Misplaced Pages

#83916

33-548: For such cases, it is a more accurate measure than measuring instructions per second . Floating-point arithmetic is needed for very large or very small real numbers , or computations that require a large dynamic range. Floating-point representation is similar to scientific notation, except everything is carried out in base two, rather than base ten. The encoding scheme stores the sign, the exponent (in base two for Cray and VAX , base two or ten for IEEE floating point formats, and base 16 for IBM Floating Point Architecture ) and

66-517: A modern C / C++ compiler. For the most early 8-bit and 16-bit microprocessors , performance was measured in thousand instructions per second (1000 kIPS = 1 MIPS). zMIPS refers to the MIPS measure used internally by IBM to rate its mainframe servers ( zSeries , IBM System z9 , and IBM System z10 ). Weighted million operations per second (WMOPS) is a similar measurement, used for audio codecs. MDGRAPE-3 MDGRAPE-3

99-467: A performance benchmark is adequate when a computer is used in database queries, word processing, spreadsheets, or to run multiple virtual operating systems. In 1974 David Kuck coined the terms flops and megaflops for the description of supercomputer performance of the day by the number of floating-point calculations they performed per second. This was much better than using the prevalent MIPS to compare computers as this statistic usually had little bearing on

132-440: A teraFLOPS on a wide range of DGEMM operations. Intel emphasized during the demonstration that this was a sustained teraFLOPS (not "raw teraFLOPS" used by others to get higher but less meaningful numbers), and that it was the first general purpose processor to ever cross a teraFLOPS. On June 18, 2012, IBM's Sequoia supercomputer system , based at the U.S. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), reached 16 petaFLOPS, setting

165-890: Is a measure of a computer 's processor speed. For complex instruction set computers (CISCs), different instructions take different amounts of time, so the value measured depends on the instruction mix; even for comparing processors in the same family the IPS measurement can be problematic. Many reported IPS values have represented "peak" execution rates on artificial instruction sequences with few branches and no cache contention , whereas realistic workloads typically lead to significantly lower IPS values. Memory hierarchy also greatly affects processor performance, an issue barely considered in IPS calculations. Because of these problems, synthetic benchmarks such as Dhrystone are now generally used to estimate computer performance in commonly used applications, and raw IPS has fallen into disuse. The term

198-579: Is an ultra-high performance petascale supercomputer system developed by the Riken research institute in Japan . It is a special purpose system built for molecular dynamics simulations, especially protein structure prediction . MDGRAPE-3 consists of 201 units of 24 custom MDGRAPE-3 chips (4,824 total), plus additional dual-core Intel Xeon processors (codename "Dempsey" ) which serve as host machines. In June 2006 Riken announced its completion, achieving

231-404: Is commonly used in association with a metric prefix (k, M, G, T, P, or E) to form kilo instructions per second ( kIPS ), mega instructions per second ( MIPS ), giga instructions per second ( GIPS ) and so on. Formerly TIPS was used occasionally for "thousand IPS". IPS can be calculated using this equation: However, the instructions/cycle measurement depends on the instruction sequence,

264-460: Is rarely used today, as most current microprocessors can execute at least a million instructions per second. Gibson divided computer instructions into 12 classes, based on the IBM 704 architecture, adding a 13th class to account for indexing time. Weights were primarily based on analysis of seven scientific programs run on the 704, with a small contribution from some IBM 650 programs. The overall score

297-571: The Tianhe-1 , a supercomputer that operates at a peak computing rate of 2.5 petaFLOPS. As of 2010 the fastest PC processor reached 109 gigaFLOPS ( Intel Core i7 980 XE ) in double precision calculations. GPUs are considerably more powerful. For example, Nvidia Tesla C2050 GPU computing processors perform around 515 gigaFLOPS in double precision calculations, and the AMD FireStream 9270 peaks at 240 gigaFLOPS. In November 2011, it

330-554: The University of Texas at Austin opened full scale research runs on an AMD , Sun supercomputer named Ranger , the most powerful supercomputing system in the world for open science research, which operates at sustained speed of 0.5 petaFLOPS. On May 25, 2008, an American supercomputer built by IBM , named ' Roadrunner ', reached the computing milestone of one petaFLOPS. It headed the June 2008 and November 2008 TOP500 list of

363-445: The significand (number after the radix point ). While several similar formats are in use, the most common is ANSI/IEEE Std. 754-1985 . This standard defines the format for 32-bit numbers called single precision , as well as 64-bit numbers called double precision and longer numbers called extended precision (used for intermediate results). Floating-point representations can support a much wider range of values than fixed-point, with

