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27-648: This standard consists of the Exif image file specification and the Exif audio file specification. Exif is supported by almost all camera manufacturers. The metadata tags defined in the Exif standard cover a broad spectrum: The Japan Electronic Industries Development Association (JEIDA) produced the initial definition of Exif. Version 2.1 of the specification is dated 12 June 1998. JEITA established Exif version 2.2 (a.k.a. " Exif Print "), dated 20 February 2002 and released in April 2002. Version 2.21 (with Adobe RGB support)

54-456: A FlashPix file. These FlashPix extensions allow meta-information to be preserved when converting between FPXR JPEG images and FlashPix images. FPXR information may be found in images from some models of digital cameras by Kodak and Hewlett-Packard . Below is an example of the FPXR information found in a JPEG image from a Kodak EasyShare V570 digital camera: The Exif specification describes

81-791: A Global Positioning System sub-IFD using the TIFF Private Tag 0x8825, holding location information, and an "Interoperability IFD" specified within the Exif sub-IFD, using the Exif tag 0xA005. Formats specified in Exif standard are defined as folder structures that are based on Exif-JPEG and recording formats for memory. When these formats are used as Exif/DCF files together with the DCF specification (for better interoperability among devices of different types), their scope shall cover devices, recording media, and application software that handle them. The Exif format has standard tags for location information. As of 2014, many cameras and mobile phones have

108-496: A tag editor . It is platform independent , available as both a Perl library (Image::ExifTool) and a command-line application. ExifTool is commonly incorporated into different types of digital workflows and supports many types of metadata including Exif , IPTC , XMP , JFIF , GeoTIFF , ICC Profile , Photoshop IRB, FlashPix , AFCP and ID3 , as well as the manufacturer-specific metadata formats of many digital cameras . ExifTool implements its own open metadata format. It

135-456: A built-in GPS receiver that stores the location information in the Exif header when a picture is taken. Some other cameras have a separate GPS receiver that fits into the flash connector or hot shoe . Recorded GPS data can also be added to any digital photograph on a computer, either by correlating the time stamps of the photographs with a GPS record from a hand-held GPS receiver or manually by using

162-496: A map or mapping software. Some cameras can be paired with cellphones to provide the geolocation. The process of adding geographic information to a photograph is known as geotagging . Photo-sharing communities like Panoramio , locr or Flickr equally allow their users to upload geocoded pictures or to add geolocation information online. Exif data are embedded within the image file itself. While many recent image manipulation programs recognize and preserve Exif data when writing to

189-429: A modified image, this is not the case for most older programs. Many image gallery programs also recognise Exif data and optionally display it alongside the images. Software libraries, such as libexif for C and Adobe XMP Toolkit or Exiv2 for C++ , Metadata Extractor for Java , PIL/Pillow for Python , LEADTOOLS or ExifTool for Perl , parse Exif data from files and read/write Exif tag values. The Exif format has

216-515: A number of drawbacks, mostly relating to its use of legacy file structures. Since the Exif tag contains metadata about the photo, it can pose a privacy problem. For example, a photo taken with a GPS -enabled camera can reveal the exact location and time it was taken, and the unique ID number of the device - this is all done by default - often without the user's knowledge. Many users may be unaware that their photos are tagged by default in this manner, or that specialist software may be required to remove

243-531: Is an ISO standard , originally created by Adobe Systems Inc. , for the creation, processing and interchange of standardized and custom metadata for digital documents and data sets. IPTC was developed in the early 1990s by the International Press Telecommunications Council (IPTC) to expedite the international exchange of news among newspapers and news agencies. Not all devices use every available metadata field in

270-472: Is borrowed from TIFF files. On several image specific properties, there is a large overlap between the tags defined in the TIFF , Exif, TIFF/EP , and DCF standards. For descriptive metadata, there is an overlap between Exif, IPTC Information Interchange Model and XMP info, which also can be embedded in a JPEG file. The Metadata Working Group has guidelines on mapping tags between these standards. When Exif

297-574: Is dated 11 July 2003, but was released in September 2003 following the release of DCF 2.0. Version 2.3 was released on 26 April 2010, and revised to 2.31 in July 2013 and revised to 2.32 on 17 May 2019, was jointly formulated by JEITA and CIPA . The latest version, 3.0, was released in May 2023, and brings, among other things, support for UTF-8 to allow text data in non-ASCII encoding. The Exif tag structure

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324-603: Is defined in version 2.3 as "a tag used to record fractions of seconds for the DateTime tag;" the SubsecTimeOriginal and SubsecTimeDigitized fields are defined similarly. The subsecond tags are of variable length, meaning manufacturers may choose the number of ASCII-encoded decimal digits to place in these tags. For DateTime = 2000:01:01 00:00:00 , the actual time with various subsecond values would be: The standard does not specify which particular event during

351-424: Is designed to encapsulate metainformation from many sources, in binary or textual form, and bundle it together with any type of file. It can either be a single file, wrapping existing data, or used as a sidecar file , carrying for example Exif or XMP metadata. Websites and services that use ExifTool include: ExifTool can read, edit or create files with the following formats: ExifTool can read, edit or create

378-537: Is employed for JPEG files, the Exif data are stored in one of JPEG's defined utility Application Segments , the APP1 (segment marker 0xFFE1), which in effect holds an entire TIFF file within. When Exif is employed in TIFF files (also when used as "an embedded TIFF file" mentioned earlier), the TIFF Private Tag 0x8769 defines a sub-Image File Directory (IFD) that holds the Exif specified TIFF Tags. In addition, Exif also defines

