to the production of acetaldehyde. Photo-oxidation can also cause
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#17327648727313276-473: The melt is cooled. While at room temperature the molecules are frozen in place, if enough heat energy is put back into them afterward by heating the material above T g , they can begin to move again, allowing crystals to nucleate and grow. This procedure is known as solid-state crystallization. Amorphous PET also crystallizes and becomes opaque when exposed to solvents , such as chloroform or toluene . A more crystalline product can be produced by allowing
3339-416: The molten polymer to cool slowly. Rather than forming one large single crystal, this material has a number of spherulites (crystallized areas) each containing many small crystallites (grains). Light tends to scatter as it crosses the boundaries between crystallites and the amorphous regions between them, causing the resulting solid to be translucent. Orientation also renders polymers more transparent. This
3402-844: The most likely contributors. However, mineral amounts vary greatly among different brands of mineral water, and tap water can contain similar or greater amounts of minerals. One study found that the median mineral content of North American mineral waters was lower than for tap water, though values varied widely among both groups. Additionally, other dietary sources of minerals are available and may be more cost effective and less environmentally impactful than bottled mineral water. Kozisek, Frantisek; Rosborg, Ingegerd, eds. (2020). Drinking Water Minerals and Mineral Balance Importance, Health Significance, Safety Precautions . Springer International Publishing . ISBN 9783030180348 . Polyethylene terephthalate Polyethylene terephthalate (or poly(ethylene terephthalate) , PET , PETE , or
3465-414: The natural spring water brand adopt a ‘circular approach’ to its plastic usage, where plastic is kept within the economy and out of nature. In order to achieve its 2025 ambition, Evian is partnering with technology companies, one of which is Loop Industries. Loop Industries has developed a technology that enables a continuous loop for recycling at large scale, transforming all types of PET plastic waste into
3528-470: The obsolete PETP or PET-P ), is the most common thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family and is used in fibres for clothing, containers for liquids and foods, and thermoforming for manufacturing, and in combination with glass fibre for engineering resins . In 2016, annual production of PET was 56 million tons. The biggest application is in fibres (in excess of 60%), with bottle production accounting for about 30% of global demand. In
3591-619: The other hand, crystallization is important in other applications where mechanical and dimensional stability are important, such as seat belts. For PET bottles, the use of small amounts of isophthalic acid, CHDM, diethylene glycol (DEG) or other comonomers can be useful: if only small amounts of comonomers are used, crystallization is slowed but not prevented entirely. As a result, bottles are obtainable via stretch blow molding ("SBM"), which are both clear and crystalline enough to be an adequate barrier to aromas and even gases, such as carbon dioxide in carbonated beverages. Polyethylene terephthalate
3654-572: The second step using stretch blow molding . In the second step, the preforms are heated rapidly and then inflated against a two-part mold to form them into the final shape of the bottle. Preforms (uninflated bottles) are now also used as robust and unique containers themselves; besides novelty candy, some Red Cross chapters distribute them as part of the Vial of Life program to homeowners to store medical history for emergency responders. The two-step process lends itself to third party production remote from
3717-486: The term "mineral water" is colloquially used to mean any bottled carbonated water or soda water , as opposed to tap water . The more calcium and magnesium ions that are dissolved in water, the harder it is said to be; water with few dissolved calcium and magnesium ions is described as being soft . The U.S. Food and Drug Administration classifies mineral water as water containing at least 250 parts per million total dissolved solids (TDS), originating from
3780-792: The trademark Mylar (boPET film) in June 1951 and received registration of it in 1952. It is still the best-known name used for polyester film. The current owner of the trademark is DuPont Teijin Films. In the Soviet Union, PET was first manufactured in the laboratories of the Institute of High-Molecular Compounds of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1949, and its name "Lavsan" is an acronym thereof ( ла боратории Института в ысокомолекулярных с оединений А кадемии н аук СССР). The PET bottle
3843-472: The user site. The preforms can be transported and stored by the thousand in a much smaller space than would finished containers, for the second stage to be carried out on the user site on a 'just in time' basis. In one-step machines, the entire process from raw material to finished container is conducted within one machine, making it especially suitable for molding non-standard shapes (custom molding), including jars, flat oval, flask shapes, etc. Its greatest merit
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#17327648727313906-451: The waters" or "taking the cure," at places such as spas , baths and wells . Today, it is far more common for mineral water to be bottled at the source for distributed consumption. Travelling to the mineral water site for direct access to the water is now uncommon, and in many cases not possible because of exclusive commercial ownership rights. More than 4,000 brands of mineral water are commercially available worldwide. In many places
3969-551: Was invented in 1973 by Nathaniel Wyeth and patented by DuPont. PET in its most stable state is a colorless, semi-crystalline resin . However it is intrinsically slow to crystallize compared to other semicrystalline polymers . Depending on processing conditions it can be formed into either non-crystalline ( amorphous ) or crystalline articles. Its amenability to drawing in manufacturing makes PET useful in fibre and film applications. Like most aromatic polymers , it has better barrier properties than aliphatic polymers . It
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