SECTION 10

#1732783803084

396-586: The ATI Radeon HD 4870X2 graphics card with two Radeon R770 GPUs totaling 2.4 teraFLOPS. In November 2008, an upgrade to the Cray Jaguar supercomputer at the Department of Energy's (DOE's) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) raised the system's computing power to a peak 1.64 petaFLOPS, making Jaguar the world's first petaFLOPS system dedicated to open research . In early 2009 the supercomputer

429-516: The Blue Gene/L. When configured to do so, it can reach speeds in excess of three petaFLOPS. On October 25, 2007, NEC Corporation of Japan issued a press release announcing its SX series model SX-9 , claiming it to be the world's fastest vector supercomputer. The SX-9 features the first CPU capable of a peak vector performance of 102.4 gigaFLOPS per single core. On February 4, 2008, the NSF and

462-572: The Department of Energy's (DOE) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), captured the number one spot with a performance of 148.6 petaFLOPS on High Performance Linpack (HPL), the benchmark used to rank the TOP500 list. Summit has 4,356 nodes, each one equipped with two 22-core Power9 CPUs, and six NVIDIA Tesla V100 GPUs. In June 2022, the United States' Frontier is the most powerful supercomputer on TOP500, reaching 1102 petaFlops (1.102 exaFlops) on

495-526: The LINPACK benchmarks. Distributed computing uses the Internet to link personal computers to achieve more FLOPS: 3× NVIDIA RTX 3080 @ 29,770 GFLOPS each & $ 699.99 Total system GFLOPS = 89,794 / TFLOPS = 89.794 Total system cost incl. realistic but low cost parts; matched with other example = $ 2839 US$ /GFLOP = $ 0.0314 Instructions per second Instructions per second ( IPS )

528-537: The ability to represent very small numbers and very large numbers. The exponentiation inherent in floating-point computation assures a much larger dynamic range – the largest and smallest numbers that can be represented – which is especially important when processing data sets where some of the data may have extremely large range of numerical values or where the range may be unpredictable. As such, floating-point processors are ideally suited for computationally intensive applications. FLOPS and MIPS are units of measure for

561-663: The arithmetic capability of the machine on scientific tasks. FLOPS on an HPC-system can be calculated using this equation: This can be simplified to the most common case: a computer that has exactly 1 CPU: FLOPS can be recorded in different measures of precision, for example, the TOP500 supercomputer list ranks computers by 64 bit ( double-precision floating-point format ) operations per second, abbreviated to FP64 . Similar measures are available for 32-bit ( FP32 ) and 16-bit ( FP16 ) operations. FORTRAN compiler (ANSI 77 with vector extensions) In June 1997, Intel 's ASCI Red

594-625: The data and external factors. Before standard benchmarks were available, average speed rating of computers was based on calculations for a mix of instructions with the results given in kilo instructions per second (kIPS). The most famous was the Gibson Mix , produced by Jack Clark Gibson of IBM for scientific applications in 1959. Other ratings, such as the ADP mix which does not include floating point operations, were produced for commercial applications. The thousand instructions per second (kIPS) unit

627-548: The mid-1980s. For this reason, MIPS has become not a measure of instruction execution speed, but task performance speed compared to a reference. In the late 1970s, minicomputer performance was compared using VAX MIPS , where computers were measured on a task and their performance rated against the VAX-11/780 that was marketed as a 1 MIPS machine. (The measure was also known as the VAX Unit of Performance or VUP .) This

660-462: The most powerful supercomputers (excluding grid computers ). The computer is located at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico. The computer's name refers to the New Mexico state bird , the greater roadrunner ( Geococcyx californianus ). In June 2008, AMD released ATI Radeon HD 4800 series, which are reported to be the first GPUs to achieve one teraFLOPS. On August 12, 2008, AMD released

693-474: The numerical computing performance of a computer. Floating-point operations are typically used in fields such as scientific computational research, as well as in machine learning . However, before the late 1980s floating-point hardware (it's possible to implement FP arithmetic in software over any integer hardware) was typically an optional feature, and computers that had it were said to be "scientific computers", or to have " scientific computation " capability. Thus

SECTION 20

#1732783803084

726-470: The processor may be capable of executing multiple independent instructions simultaneously. MIPS can be useful when comparing performance between processors made with similar architecture (e.g. Microchip branded microcontrollers), but they are difficult to compare between differing CPU architectures . This led to the term "Meaningless Indicator of Processor Speed," or less commonly, "Meaningless Indices of Performance," being popular amongst technical people by