405-630: The RIFF file format used for WAV audio files and defines a number of tags for storing meta-information such as artist, copyright, creation date, and more in these files. The following table gives an example of Exif information found in a WAV file written by the Pentax Optio WP digital camera: The "MakerNote" tag contains image information normally in a proprietary binary format. Some of these manufacturer-specific formats have been decoded: The proprietary formats used by many manufacturers break if

432-589: The XKeyscore program. The privacy problem of Exif data can be avoided by removing the Exif data using a metadata removal tool . Metadata Working Group was formed by a consortium of companies in 2006 (according to their web page) or 2007 (as stated in their own press release). Version 2.0 of the specification was released in November 2010, giving recommendations concerning the use of Exif, IPTC and XMP metadata in images. Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP)

459-465: The "taking" of a picture the time tags should describe. The standard is, in fact, ambiguous. The DateTimeOriginal tag is defined as "The date and time when the original image data was generated." For an exposure—say, 30 seconds—longer than the granularity of the timestamp (one second for the DateTimeOriginal tag), the tag's time could correspond to the beginning of the exposure, the end of

486-628: The Exif standard. The following table shows Exif metadata for a photo made with a typical digital camera. Authorship and copyright information is generally not provided in the camera's output, so it must be filled in during later stages of processing. Some programs, such as Canon's Digital Photo Professional , allow the name of the owner to be added to the camera itself. In addition to the basic date and time tags ( DateTime , DateTimeOriginal , and DateTimeDigitized ), there are three corresponding "subsecond" tags: SubsecTime , SubsecTimeOriginal , and SubsecTimeDigitized . The SubsecTime tag

513-597: The Exif tag before publishing. For example, a whistleblower , journalist or political dissident relying on the protection of anonymity to allow them to report malfeasance by a corporate entity, criminal, or government may therefore find their safety compromised by this default data collection. In December 2012, anti-virus businessman John McAfee was arrested in Guatemala while fleeing from alleged persecution in neighboring Belize . Vice magazine had published an exclusive interview on their website with McAfee "on

540-512: The MakerNote tag data is moved (i.e. by inserting or editing a tag that precedes it). The reason to edit to the Exif data could be as simple as to add copyright information, an Exif comment, etc. There are two solutions for this problem: Microsoft has implemented the last solution in Windows 10: In the Windows explorer you can change the Exif data of an image file by the properties window. Here

567-461: The exposure, or some other time. This confusion is exacerbated for the subsecond tags, where the granularity (down to 1/10000th of a second in the examples in the standard) is shorter than many common exposure durations. As noted above, tags to specify the previously-missing timezone information were added in Exif version 2.31. These are "OffsetTime", "OffsetTimeOriginal" and "OffsetTimeDigitized". They are formatted as seven ASCII characters (including

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594-464: The null terminator) denoting the hours and minutes of the offset, like +01:00 or -01:00 . The offset is "from UTC (the time difference from Universal Coordinated Time including daylight saving time) of the time of" the matching tag. The Exif specification also includes a description of FPXR (FlashPix-ready) information, which may be stored in APP2 of JPEG images using a structure similar to that of

621-523: The run" that included a photo of McAfee with a Vice reporter taken with a phone that had geotagged the image. The photo's metadata included GPS coordinates locating McAfee in Guatemala, and he was captured two days later. McAfee later claimed to have edited the Exif data from his phone to provide a false location. According to documents leaked by Edward Snowden , the NSA is targeting Exif information under

648-427: The tab sheet "Details" contains some Exif data like title, subject, comments etc. and these Exif data can also be changed and stored. When the image file is saved the tag "OffsetSchema" (tag ID = 0xea1d) is added and this tag contains a signed 32 bit number. With this number the original index of "MakerNote" can be restored: Original index of "MakerNote" = Current index of "MakerNote" - Value of tag "OffsetSchema" But

675-682: The tag "OffsetSchema" was defined by Microsoft and it is not part of the official Exif standard. In some cases, camera vendors also store important information only in proprietary makernote fields, instead of using available Exif standard tags. An example for this is Nikon's ISO speed settings tag. Japan Electronic Industries Development Association The Japan Electronic Industry Development Association ( 社団法人日本電子工業振興協会 , Shadan-hōjin Nihon Denshi Kōgyo Shinkō Kyōkai , JEIDA) (Formerly Ryoko Communications Association Co., Ltd. ( りょうこ通信協会 , Ryō ko tsūshin kyōkai , RCA) )

702-665: Was an industry research, development, and standards body for electronics in Japan. It was merged with EIAJ to form JEITA on November 1, 2000. JEIDA was similar to SEMATECH of the US, ECMA of Europe. JEIDA developed a number of standards, including the JEIDA memory card , and the Exif graphical file format. The association was established as Ryoko Communications Association Co., Ltd. in 1967. In 1989, Ryoko Communications Association Co., Ltd.

729-476: Was re-branded into Japan Electronic Industries Development Association. In 2000, JEIDA became a Pending merger with EIAJ and was Reorganized into JEITA . This article about an organization or organization-related topic in Japan is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . ExifTool ExifTool is a free and open-source software program for reading, writing, and manipulating image, audio, video, and PDF metadata . As such, ExifTool classes as

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