759-491: The programming language used. The Whetstone Report has a table showing MWIPS speeds of PCs via early interpreters and compilers up to modern languages. The first PC compiler was for BASIC (1982) when a 4.8 MHz 8088/87 CPU obtained 0.01 MWIPS. Results on a 2.4 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo (1 CPU 2007) vary from 9.7 MWIPS using BASIC Interpreter, 59 MWIPS via BASIC Compiler, 347 MWIPS using 1987 Fortran, 1,534 MWIPS through HTML/Java to 2,403 MWIPS using

792-528: The thermal dissipation at this frequency exceeds 190 watts. In June 2007, Top500.org reported the fastest computer in the world to be the IBM Blue Gene/L supercomputer, measuring a peak of 596 teraFLOPS. The Cray XT4 hit second place with 101.7 teraFLOPS. On June 26, 2007, IBM announced the second generation of its top supercomputer, dubbed Blue Gene/P and designed to continuously operate at speeds exceeding one petaFLOPS, faster than

825-413: The unit MIPS was useful to measure integer performance of any computer, including those without such a capability, and to account for architecture differences, similar MOPS (million operations per second) was used as early as 1970 as well. Note that besides integer (or fixed-point) arithmetics, examples of integer operation include data movement (A to B) or value testing (If A = B, then C). That's why MIPS as

858-508: The world record and claiming first place in the latest TOP500 list. On November 12, 2012, the TOP500 list certified Titan as the world's fastest supercomputer per the LINPACK benchmark, at 17.59 petaFLOPS. It was developed by Cray Inc. at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and combines AMD Opteron processors with "Kepler" NVIDIA Tesla graphics processing unit (GPU) technologies. On June 10, 2013, China's Tianhe-2

891-667: Was announced by Japanese research institute RIKEN , the MDGRAPE-3 . The computer's performance tops out at one petaFLOPS, almost two times faster than the Blue Gene/L, but MDGRAPE-3 is not a general purpose computer, which is why it does not appear in the Top500.org list. It has special-purpose pipelines for simulating molecular dynamics. By 2007, Intel Corporation unveiled the experimental multi-core POLARIS chip, which achieves 1 teraFLOPS at 3.13 GHz. The 80-core chip can raise this result to 2 teraFLOPS at 6.26 GHz, although

924-493: Was announced that Japan had achieved 10.51 petaFLOPS with its K computer . It has 88,128 SPARC64 VIIIfx processors in 864 racks, with theoretical performance of 11.28 petaFLOPS. It is named after the Japanese word " kei ", which stands for 10 quadrillion , corresponding to the target speed of 10 petaFLOPS. On November 15, 2011, Intel demonstrated a single x86-based processor, code-named "Knights Corner", sustaining more than

957-569: Was chosen because the 11/780 was roughly equivalent in performance to an IBM System/370 model 158–3, which was commonly accepted in the computing industry as running at 1 MIPS. Many minicomputer performance claims were based on the Fortran version of the Whetstone benchmark , giving Millions of Whetstone Instructions Per Second (MWIPS). The VAX 11/780 with FPA (1977) runs at 1.02 MWIPS. Effective MIPS speeds are highly dependent on

990-531: Was named after a mythical creature, Kraken . Kraken was declared the world's fastest university-managed supercomputer and sixth fastest overall in the 2009 TOP500 list. In 2010 Kraken was upgraded and can operate faster and is more powerful. In 2009, the Cray Jaguar performed at 1.75 petaFLOPS, beating the IBM Roadrunner for the number one spot on the TOP500 list. In October 2010, China unveiled

1023-598: Was ranked the world's fastest with 33.86 petaFLOPS. On June 20, 2016, China's Sunway TaihuLight was ranked the world's fastest with 93 petaFLOPS on the LINPACK benchmark (out of 125 peak petaFLOPS). The system was installed at the National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi, and represented more performance than the next five most powerful systems on the TOP500 list did at the time combined. In June 2019, Summit , an IBM-built supercomputer now running at

Floating point operations per second - Misplaced Pages Continue

1056-400: Was the world's first computer to achieve one teraFLOPS and beyond. Sandia director Bill Camp said that ASCI Red had the best reliability of any supercomputer ever built, and "was supercomputing's high-water mark in longevity, price, and performance". NEC 's SX-9 supercomputer was the world's first vector processor to exceed 100 gigaFLOPS per single core. In June 2006, a new computer

1089-532: Was then the weighted sum of the average execution speed for instructions in each class. The speed of a given CPU depends on many factors, such as the type of instructions being executed, the execution order and the presence of branch instructions (problematic in CPU pipelines). CPU instruction rates are different from clock frequencies, usually reported in Hz , as each instruction may require several clock cycles to complete or

#83916